6653_AWLThomas_Last3Bkpgs 7/29/09 7:31 PM Page 2

Trigonometry Formulas tan A + tan B

tan sA + Bd =
1 - tan A tan B
y tan A - tan B
1. Definitions and Fundamental Identities tan sA - Bd =
1 + tan A tan B
y 1
Sine: sin u = r = P(x, y)
sin aA - b = -cos A, cos aA - b = sin A
csc u r p p
y 2 2
x 1 ␪
Cosine: cos u = r = x
sin aA + b = cos A, cos aA + b = -sin A
sec u 0 x p p
2 2
y 1
Tangent: tan u = x = 1 1
cot u sin A sin B = cos sA - Bd - cos sA + Bd
2 2
2. Identities 1 1
cos A cos B = cos sA - Bd + cos sA + Bd
2 2
sin s -ud = -sin u, cos s -ud = cos u
1 1
sin2 u + cos2 u = 1, sec2 u = 1 + tan2 u, csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u sin A cos B = sin sA - Bd + sin sA + Bd
2 2
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u, cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u sin A + sin B = 2 sin
1 1
sA + Bd cos sA - Bd
2 2
1 + cos 2u 1 - cos 2u
cos2 u = , sin2 u = 1 1
2 2 sin A - sin B = 2 cos sA + Bd sin sA - Bd
2 2
sin sA + Bd = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
1 1
sin sA - Bd = sin A cos B - cos A sin B cos A + cos B = 2 cos sA + Bd cos sA - Bd
2 2
cos sA + Bd = cos A cos B - sin A sin B 1 1
cos A - cos B = -2 sin sA + Bd sin sA - Bd
2 2
cos sA - Bd = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
y y
y  sin x y  cos x

Trigonometric Functions x x
–␲ – ␲ 0 ␲ ␲ 3␲ 2␲ –␲ – ␲ 0 ␲ ␲ 3␲ 2␲
Radian Measure Degrees Radians 2 2 2 2 2 2
y  sinx
Domain: (–, ) Domain: (–, )
45 ␲ Range: [–1, 1] Range: [–1, 1]
4
s 兹2 1 兹2 1
θ ␲ ␲
1 y y
45 90 4 2 y  tan x y  sec x
r 1 1
Un
it cir cl
e

1
r x x
– 3␲ –␲ – ␲ 0 ␲ ␲ 3␲ – 3␲ –␲ – ␲ 0 ␲ ␲ 3␲
C ir s
cle of ra diu
␲ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
30
6
2 兹3 2 兹3
Domain: All real numbers except odd Domain: All real numbers except odd
integer multiples of ␲/2 integer multiples of ␲/2
␲ ␲
60 90 3 2 Range: (–, ) Range: (–, –1] h [1, )
1 1
s u s y y
r = 1 = u or u = r , y  csc x y  cot x
The angles of two common triangles, in
180° = p radians . degrees and radians.
1 1
x x
–␲ – ␲ 0 ␲ ␲ 3␲ 2␲ –␲ – ␲ 0 ␲ ␲ 3␲ 2␲
2 2 2 2 2 2

Domain: x  0, ␲, 2␲, . . . Domain: x  0, ␲, 2␲, . . .

Range: (–, –1] h [1, ) Range: (–, )
6653_AWLThomas_Last3Bkpgs 7/29/09 7:31 PM Page 3

SERIES

Tests for Convergence of Infinite Series

1. The nth-Term Test: Unless an : 0, the series diverges.
2. Geometric series: gar n converges if ƒ r ƒ 6 1; otherwise it
diverges.
3. p-series: g1>n p converges if p 7 1; otherwise it diverges.
4. Series with nonnegative terms: Try the Integral Test, Ratio
Test, or Root Test. Try comparing to a known series with the
Comparison Test or the Limit Comparison Test.
5. Series with some negative terms: Does g ƒ an ƒ converge? If
yes, so does gan since absolute convergence implies con-
vergence.
6. Alternating series: gan converges if the series satisfies the
conditions of the Alternating Series Test.

Taylor Series
q
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + Á + x n + Á = a x n, ƒxƒ 6 1
1 - x n=0
q
1
= 1 - x + x 2 - Á + s -xdn + Á = a s -1dnx n, ƒxƒ 6 1
1 + x n=0
q
x2 xn xn
ex = 1 + x + + Á + + Á = a , ƒxƒ 6 q
2! n! n = 0 n!

x3 x5 x 2n + 1
q
s -1dnx 2n + 1
sin x = x - + - Á + s -1dn + Á = a , ƒxƒ 6 q
3! 5! s2n + 1d! n = 0 s2n + 1d!

x2 x4 x 2n
q
s -1dnx 2n
cos x = 1 - + - Á + s -1dn + Á = a , ƒxƒ 6 q
2! 4! s2nd! n=0 s2nd!
x2 x3 xn
q
s -1dn - 1x n
ln s1 + xd = x - + - Á + s -1dn - 1 n + Á = a n , -1 6 x … 1
2 3 n=1

= 2 tanh-1 x = 2 ax + + Á b = 2a
q
1 + x x3 x5 x 2n + 1 x 2n + 1
ln + + Á + , ƒxƒ 6 1
1 - x 3 5 2n + 1 n = 0 2n + 1

x3 x5 x 2n + 1
q
s -1dnx 2n + 1
tan-1 x = x - + - Á + s -1dn + Á = a , ƒxƒ … 1
3 5 2n + 1 n=0 2n + 1

Binomial Series
msm - 1dx 2 msm - 1dsm - 2dx 3 msm - 1dsm - 2d Á sm - k + 1dx k
s1 + xdm = 1 + mx + + + Á + + Á
2! 3! k!

