W1-2-60-1-6

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2011/2012
EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE
AGS 3101: STATISTICS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
DATE: AUGUST 2012 TIME: 2 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER QUESTION ONE AND ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS

QUESTION ONE

a. Differentiate the following terms as used in hypothesis testing

i. Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis

ii. Type 1 error and type II error

iii. T-test and Z-test

v. Regression and correlation [10 marks]

b. Explain what is meant by confidence interval (CI). The mean weight and sample standard
deviation of 76 bearings randomly drawn from a scrap yard are 13.6kg and 6.3kg respectively.
Assuming a t-score at  = 0.05 of 2.365 for the mean, what is the 95% C1 of the population
mean? [5 marks]

c. Discuss the elements of a designed experiment. [5 marks]

d. The following is a random sample data obtained during a study

Subject Age Blood pressure (BP)

A 43 128
B 48 120
C 56 135
D 61 143
E 67 141
F 70 152

Determine the correlation coefficient of determination for the data. Is there a statistically
significant relationship between age and BP? [5 marks]

e. The following is an extract from an R-screen while performing a two-sample t-test;

 > heated<-c(254, 252, 239, 240, 250, 256, 267, 249, 259, 269)

>heated <- c(233, 252, 237, 246, 255, 244, 248, 242, 217, 257)

Two sample test

Data: heated and unheated

t = 1.973 df 19, p – value = 0.06322

alternative hypothesis is: true difference in means is not equal to 0

95% confidence interval

-5723273 19.3905091

Sample estimates:

Mean of x mean of y

253.000 244.0909

Interpret the results. [5 marks]

QUESTION TWO

a. Explain the steps involved in hypothesis testing for completely randomized design experiment.
What assumptions must you make to perform such a test? [7 marks]

b. The data below is from an experiment that studied how absorption of moisture in concrete
is affected by the different aggregates. Five different concrete aggregates were studied by
exposing six samples of each to moisture for two days. The response variable is % moisture
absorbed.

Aggregates
1 2 3 4 5
563 417 639 595 551
631 449 615 580 457
656 415 648 631 493
679 554 677 517 532
yi 611 465 610 564 514
S i2 3,385.2 3,282.8 3,640.0 3,134.4 3,409.6
Si 58.2 57.3 60.3 56.0 58.4
Perform analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test whether there is evidence of differences between the
treatments.

QUESTION THREE
a. Design of experiment (DOE) is one of the commonest approaches to experimentation. Discuss
the following strategies of DOE: Taguchi method, Factorial design and Response surface design.

[6 marks]

b. In pharmacodynamics of a drug (D) experiment, the following data was obtained: Y-math score
(mean among 5 volunteers); x – Drug D tissue concentration (mean of 5 volunteers)

y 78.98 58.20 67.37 37.47 45.65 32.92 29.97

x 1.17 2.97 3.26 4.69 5.83 6.00 6.41

i. Formulate an hypothesis for the study. [2 marks]

ii. Using the least squares method, develop a regression model for the data. [9 marks]

iii. Is the relation between x and y statistically significant? (take   0.05 ) [3 marks]

QUESTION FOUR

a. With the aid of block diagram, discuss the process involved in a scientific research.[8 marks]

b. In a study to answer the question; does salted water and high-fat influence blood in mice? You
are provided with 20 male mice and 20 female mice. If all the treatments should have an equal
number of males and females and you can only work with 4 mice per day.

Using an appropriate design of experiment strategy, design an experiment for this study.

[12 marks]