Chemistry Lab Manual For Seniors

FIITJEE JUNIOR COLLEGE
CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS
INDEX SHEET
S.No Date Name of the Experiment Page no
1 Bunsen Burner (D)
2 Basic laboratory techniques
3 Determination of melting point of an organic compound (D)
4 Determination of boiling point of an organic compound (D)
Determination of PH of same concentrations of acids, bases and

5
salts in aqueous solutions (D)
6 Preparation of standard solution of sodium carbonate (D)
7 Determination of strength of given hydrochloric acid
8 Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid (D)
Estimation of sodium hydroxide with standard oxalic acid

9
titrimetrically
Reactions of (a) acetate ion (b) carbonate ion (c) Sulphide ion (d)
10
Nitrite ion (D)
Reactions of (a) Sulphite ion (b) Chloride ion (c) Bromide ion (d)
11
Iodide ion (D)
12 Reactions of (a) Nitrate ion (b) Sulphate ion (c) Phosphate ion
13 Reactions of Lead ion (I grouop cation) (D)
14 Reaction of cupric ion (II group cations) (D)
Reactions of (a) Aluminium ion (b) Ferrous ion (c) Ferric ion (III group
15
cations ) (D)
Reactions of (a) Zinc ion (b) Manganese ion (c) Cobalt ion (d) Nickel
16
ion (IV group cations) (D)
Reactions of (a) Barium ion (b) Calcium ion (c) Strontium ion (V
17
group cations) (D)
Reactions of (a) Magnesium ion (b) Ammonium (VI group cations)

18
(D)
19 Detection of Nitrogen & Sulphur by Lassaigne's test (D)
20 Detection of Halogens by Lassaignes's test (D)

FIITJEE JUNIOR COLLEGE
CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS
INDEX SHEET
S.No Date Name of the Experiment Page no
SENIOR INTERMEDIATE
21 Preparation of (a) Lyophilic Sols (b) Lyophobic sols
22 Separation of pigments in extracts of leaves and flowers
Separation of ions Pb+2 and Cd+2 in a mixture of compounds using

23
chromoto graphic technique
24 Qualititative Analysis of organic compound - 1
32 Qualitative tests for carbohydrates
33 Qualitative tests for proteins
34 Estimation of potassium permanganate using standard oxalic acid

Estimation of potassium permanganate using standard ferrous
35
ammonium sulphate solution
36 Simple salt analysis - 1
Basic Laboratory Techniques
Page 31 of 78
EXPERIMENT - 6
TITRATION-1 (SODIUM CARBONATE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID)
AIM- To estimate the amount of hydrochloric acid present in 1000ml of given solution, 0.05M sodium
carbonate solution is supplied.
APPARATUS REQUIRED- Burette, Pipette, Conical flask, Burette stand, Tile,Wash bottle, and Beakers.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Hydrochloric acid solution , Sodium carbonate solution(0.05M).
INDICATOR- Methyl orange .
PRINCIPLE-
2 HCl Na2CO3 2 NaCl H 2O CO2
END POINT- Pale yellow to Pale pink.
M1V1 M 2V2
FORMULA- = ,
n1 n2
Sodium carbonate Hydrochloric acid

M1 molarity M 2 molarity
V1 volume V2 volume
n1 noofmoles n 2 noofmoles
w 1000
M2
M V
M GMW 36.5
V volume 1000
w weight
PROCEDURE-
1. Burette is filled with HCl solution till zero mark including nozzle part with out any air bubble in
the column
2. 20 ml of sodium carbonate solution is pipetted out and transferred in to conical flask .
3. One or two drops of methyl orange indicator is added to the conical flask. The colour of solution
turns pale yellow.
4. The solution in the flask is now titrated with HCl solution until the colour of solution turns pale
pink .this is the end point.
5. Note down the final burette reading.
6. Repeat the processes until two constant congruent reading obtained.
CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS
Page 32 of 78
TABLE-
Serial no Volume of Burette reading Volume of HCl
sodiumcarbonate Initial Final solution in ml
in ml (a) (b) (a–b)
1 20 0 20.9 20.9
2 20 0 20.8 20.8
3 20 0 20.8 20.8
CALCULATION-
Sodium carbonate Hydrochloric acid
M1=0.05M M2= x
V1=20ml V2=20.8ml
n1=1 n2=2
using formula,
M1V1 M 2V2
= ,
n1 n2
M1V1n2 0.05 20 2
M2 0.096 M
n1V2 1 20.8
Molarity of HCl solution is =0.096M
Using formula,
w 1000
M2
M V
M2 V M 0.096 1000 36.5
w 3.51 g
1000 1000
REPORT- The molarity of given HCl solution is =0.096

Weight of HCl in 1000ml of given solution is =3.51 gm
Page 33 of 78
EXPERIMENT - 7
TITRATION-2 (SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND OXALIC ACID)
AIM- To estimate the amount of Sodium hydroxide present in 500ml of given solution, 0.1M oxalic acid
solution is supplied.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED- oxalic acid acid solution(0.1M) , Sodium hydroxide solution
INDICATOR- Phenolphthalein .
PRINCIPLE-
2 NaOH C2 O4 H 2 2C 2 O4 Na2 2 H2O
END POINT- Colour less to Pale pink.
M1V1 M 2V2
FORMULA- = ,
n1 n2
Oxalic acid Sodium hydroxide

V1 volume V2 volume
w 1000
M2
M V
M GMW 40
V volume 500ml
w weight
PROCEDURE-
1. Burette is filled with NaOH solution till zero mark including nozzle part with out any air bubble
in the column
2. 20 ml of oxalic acid solution is pipetted out and transferred in to conical flask .
3. One or two drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added to the conical flask. The colour of
solution remains colour less.
4. The solution in the flask is now titrated with NaOH solution until the colour of solution turns to
permanent pale pink.this is the end point.
Page 34 of 78
TABLE-
Serial no Volume of Burette reading Volume of
oxalic acid in ml Initial Final NaOH
(a) (b) solution in ml
(a–b)
1 20 0 19.6 19.6
2 20 0 19.5 19.5
3 20 0 19.5 19.5
CALCULATION-
Oxalic acid Sodium hydroxide
M1=0.1M M2= x
V1=20ml V2=19.5ml
n1=1 n2=2
using formula,
M1V1 M 2V2
= ,
n1 n2
M1V1n2 0.1 20 2
M2 0.205 M
n1V2 1 19.5
Using formula,
w 1000
M2
M V
M2 V M 0.205 500 40
w 4.1 g
1000 1000
REPORT- The molarity of given NaOH solution is =0.205M