= 1 + a a bx k,
q
m
ƒ x ƒ 6 1,
k=1 k
where

a b = m, a b = a b =
m m msm - 1d m msm - 1d Á sm - k + 1d
, for k Ú 3.
1 2 2! k k!
6653_AWLThomas_Last3Bkpgs 7/29/09 7:31 PM Page 4

VECTOR OPERATOR FORMULAS (CARTESIAN FORM)

Formulas for Grad, Div, Curl, and the Laplacian

The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals
Cartesian (x, y, z)
i, j, and k are unit vectors 1. Let F = Mi + Nj + Pk be a vector field whose components are
in the directions of continuous throughout an open connected region D in space. Then
increasing x, y, and z. there exists a differentiable function ƒ such that
M, N, and P are the 0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ
F = §ƒ = i + j + k
0x 0y 0z
scalar components of B
F(x, y, z) in these if and only if for all points A and B in D the value of 1A F # dr is inde-
pendent of the path joining A to B in D.
directions.
2. If the integral is independent of the path from A to B, its value is
0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ
Gradient §ƒ = i + j + k B
0x 0y 0z
F # dr = ƒsBd - ƒsAd.
LA
0M 0N 0P
Divergence §#F = + +
0x 0y 0z
Green’s Theorem and Its Generalization to Three Dimensions
i j k
Normal form of Green’s Theorem: F # n ds = § # F dA
§ * F = 4
0 0 0 4
Curl
0x 0y 0z F 6
C R
M N P
Divergence Theorem: F # n ds = § # F dV
6 9
0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ S D
Laplacian §2ƒ = 2
+ 2
+ 2
0x 0y 0z Tangential form of Green’s Theorem: F # dr = § * F # k dA
F 6
C R
Vector Triple Products
Stokes’ Theorem: F # dr = § * F # n ds
su * vd # w = sv * wd # u = sw * ud # v F 6
C S
u * sv * wd = su # wdv - su # vdw

Vector Identities
In the identities here, ƒ and g are differentiable scalar functions, F, F1 , and F2 are differentiable vector fields, and a and b are real
constants.
§ * s§ƒd = 0 § # sF1 * F2 d = F2 # § * F1 - F1 # § * F2
§sƒgd = ƒ§g + g§ƒ
§ * sF1 * F2 d = sF2 # §dF1 - sF1 # §dF2 +
§ # sgFd = g§ # F + §g # F s§ # F2 dF1 - s§ # F1 dF2
§ * sgFd = g§ * F + §g * F
§ * s§ * Fd = §s§ # Fd - s§ # §dF = §s§ # Fd - §2F
§ # saF1 + bF2 d = a§ # F1 + b§ # F2 1
s§ * Fd * F = sF # §dF - §sF # Fd
2
§ * saF1 + bF2 d = a§ * F1 + b§ * F2

§sF1 # F2 d = sF1 # §dF2 + sF2 # §dF1 +

F1 * s§ * F2 d + F2 * s§ * F1 d
6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 3

BASIC ALGEBRA FORMULAS

Arithmetic Operations
a#c ac
asb + cd = ab + ac, =
b d bd
a c ad + bc a>b a d
+ = , = #c
b d bd c>d b
Laws of Signs
-a a a
-s -ad = a, = - =
b b -b
Zero Division by zero is not defined.
0
If a Z 0: a = 0, a 0 = 1, 0a = 0

For any number a: a # 0 = 0 # a = 0

Laws of Exponents

A2 aBm
n n
a ma n = a m + n, sabdm = a mb m, sa m dn = a mn, a m>n = 2a m =
If a Z 0,
am 1
= a m - n, a 0 = 1, a -m = .
an am

The Binomial Theorem For any positive integer n,

nsn - 1d n - 2 2
sa + bdn = a n + na n - 1b + a b
1#2
nsn - 1dsn - 2d n - 3 3
+ a b + Á + nab n - 1 + b n .
1#2#3
For instance,
sa + bd2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2, sa - bd2 = a 2 - 2ab + b 2

sa + bd3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3, sa - bd3 = a 3 - 3a 2b + 3ab 2 - b 3.

Factoring the Difference of Like Integer Powers, n>1
a n - b n = sa - bdsa n - 1 + a n - 2b + a n - 3b 2 + Á + ab n - 2 + b n - 1 d
For instance,
a 2 - b 2 = sa - bdsa + bd,
a 3 - b 3 = sa - bdsa 2 + ab + b 2 d,
a 4 - b 4 = sa - bdsa 3 + a 2b + ab 2 + b 3 d.
Completing the Square If a Z 0,

au = x + sb>2ad, C = c - b
b2
ax 2 + bx + c = au 2 + C
4a
The Quadratic Formula If a Z 0 and ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then
-b ; 2b 2 - 4ac
x = .
2a
6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 4

GEOMETRY FORMULAS

A = area, B = area of base, C = circumference, S = lateral area or surface area,

V = volume

Triangle Similar Triangles Pythagorean Theorem

c c' a' a c
b
h b'

b b a
a' b' c'
abc a2  b2  c2
A  1 bh
2

Parallelogram Trapezoid Circle

a
h
h
r A  ␲r 2,
b C  2␲r
b
A  bh
A  1 (a  b)h
2

Any Cylinder or Prism with Parallel Bases Right Circular Cylinder

r

h
h
h

B V  Bh
B
V  ␲r2h
S  2␲rh  Area of side

Any Cone or Pyramid Right Circular Cone Sphere

h h
h s
r

V  1 Bh B V  1 ␲r2h V  43 ␲r3, S  4␲r2

3 3
B S  ␲rs  Area of side
6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 5

LIMITS

General Laws Specific Formulas

If L, M, c, and k are real numbers and If Psxd = an x n + an - 1 x n - 1 + Á + a0 , then
lim Psxd = