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Abstract—With the advancement in technology the number of This data was then utilized to perform many generic tasks in
computing devices that a person uses is increasing and there is a human computer dialogue such as object selection, moving an
need of faster and non-intrusive methods of communicating with object, scrolling text, etc.
these devices. In this regard, eye movement is a promising input
medium for human computer interaction. In this paper discussed In this paper i will first give the background necessary
various eye tracking techniques that can be used to find the line of to understand this topic. Here i will describe some of the
gaze of the user. Then discussed some of the algorithms that can techniques that can be used for measuring eye movement,some
be used to implement these eye tracking techniques.The main previous work done in this field by other people. i will also
aim of this paper is to propose new applications utilizing eye give the characteristics of the eye which can help or create a
gaze that are suitable for standard user. These applications will
enhance the reading experience of the user and make reading a problem in its use as an input technique.Here, i will also briefly
more joyous task. discuss a problem named as Midas Touch Problem (named by
Keywords-Eye movements; Eye tracking; Dwell time; Robert J.K. Jacob) that is commonly encountered while using
Eye gaze; Fixation eye movement as an input medium. We have also discussed
some of the algorithms for determining the iris center which is
I. INTRODUCTION helpful in finding the x, y coordinate of the screen where the
In the present times,interaction with computer is not only user is looking.i had proposed and designed some applications
with keyboards and printers anymore.Many more advanced based on eye gaze as an input technique. These applications
input technologies have been proposed and implemented in- are named as Effortless Scrolling-used to achieve movement
order to interact with computer more easily and efficient. For of the screen along with the movement of our eye gaze; and
e.g touch screen,speech recogonition system etc. Eye gaze is Enriched Reading- can help in improving reading experience
also a recent input technique which has the potential to be of the user by assisting the user in understanding the text.
widely used in future. Using eye movement for controlling These techniques can be implemented in modern day E-books
the computer improves the experience of working with the which would give them a slight advantage over the old paper
computer as it is faster and gives the illusion that the computer books.
is complying with the users thought. It can be used either
exclusively or in combination with other input technologies II. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED
such as eye movement can be used along with a button so • POG- point of gaze.
that it confirms the users intentions for performing critical • EOG- Electro Oculography.
tasks and reduce the chances of error. It does not require any • HCI- Human Computer interaction.
training and can thus be used by a layman. It can act as a boon • VOG- Video Oculography.
for a person with motor disability as it does not require any • IR-PCR- Infrared Pupil corneal reflection.
motion but simple eye movements. It can give them a greater
controlled over their surrounding and help them in interacting III. BACKGROUND
with the world. A. Methods For Measuring Eye Movements
In previous years a lot of work has been done on this Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of
technology with the aim of making it available for general gaze (where one is looking) or the motion of an eye relative
public. Firstly eye trackers were developed based on three to the head. It can be carried out by the use of eye trackers.
kinds of technologies to track the movement of the eye. These Many techniques are available for tracking the movement of
three technologies are: eye attached tracking-where a device the eye; while none is perfect, some are considerably more
like a contact lens is attached to the eye, optical tracking-which suitable for user computer interaction than others. An eye
makes use of light for measuring eye motion, electric potential tracker gives the X and Y coordinates of the point on the
measurement-where the dipole moment of the eye is calculated screen at which the user is looking. This data is converted into
for determining the eyemotion. Next, some algorithms were a stream of tokens. These tokens represent some meaningful
developed to get the x,y coordinates of the portion of screen user computer dialogues and can be used in the same way as
where the user is looking from the data obtained by the tracker. the tokens generated by mouse or keyboard events.
Some of the commonly heard methods are Electronic initiated only when the user wishes to perform a function
method,Mechanical method,optical/video method single point and otherwise the user should be able to just look around
and optical video method two point. without issuing any command, but generally the two cases
are impossible to distinguish. This problem can be avoided
B. Previous Work by using eye movement in combination with other input
The use of eye movement in human computer interaction methods for giving important commands.
has been promising for the last 50 years but it is still
not available for use to the standard user. This means that E. Eye Tracking Techniques
something has held it up in its merely promising state for Eye tracking plays a central role in eye movement based
such a long time.The labeling of a technology as merely human-computer interaction. It is the process of tracking the
promising for such a long time proves that the technology absolute point of gaze i.e., the point where the users gaze is
has a lot of potential; otherwise it would have been discarded focused. Eye tracking techniques can be classified as: Videooc-
by now.Here i quickly summerise the work that has been culography or Video based tracking, Infrared Pupil Corneal
done in this regard.Firstly natural eye movements were studied reflection, Electrooculography [5]. All the above techniques
and characterized into two types.The main problem that is are widely used in commercial and research fields but each
encountered in using eye movement as an input technique one of them has their own advantages and disadvantages. The
was identified by Robert J.K. Jacob, who named it the Midas use of a particular technique depends on the requirements of
Touch Problem.After that eye trackers were developed based the application. We will discuss all the three techniques, their
on different kinds of eye tracking techniques to track the eye pros and cons and their suitability for eye movement based
movements of the user.Then many tracking algorithms were HCI.
designed to track the pupil of the eye or the iris center which
helps in finding the x, y coordinates of the users point of
gaze on screen.Then various experiments were conducted in
the field of eye movement based human computer interaction
so as to explore the use of eye gaze as an input to computer.
Now, many generic tasks in human computer dialogue such
as object selection, moving or copying an object, choosing
menu items, etc. can be done using eye movement alone or
in combination with other input modalities.
B. Enriched Reading
Steps involved:
• If dwell time on a word is greater than threshold value,
the word will be highlighted.(Fig.9)
VI. CONCLUSION
Eye movement as an input medium has many advantages.
It is faster than any other current input media and requires no
training or particular coordination for normal users. Moreover,
it is convenient for disabled users. It provides an illusion that
the computer is acting on the users intentions rather than
its explicit commands. Because of these advantages, many
new applications have been designed in the past are still
being developed in spite of the limitations of eye trackers.
Taking a step further, we have proposed some applications
and hope to see them implemented in the future. We think
these applications can be incorporated in the modern day e-
books which would raise their standards and give them a slight
advantage over normal paper books.