Weight of NaOH in 500ml of given solution is =4.1 gm
Page 77 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 34
PREPARATION OF COLLOIDS
PREPARATION OF LYOPHILIC COLLOID SOLUTION
(a) Preparation of Starch Colloidal Solution

AIM : To prepare Lyophilic Starch Colloidial Solution
APPARATUS : Beaker, Glass Rod, Funnel, Filter Paper
CHEMICALS : Water Soluble Starch, Distilled Water
PROCEDURE : Powdered one gram water soluble starch is made into paste by adding
water. 100 ml. of distilled water is heated in a beaker. The paste of starch is
added to boiling water and constantly stirred well. The solution is filtered.
The filtrate is colloidal solution of starch.
RESULT : Colloidal Starch solution is prepared.
PRECAUTIONS : 1) Distilled water should be used
2) Constant stirring is necessary.
b) Preparation of GUM Colloidal Solution

AIM : To prepare lyophilic colloid of gum?
CHEMICALS : Raw Gum or Gum, Distilled Water
PROCEDURE : One gram of gum is taken in a beaker. 100 ml of distilled water is added to
it. The beaker is strongly heated on a burner. The solution is constantly
stirred. After cooling the solution is filtered. Colloidal Gum is obtained.
RESULT : Lyophilic colloidial sol of gum is prepared
PRECAUTIONS : 1) Distilled water should be used
2) Constant stirring is necessary.
(c) Preparation of Colloidal Sol of Egg Albumin

AIM : To prepare lyophilic colloid of egg albumin?
CHEMICALS : Egg albumin, distilled water, NaCl solution
PROCEDURE : Albumin is collected from egg by omitting yellow yolk completely. To this
100 ml of 5% (w/v) of NaCl solution is added. The solution is constantly
stirred for 3-5 minutes, then it is filtered to collect lyophilic colloidal sol of
Egg albumin.
RESULT : Lyophilic albumin solution is prepared.
PRECAUTIONS : 1) Constant stirring is necessary
2) The albumin sol is prepared in cold condition only.
Page 78 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 35
PREPARATION OF LYOPHOBIC COLLOID SOLUTION
a) Preparation of Ferric Hydroxide sol.

AIM : To prepare Fe OH 3
colloidal solution
APPARATUS : Beaker, Burner, Glass rod
CHEMICALS : FeCl3 solution, distilled water.
PROCEDURE : Take 100ml of distilled water in a 250 ml beaker and heat to boiling. Add
the solution of FeCl3 to the water with constant stirring. A wine red sol of
is obtained.
FeCl3 3H 2 O Fe OH 3
3 HCl
3 3
Fe OH 3
Fe Fe OH 3
Fe
RESULT : Colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide is prepared.
PRECAUTIONS : 1) Distilled water is necessary
2) It should be subjected to dialysis
b) Preparation of Aluminum Hydroxide Sol.

AIM : To prepare aluminum hydroxide sol in the laboratory
APPARATUS : Beaker, Glass Rod, Burner
CHEMICALS : 2% aluminum chloride, distilled water
PROCEDURE : Take 100ml of distilled water in a beaker. And boil it on water bath to
100 c then add 2% of AlCl3 solution step wise with constant stirring. A
colour less Al OH 3
sol is obtained.
AlCl3 3H 2 O Al OH 3
3 HCl
3 3
Al OH 3
Al Al OH 3
Al
RESULT : Al OH 3
colloidal sol has been prepared.
PRECAUTIONS : 1) Distilled water is necessary
2) It should be subjected to dialysis
Page 65 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 23
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP -1

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.PRELIMINARY TEST-
a. Physical state- Liquid
b. Ignition test-
A small amount of compound Non sooty flame was observed
is burnt in a spatula. The given compound is aliphatic
c.Solubility- In
Ether +
Water + The given organic compoumd is
Dilute Sodium bicarbonate + netral
Dilute Sodium hydroxide +
Dilute hydrochloric acid +
2.IDENTIFICATION TEST-
(esterification test) Fruity smell observed
To the small amount of Alcoholic group may be
compound in a test tube acetic present
acid is added follwed by few
dropes of concentrated sulphuric
acid and heated on water bath.
3.CONFIRMATION TEST-
(iodoform test) to the small
amount of compound in a
test tube iodine is added Yellow colour crystalline Alcoholic functional group is
followed by few drops of sodium precipitate is observed confirmed
hydroxide solution and heated
on a water bath.
REPORT- The given organic compound contain “aliphatic alcoholic” functional group
Page 66 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 24

1.PRELIMINARY TEST-
b. Ignition test-
A small amount of compound Non sooty flame was observed
is burnt in a spatula. The given compound is aliphatic
c.Solubility- In
Ether +
Water + The given organic compoumd is
Dilute Sodium bicarbonate + strongly acidic
Dilute hydrochloric acid –
2.IDENTIFICATION TEST-(
neutral ferric chloride test) To Red colour precipitate observed
the small amount of compound Carboxylic group may be
in a test tube neutral ferric present
chloride solution is added
(esterification test)
To the small amount of
compound in a test tube ethyl Fruity smell is observed carboxylic functional group is
alcohol is added follwed by few confirmed
dropes of concentrated sulphuric
acid and heated on water bath.
REPORT- The given organic compound contain “aliphatic carboxylic ” functional group
Page 67 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 25

1.PRELIMINARY TEST-
b. Ignition test-
A small amount of compound Sooty flame was observed The given compound is aromatic
is burnt in a spatula.
c.Solubility- In
Ether The given organic compoumd is
Water + strongly acidic
Dilute Sodium bicarbonate +
–
neutral ferric chloride test) To Red colour precipitate observed
the small amount of compound Carboxylic group may be
in a test tube neutral ferric present
(esterification test)
compound in a test tube Fruity smell is observed carboxylic functional group is
ethylalcohol is added follwed by confirmed
few dropes of concentrated
sulphuric acid and heated on
water bath.
REPORT- The given organic compound contain “aliphatic carboxylic ” functional group
Page 68 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 26

1.PRELIMINARY TEST-
b. Ignition test-
A small amount of compound Non sooty flame was observed The given compound is aliphatic
c.Solubility- In
Ether + The given organic compoumd is
Water + neutral
2.IDENTIFICATION TEST-( 2,4
DNP test) To the small amount Orange yellow precipitate is
of compound in a test tube 2,4 observed Carbonyl group may be
DNP solution is added present
(Schiff test)
compound in a test tube few Pink colour is observed Aldehydic functional group is
drops of schiff reagent is added confirmed
REPORT- The given organic compound contain “aliphatic aldehydic ” functional group
Page 69 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 27

1.PRELIMINARY TEST-
a. Physical state- Solid
b. Ignition test-
c.Solubility- In
Water + weakly acidic
Dilute Sodium bicarbonate –
Dilute Sodium hydroxide –
–
neutral ferric chloride test) To Violet colour is observed
the small amount of compound Phenolic group may be
in a test tube neutralferric present
(libberman nitroso test)
compound in a test tube sodium Blue green colour solution is phenolic functional group is
nitrite is added followed by observsd which on dilution confirmed
concentrated sulphuric acid is turned red.on adding sodium
added hydroxide solution deep blue
colour is observed
REPORT- The given organic compound contain “phenolic ” functional group
Page 70 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 28
1.PRELIMINARY TEST-
b. Ignition test-
c.Solubility- In
Water + basic
+
azo dye test) To the small
amount of compound in a test Primery amino group may be
tube sodium nitrite solution is present
added followed by few drops of
Formation of Orange red dye is
concentrated hydrochloric
observed
acid(0-5 temperature).now alpha
naphthol solution is added
(carbylamine test)
compound in a test tube few Foul smell of isocyanide Primery amino functional group
drops of chloroform is added compound is observed is confirmed
followed by few drops of NaOH
solution and heated on a water
bath.
REPORT- The given organic compound contain “aromatic primery amino” functional group
Page 71 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 29
1.PRELIMINARY TEST-
b. Ignition test-
c.Solubility- In
Water + neutral
–
(Schiff test)
compound in a test tube few Pink colour is observed Aldehydic functional group is
REPORT- The given organic compound contain “aromatic aldehydic ” functional group
Page 72 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 30

1.PRELIMINARY TEST-
b. Ignition test-
A small amount of compound Non sooty flame was observed The given compound is aliphatic
c.Solubility- In
Ether + The given organic compoumd is
Water + neutral
(Schiff test)
compound in a test tube few No Pink colour is observed Keton functional group is
REPORT- The given organic compound contain “aliphatic ketone ” functional group
Page 75 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 32
TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATE

1.TEST WITH CONCENTRATED
SULPURIC ACID-
To the small amount of compound in a The given compoumd may be
watch glass few drops of concentrated The compound got carbohydrate
sulphuric acid is added chrared
MOLISCH’S TEST-
To the small amount of compound in a Violet colour ring is
test tube Alkaline beta napthol is added observed Carbohydrate is confirmed
follwed by few dropes of concentrated
sulphuric acid added to the walls of the
test tube .
3.BENEDICT’STEST-
To the small amount of compound in a
test tube Benedict’s reagent is added and
heated on a water bath. Red colour precipitate is Carbohydrate is confirmed
observed
REPORT- The given organic compound is “Carbohydrate” .
Page 76 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 33
TEST FOR PROTEIN
1.BIURET TEST -
compound in a test tube few The given compoumd may be
small amount of copper sulphate Violet colouration observed protein
solution and sodium hydroxide
solution is added
XANTHOPROTEIC TEST-
To the small amount of Orange colour is observed in
compound in a test tube alkaline medium Protein is confirmed
concentrated nitric acid is added
.
3.NINHYDRIN TEST-
compound in a violet colour is observed
test tube Ninhydrin reagent is Protein is confirmed
added and heated on a water
bath.
REPORT- The given organic compound is “Protein” .
Page 35 of 78
EXPERIMENT - 8
TITRATION-3 (POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AND MOHR’S SALT SOLUTION)
AIM- To estimate the amount of KMnO4 present in 500ml of given solution, 0.1M ferrous ammonium
sulphate solution is supplied.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED- KmnO4solution , morh’s salt solution(0.1M), dilute H2SO4
INDICATOR- KmnO4 is self indicator.
PRINCIPLE-
2KMnO4 8 H 2 SO4 10FeSO4 2 K 2 SO4 2 MnSO4 5Fe2 (SO 4 )3 8H 2O
M1V1 M 2V2
FORMULA- = ,
n1 n2
Mohr’s salt Solution KmnO 4 solution

V1 volume V2 volume
w 1000
M2
M V
M GMW 158
V volume 500ml
w weight
PROCEDURE-
1. Burette is filled with KmnO4 solution till zero mark including nozzle part with out any air bubble
in the column
2. 20 ml of Mohr’s salt solution is pipetted out and transferred in to conical flask .
3. 20 ml of dilute H2SO4 is added to the conical flask. The colour of solution remains colour less.
4. The solution in the flask is now titrated with KmnO4 solution until the colour of solution turns to
permanent pale pink. This is the end point.
Page 36 of 78
TABLE-
mohr’s salt Initial Final KmnO4
solution in ml (a) (b) solution in ml
(a–b)
1 20 0 19.9 19.9
2 20 0 19.8 19.8
3 20 0 19.8 19.8
CALCULATION-
Mohr’s salt solution KmnO4 solution
M1=0.1M M2= x
V1=20ml V2=19.8ml
n1=10 n2=2
using formula,
M1V1 M 2V2
= ,
n1 n2
M1V1n2 0.1 20 2
M2 0.02 M
n1V2 10 19.8
Using formula,
w 1000
M2
M V
M2 V M 0.02 500 158
w 1.58 g
1000 1000
REPORT- The molarity of given KmnO4 solution is =0.02M

Weight of KmnO4 in 500ml of given solution is =1.58gm
Page 37 of 78
EXPERIMENT - 9
TITRATION-4 (POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AND OXALIC ACID)
AIM- To estimate the amount of oxalic acid present in 100ml of given solution, 0.02M KMnO4 solution
is supplied.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED- oxalic acid acid solution , KMnO4 solution(0.02M), dilute H2SO4 solution
INDICATOR- KMnO4 is self indicator
PRINCIPLE-
2KMnO4 8 H 2 SO4 5C 2 H 2O4 2K 2 SO4 2 MnSO4 10CO2 8H 2O
M1V1 M 2V2
FORMULA- = ,
n1 n2
KMnO4 solution Oxalic acid

V1 volume V2 volume
w 1000
M2
M V
M GMW 126
V volume 100ml
w weight
PROCEDURE-
1. Burette is filled with KMnO4 solution till zero mark including nozzle part with out any air bubble
in the column
2. 20 ml of oxalic acid solution is pipetted out and transferred in to conical flask .
3. 20 ml of dilute H2SO4 is added to the conical flask and heated till 600C. The colour of solution
remains colour less.
4. The solution in the flask is now titrated with KMnO4 solution in hot condition until the colour of
solution turns to permanent pale pink.this is the end point.
Page 38 of 78
TABLE-
oxalic acid in ml Initial Final KMnO4
(a) (b) solution in ml
(a–b)
1 20 0 20.6 20.6
2 20 0 20.5 20.5
3 20 0 20.5 20.5
CALCULATION-
KMnO4 solution Oxalic acid
M1=0.1M M2= x
V1=20ml V2=19.5ml
n1=1 n2=2
using formula,
M1V1 M 2V2
= ,
n1 n2
M1V1n2 0.02 20.6 5
M2 0.05 M
n1V2 2 20
Using formula,
w 1000
M2
M V
M2 V M 0.05 100 126
w 0.65 g
1000 1000
REPORT- The molarity of given oxalic acid solution is =0.05M

Weight of oxalic acid in 500ml of given solution is = 0.65 gm
Page 39 of 78
EXPERIMENT - 10
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -1
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
(a) Physical state Crystalline -
Cu2+ , Fe2+,Mn2+ and Ni2+are

(b) Colour White
absent
(c) Flame test – A small of paste of

the salt with conc. HCl is prepared
No flame colour observed No particular inference
and put into the flame with the
help of a platinum wire.
(d) Action of heat: The salt is

Water particles are observed on the
taken in a dry test tube and it is May be Hydrated salt
walls of the test tube
heated.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:
Reaction with dil. HCl CO 23 and CH 3 COO are

No reaction
To the salt dil. HCl is added. absent
Reaction with conc. H2SO4

No reaction Cl ,Br ,NO 3 are absent
To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is added.
IV. Test for SO 24 :

1. To the salt solution 2/3 drops of SO 24 may be present
White ppt is formed
BaCl2 sol. Is added
2. To the above ppt con. HCl is
Ppt is insoluble in con. HCl SO 24 is confirmed
added
Conformation test for SO 24 : To the

White ppt of PbSO4 is formed SO 24 is confirmed
salt solution Lead acetate added
Page 40 of 78
III. IDENTIFICATION OF CATION:

2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. Few I group cations Pb 2 is
No ppt is formed
drops of dil.HCl added absent
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. Few
II group cations Cu 2 is
drops of dil.HCl added and H 2 S gas is No ppt is formed
absent
passed
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube.
III group cations Al3 and
Solid NH 4Cl added followed by 2 drops of No ppt is formed
NH 4OH Fe2 are absent

IV group cations Zn2 ,
Solid NH 4Cl added followed by 2 drops of No ppt is formed
Mn 2 , Ni 2 are absent
NH 4OH . H 2S gas passed

Solid NH 4Cl added followed by 2 drops of V group cations Ca2 ,
No ppt is formed
NH 4OH . Then NH 4 2
CO3 solution is Br 2 , Sr 2 are absent
added
VI GROUP:
Test for NH4 ION : No reaction NH 4 is absent
To small amount of salt 2 drops of
NaOH solution is added and
heated. White ppt is formed 2
May be Mg
2
Test for Mg : To the salt solution
NH4Cl (solid) added and 2 drops of 2
Mg is conformed
NH4OH, 2 drops of Na2(HPO4) sol White ppt is formed
is added.
Conformation test:
To salt solution NH4OH solution or
NaOH solution is added.
REPORT: The anion present in given salt is SULPHATE. SO42
The cation present in given salt is MAGNESIUM. Mg 2

The given salt is MAGNESIUM SULPHATE. MgSO4
Page 41 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 11
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-2

I. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS:
(a) Physical state Crystalline
(b) Colour Cu2+ , Fe2+,Mn2+ and Ni2+ ions

White
are absent

the salt with conc. HCl is prepared Brick red colour flame
May be Ca2
and put into the flame with the observed
(d) Action of heat: The salt is taken Loss of water of crystallisation Hydrated salt
in a dry test tube and it is heated.
Reaction with dil. HCl

To the salt dil. HCl is added. No reaction CO 23 and CH 3 COO are
absent
Action with con. H2SO4: A colourless gas is evolved with

To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is added. pungent smell it gives dense white
Cl may be present
fumes when a glass rod dipped in
NH3 solution is exposed
Confirmation Test’s for Cl :

1) Action with MnO2 Greenish yellow gas is evolved with Cl is formed
To the small amount of salt a pinch pungent smell.
of MnO2 is added and 2 or 3 drops
of conc. H2SO4 is added.
2) Action with AgNO3. A white ppt is formed it is Cl is confirmed
To the salt sol 2/3 drops of AgNO3 completely soluble in NH3 sol.
sol. Is added
Page 42 of 78
I GROUP: To the salt solution few drops of dil.

No reaction I group cations are absent
HCl is added
II GROUP: To the salt solution dil. HCl is added No reaction II group cation ( Cu 2 ) is
and H2S gas is passed absent.
III GROUP: To the salt solution NH4Cl (solid) IIIrd group cations are
No reaction
and NH4OH (sol) is added. absent
IV GROUP: To the salt sol. NH4Cl (solid) IV group cations are

No ppt is formed
+NH4OH (sol) are added & H2S gas is passed. absent.
V. GROUP: To the salt solution NH4Cl(solid) White ppt is formed V group cations Ca 2
NH4OH(sol) and (NH4)2CO3solution is added may be present

2
Confirmation test for Ca Yellow transparent sol.
To the salt solution K2CrO4 solution is added is observed Ca 2
is confirmed
To the salt solution (NH4)2C2O4 A white ppt is formed
Ammonium oxalate solution is added Insoluble in acetic acid Ca 2
is confirmed
1
REPORT : The anion present in given salt is CHLORIDE. Cl
2
The cation present in given salt is CALCIUM. Ca
The salt is CALCIUM CHLORIDE CaCl2
Page 43 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 12
Cu2+ , Fe2+,Mn2+ and Ni2+

(b) Colour White
ions are absent

the salt with conc. HCl is prepared Apple green colour flame
May be Ba2
and put into the flame with the help observed
of a platinum wire.
Water particles are

(d) Action of heat: The salt is taken
observed on the inner walls May be Hydrated salt
in a dry test tube and it is heated.
of Test Tube
Reaction with dil. HCl CO 23 and CH 3 COO

No reaction
To the salt dil. HCl is added. are absent
Action with con. H2SO4: A reddish brown

Br may be present
To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is added. vapours evolved
Confirmation Test’s for Br- :-

1) Action with MnO2: To the small Reddish brown gas is
amount of salt add pinch of MnO2 and evolved. Br is confirmed
2/3 drops of con. H2SO4 added
2) Action with AgNO3: To the salt sol Pale yellow ppt is
2/3 drops of AgNO3 sol. added formed it is partially Br is confirmed
soluble in NH3 sol.
Page 44 of 78
I GROUP: To the salt solution few drops

No reaction I group cations is absent
of dil. HCl is added
II. GROUP: To the salt solution dil. HCl

No reaction II group cation is absent.
is added and H2S gas is passed
III. GROUP: To the salt solution NH4Cl III group cations are
No reaction
(solid) and NH4OH (sol) is added. absent
IV. GROUP: To the salt solution NH4Cl

IV group cations are
(solid) followed by NH4OH(sol) are No ppt is formed
absent
added and H2S gas is passed.
V. GROUP: To the salt solution NH4Cl

(solid) NH4OH (sol) and (NH4)2CO3sol. is V group cations Ba 2 may
White ppt is formed
added be present
Confirmation test for Ca 2 , Ba 2
Yellow ppt is formed

To the salt solution K2CrO4 solution is Ba 2
is confirmed
added
1
REPORT: The anion present in given salt is BROMIDE. Br
The cation present in given salt is BARIIUM. Ba2
The given salt is BARIUM BROMIDE. BaBr2
Page 45 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 13


(b) Colour White
ions are absent
(c) Flame test – A small of paste

of the salt with conc. HCl is
prepared and put into the flame Light green flashes observed May be Zn2
with the help of a platinum
wire.

taken in a dry test tube and it is Loss of water of crystallisation Hydrated salt
heated.

No reaction CO 23 and CH 3 COO are
To the salt dil. HCl is added.
absent

To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is No reaction Cl ,Br ,NO 3 are absent
added.
Test for SO 24 :
To the salt solution 2/3 drops of SO 24 may be present
White ppt is formed
BaCl2 sol. Is added
To the above ppt con. HCl is
Ppt is insoluble in con. HCl SO 24 is confirmed
added
Conformation test for SO 24 :

White ppt of PbSO4 is formed SO 24 is confirmed
To the salt solution. Lead acetate
Page 46 of 78
III. IDENTIFICATION OF CATION :
I group cations are

I GROUP: To the salt solution No reaction
absent
few drops of dil. HCl is added
II. GROUP: To the salt solution

II group cation ( Cu 2 ) is
dil. HCl is added and H2S gas is No reaction
absent.
passed.
III. GROUP: To the salt solution

No ppt is formed IIIrd group cations are
NH4Cl (solid) and NH4OH (sol)
absent
is added.
IV GROUP: To the salt solution

White ppt is formed
NH4Cl (solid) NH4OH(sol) are Zn 2 may be present
added and H2S gas is passed
Conformation Test:
Curdy white ppt is formed it is
To the salt sol. NaOH solution is Zn 2 is confirmed
soluble in excess NaOH
added

The cation present in given salt is ZINC. Zn2
The salt is ZINC SULPHATE ZnSO4
Page 47 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 14
I. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS
(b) Colour Green Ni 2

salt may be present

prepared and put into the flame No flame colour observed No particular inference
wire.

Reddish Brown vapours are
taken in a dry test tube and it is May be Nitrate salt
evolved
heated.

No reaction CO 23 is absent

Reddish Brown gas evolved on
To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is NO 3 are absent
heating
added.
Test for NO3 :

To the small amount of salt 2/3 Reddish brown gas is evolved
drops of con. H2SO4. ½ pieces of and the liquid present in the tube May be NO 3
Cu turnings are added and then turns to blue or light green
heated strongly
Conformation Test for NO3 :

Brown – Ring Test: To the Salt A brown ring is formed at the
Solution freshly prepared FeSO4 junction of aqueous and acid
sol. is added. The test tube is NO 3 is conformed
layers. (FeSO4.NO) nitroso
kept in an inclined position and ferrous sulphate is formed
con. H2SO4 is added slowly
along the walls of the test tube.
Page 48 of 78
III. IDENTIFICATION OF CATION :
I group cations are

I GROUP: To the salt solution No reaction
absent

absent.
passed.

No ppt is formed IIIrd group cations are
NH4Cl (solid) and NH4OH (sol)
absent
is added.
IV GROUP: To the salt solution

NH4Cl (solid) NH4OH(sol) are
Black ppt is formed Ni 2
may be present
added and H2S gas is passed
Conformation Test:
To the salt sol, NH4OH solution
Red ppt is formed Ni 2
is confirmed
is added followed by dimethyl
glyoxime
REPORT : The anion present in given salt is NITRATE (NO3)–.

The cation present in given salt is Ni+2.
The salt is NICKEL NITRATE Ni NO3 2
Page 49 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 15
(b) Colour Pale Pink May be Mn 2

Salt

prepared and put into the flame Light green flashes observed May be Mn2
wire.
(d) Action of heat: A small

amount of salt is taken in a dry Loss of water of crystallisation Hydrated salt
test tube and it is heated.

To the salt dil. HCl is added. No reaction CO 23 and CH 3 COO
are absent
Reaction with con. H2SO4: A colourless gas is evolved with

To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is pungent smell it gives dense
added. white fumes when a glass rod Cl may be present
dipped in NH3 solution is
exposed

1) Action with MnO2 Greenish yellow gas is evolved Cl is confirmed
To the small amount of salt a with pungent smell.
pinch of MnO2 is added and 2 or
3 drops of conc. H2SO4 is added.
2) Action with AgNO3. A white ppt is formed it is Cl is confirmed
To the salt sol 2/3 drops of completely soluble in NH3
AgNO3 solution Is added solution
Page 50 of 78
I GROUP: To the salt solution No reaction I group cations are absent


absent.
passed

NH4Cl (solid) and NH4OH (sol) is No reaction III group cations are absent
added.
IV GROUP: Flesh coloured ppt is

To the salt solution NH4Cl (solid) formed
NH4OH(sol) are added and H2S Mn 2 may be present
gas is passed
Conformation Test:
To the salt sol. NaOH solution is b) White ppt is formed it Mn 2 is confirmed
added turns into light brown
colour.
REPORT: The anion present in given salt is CHLORIDE. Cl

The cation present in given salt is MANGANOUS. Mn2
The salt is MANGANOUS CHLORIDE MnCl2
Page 51 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 16
(b) Colour Cu2+ , Fe2+,Mn2+ and Ni2+

White
ions are absent

the salt with conc. HCl is prepared Crimson red colour flame
May be Sr 2
and put into the flame with the help observed
of a platinum wire.
(d) Action of heat: The salt is taken in Loss of water of crystallisation Hydrated salt
a dry test tube and it is heated.
(e) Flame test: Make the paste of the

salt with conc HCl and take on to the Crimson red colored flame is 2
Sr may be present
loop of platinum loop holder. Heat observed
on a flame for few minutes
Reaction with dil. HCl CO 23 ,CH3 COO is

No reaction
Reaction with con. H2SO4: A colourless gas is evolved with

To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is added. pungent smell it gives dense white
Cl may be present
fumes when a glass rod dipped in NH3
solution is exposed

1) Action with MnO2 Greenish yellow gas is evolved with Cl is formed
To the small amount of salt a pinch pungent smell.
of MnO2 is added and 2 or 3 drops of
conc. H2SO4 is added.
2) Action with AgNO3. A white ppt is formed it is completely Cl is confirmed
Page 52 of 78
I GROUP: To the salt sol few drops of dil. HCl I group cations are
No reaction
is added absent
II GROUP: To the salt sol dil. HCl is added No reaction II group cation ( Cu 2 )
and H2S gas is passed is absent.
III GROUP: To the salt solution NH4Cl (solid) IIIrd group cations are
No reaction
and NH4OH (sol) is added. absent
IV GROUP: To the salt solution NH4Cl (solid) IV group cations are

followed by NH4OH (sol) are added & H2S gas No ppt is formed
absent.
is passed.
V. GROUP: To the salt solution NH4Cl(solid) White ppt is formed V group cations may
NH4OH(sol) and (NH4)2CO3sol. is added be present
Confirmatory test for Sr 2 : To the salt White ppt is formed

solution, ammonium sulphate solution is Sr 2
confirmed.
added.
1
REPORT : The anion present in given salt is CHLORIDE Cl
The cation present in given salt is STRONTIUM Sr 2
The salt is STRONTIUM CHLORIDE SrCl2
Page 53 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 17
(b) Colour Cu2+ , Fe2+,Mn2+, Ni 2+ ions

White
are absent

(d) Action of heat: The salt is taken Reddish Brown vapours are
May be Nitrate salt
in a dry test tube and it is heated. evolved
Reaction with dilute HCl CO 23 and CH 3 COO -1 are

No reaction
Reaction with conc. H2SO4 Reddish Brown gas evolved on

NO 3 1 may be present
To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is added. heating
Test for NO3 :

To the small amount of salt 2/3 Reddish brown gas is evolved and
drops of con. H2SO4. ½ pieces of Cu the liquid present in the tube turns May be NO 3
turnings are added and then heated to blue or light green
strongly

Brown – Ring Test: To the Salt Sol A brown ring is formed at the
freshly prepared FeSO4 sol. is
junction of aqueous and acid layers.
added. The test tube is kept in an NO 3 is conformed
(FeSO4.NO) nitroso ferrous sulphate
inclined position and con. H2SO4 is
is formed
added slowly along the walls of the
test tube.
Page 54 of 78
I GROUP: To the salt solution few

No reaction I group cations are absent
drops of dil. HCl is added
II. GROUP: To the salt sol dil. HCl II group cation ( Cu 2 ) is

No reaction
is added and H2S gas is passed absent.
III. GROUP:
White gelatinous ppt is formed
To the salt sol NH4Cl (solid) and Al 3 may be present
NH4OH (sol) is added.
White gelatinous ppt is formed
Conformation Test for Al 3 : Al 3
confirmed
which is soluble in excess of NaOH
S.S.+ NaOH solution is added
1
REPORT : The anion present in given salt is NITRATE. NO3
The cation present in given salt is ALLUMINIUM. Al3

The salt is ALLUMINIUM NITRATE Al NO3 3
Page 55 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 18
(b) Colour Pale Green May be Fe+2 Salt

prepared and put into the flame No flame colour observed No particular inference
wire.

Water particles are observed on
taken in a dry test tube and it is May be Hydrated salt
the walls of the test tube
heated.

No reaction CO 23 is absent
Reaction with conc. H 2 SO 4

To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is No reaction Cl ,Br ,NO 3 are absent
added.
IV. Test for SO 24 :

1. To the salt solution 2/3 drops White ppt is formed
SO 24 may be present
of BaCl2 solution Is added
2. To the above ppt con. HCl is Precipitate is insoluble in con.
SO 24 is confirmed
added HCl
Conformation test for SO 24 : To

the salt solution Lead acetate White ppt of PbSO4 is formed SO 24 is confirmed
added
Page 56 of 78
I GROUP: To the salt solution I group cations are

No reaction
few drops of dil. HCl is added absent
II GROUP: To the salt solution

2/3 drops of dil. HCl is added No reaction
absent.
and H2S gas is passed
III. GROUP: To the salt

Dirty Green colour ppt is formed Fe 2 may be present
solution NH4Cl (solid) and
NH4OH (sol) is added.
Conformation Test:
Light Blue colour ppt is formed Fe 2 is confirmed
To the salt solution K4[Fe(CN)6]
Solution is added.

The cation present in given salt is FERROUS. Fe2
The given salt is FERROUS SULPHATE. FeSO4
Page 57 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 19
(b) Colour Blue May be Cu2+ Salt

Bluish green colour flame
prepared and put into the flame May be Cu 2
observed
wire.

Reddish brown Vapours are
taken in a dry test tube and it is May be Nitrate salt
evolved
heated.

No reaction

To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is No reaction NO 3 are absent
added.
Test for NO3 :

To the small amount of salt 2/3 Reddish brown gas is evolved
May be NO 3
drops of con. H2SO4. ½ pieces of and the liquid present in the tube
Cu turnings are added and then turns to blue or light green
heated strongly

Brown – Ring Test: To the Salt
A brown ring is formed at the
Solution freshly prepared FeSO4
junction of aqueous and acid
solution is added. The test tube
layers. (FeSO4.NO) nitroso
is kept in an inclined position NO 3 is confirmed
ferrous sulphate is formed
and con. H2SO4 is added slowly
along the walls of the test tube.
Page 58 of 78
I GROUP: To the salt solution few I group cations are

No reaction
drops of dil. HCl is added absent
II GROUP: To the salt solution 2/3 Black ppt is formed

Cu 2 may be present
drops of dil. HCl is added and H2S
gas is passed
Conformation Test :
To the salt solution K 4 Fe CN 6 Chocolate Brown colour ppt is
Cu 2 is confirmed
solution is added. formed
REPORT: The anion present in given salt is NITRATE. NO3 1

The cation present in given salt is COPPER. Cu 2
The given salt is COPPER NITRATE. Cu NO3 2
Page 59 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 20

(b) Colour White
ions are absent

the salt with conc. HCl is prepared Silver white colour flame is
May be Pb 2
and put into the flame with the observed
(d) Action of heat: The salt is taken Reddish brown vapours are evolved
May be Lead Nitrate
in a dry test tube and it is heated. with cracking sound

No reaction
Reaction with conc. H2SO4: Reddish Brown gas evolved on

NO 3 may be present
To the salt Conc. H2SO4 is added. heating
Test for NO3 :

To the small amount of salt 2/3 Reddish brown gas is evolved and
May be NO 3
drops of con. H2SO4. ½ pieces of Cu the liquid present in the tube turns
turnings are added and then heated to blue or light green
strongly

Brown – Ring Test: To the Salt Sol A brown ring is formed at the
freshly prepared FeSO4 sol. is
junction of aqueous and acid layers.
added. The test tube is kept in an
(FeSO4.NO) nitroso ferrous sulphate
inclined position and con. H2SO4 is NO 3 is conformed
is formed
added slowly along the walls of the
test tube.
Page 60 of 78
I GROUP: To the salt solution few I group cations may be

White ppt is formed
drops of dil. HCl is added present Pb 2
Conformation test:
To the salt solution K2CrO4 solution I group cations are absent
Is added Yellow ppt is formed 2
Pb is confirmed
REPORT:
1
The anion present in given salt is NITRATE. NO3
2
The cation present in given salt is LEAD. Pb
The salt is LEAD NITRATE. Pb NO3 2
Page 61 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 21

(b) Colour White
ions are absent

(d) Action of heat: A small amount

of salt is taken in a dry test tube Smell of ammonia is evolved May be ammonium salt
and it is heated.

Reaction with dil. HCl: Smell of vinegar is CH 3COO may be
To the salt dil. HCl is added. observed present
To this solution freshly prepared Red colour solution CH 3COO may be

neutral FeCl3 is added formed present
Boil the above solution with water on hot Brown colour ppt is CH 3COO may be
water bath. formed present
Confirmatory Test:
To the original salt solution 1 ml of ethyl A fruity smell due to
CH 3COO confirmed
alcohol is added along with concentrated ester is observed.
H 2SO4 and boiled for few minutes.
Page 62 of 78
Group-I
I group cations Pb 2 is
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. Few No ppt is formed
absent
drops of dil.HCl added
Group-II
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. Few II group cations Cu 2 is
No ppt is formed
drops of dil.HCl added and H 2 S gas is absent
passed
Group-III
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. III group cations Al3 and
No ppt is formed
Solid NH 4Cl added followed by 2 drops of Fe2 are absent
NH 4OH
Group-IV
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. IV group cations Zn2 ,
No ppt is formed
Solid NH 4Cl added followed by 2 drops of Mn 2 , Ni 2 are absent
Group-V
No ppt is formed
Br 2 , Sr 2 are absent
CO3 solution is
added
Group-VI
Smell of NH3 gas is
No particular reagent. evolved. It gives dense
Test for NH 4 ION: white fumes when a NH 4 may be present
To the small amount of salt 2/3 drops of glass rod dipped in con.
NaOH solution is added and heated. HCl is exposed.
Conformation Test: NH 4 Reddish brown ppt is NH 4 is conformed

formed
To the salt solution Nessler’s (K2HgI4/ KOH)
reagent is added
REPORT :
1
1) The anion present in given salt is ACETATE. CH 3COO
1
2) The cation present in given salt is AMMONIUM. NH 4
3) The salt is AMMONIUM ACETATE. NH 4CH 3COO
Page 63 of 78
EXPERIMENT – 22
(a) Physical state Amorphous

(b) Colour White
ions are absent

(d) Action of heat: A small amount

of salt is taken in a dry test tube Smell of ammonia is evolved May be ammonium salt
and it is heated.

1) Action with dil. HCl Colourless gas is evolved with brisk
CO 23 may be present
To the small amount of salt 2 or 3 effervescences.
drops of dil. HCl is added.
This is gas produced above The lime water turns to milky
reaction is passed into lime water. CO 23 may be present
2) Conformation Tests for CO32

Action with BaCl2: CO 23 may be present
White ppt is formed
To the salt sol. 2/3 drops of
BaCl2(sol) is added
Solubility Test.
Ppt is completely soluble in dil. HCl CO 23 is confirmed
To the above ppt dil HCl is added
Page 64 of 78
Group-I
I group cations Pb 2 is
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. Few No ppt is formed
absent
drops of dil.HCl added
Group-II
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. Few II group cations Cu 2 is
No ppt is formed
drops of dil.HCl added and H 2 S gas is absent
passed
Group-III
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. III group cations Al3 and
No ppt is formed
Solid NH 4Cl added followed by 2 drops of Fe2 are absent
NH 4OH
Group-IV
2 ml of Salt solution taken in a test tube. IV group cations Zn2 ,
No ppt is formed
Solid NH 4Cl added followed by 2 drops of Mn 2 , Ni 2 are absent
Group-V
No ppt is formed
Br 2 , Sr 2 are absent
CO3 solution is
added
Group-VI
Smell of NH3 gas is
No particular reagent. evolved. It gives dense
Test for NH 4 ION: white fumes when a NH 4 may be present
To the small amount of salt 2/3 drops of glass rod dipped in con.
NaOH solution is added and heated. HCl is exposed.
Conformation Test: NH 4 NH 4 is conformed

Reddish brown ppt is
To the salt solution Nessler’s (K2HgI4/ KOH)
formed
reagent is added
REPORT :
1) The anion present in given salt is CARBONATE. CO3 2
1
2) The cation present in given salt is AMMONIUM. NH 4
3) The salt is AMMONIUM CARBONATE. NH 4 2
CO3

Chemistry Lab Manual For Seniors

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FIITJEE JUNIOR COLLEGE

S.No Date Name of the Experiment Page no

1 Bunsen Burner (D)

2 Basic laboratory techniques

3 Determination of melting point of an organic compound (D)

4 Determination of boiling point of an organic compound (D)

Determination of PH of same concentrations of acids, bases and

6 Preparation of standard solution of sodium carbonate (D)

7 Determination of strength of given hydrochloric acid

8 Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid (D)

Estimation of sodium hydroxide with standard oxalic acid

13 Reactions of Lead ion (I grouop cation) (D)

14 Reaction of cupric ion (II group cations) (D)

Reactions of (a) Magnesium ion (b) Ammonium (VI group cations)

19 Detection of Nitrogen & Sulphur by Lassaigne's test (D)

20 Detection of Halogens by Lassaignes's test (D)

S.No Date Name of the Experiment Page no

21 Preparation of (a) Lyophilic Sols (b) Lyophobic sols

22 Separation of pigments in extracts of leaves and flowers

Separation of ions Pb+2 and Cd+2 in a mixture of compounds using

24 Qualititative Analysis of organic compound - 1

25 Qualititative Analysis of organic compound - 2

26 Qualititative Analysis of organic compound - 3

27 Qualititative Analysis of organic compound - 4

28 Qualititative Analysis of organic compound - 5

29 Qualititative Analysis of organic compound - 6

30 Qualititative Analysis of organic compound - 7

31 Qualititative Analysis of organic compound - 8

32 Qualitative tests for carbohydrates

33 Qualitative tests for proteins

34 Estimation of potassium permanganate using standard oxalic acid

TITRATION-1 (SODIUM CARBONATE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID)

END POINT- Pale yellow to Pale pink.

Sodium carbonate Hydrochloric acid

REPORT- The molarity of given HCl solution is =0.096

TITRATION-2 (SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND OXALIC ACID)

END POINT- Colour less to Pale pink.

Oxalic acid Sodium hydroxide

REPORT- The molarity of given NaOH solution is =0.205M

(a) Preparation of Starch Colloidal Solution

b) Preparation of GUM Colloidal Solution

(c) Preparation of Colloidal Sol of Egg Albumin

a) Preparation of Ferric Hydroxide sol.

b) Preparation of Aluminum Hydroxide Sol.

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP -1

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP -2

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP -3

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP -4

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP -5

REPORT- The given organic compound contain “phenolic ” functional group

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP -8

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATE

REPORT- The given organic compound is “Carbohydrate” .

REPORT- The given organic compound is “Protein” .

TITRATION-3 (POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AND MOHR’S SALT SOLUTION)

END POINT- Colour less to Pale pink.

Mohr’s salt Solution KmnO 4 solution

REPORT- The molarity of given KmnO4 solution is =0.02M

TITRATION-4 (POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AND OXALIC ACID)

END POINT- Colour less to Pale pink.

KMnO4 solution Oxalic acid

REPORT- The molarity of given oxalic acid solution is =0.05M

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -1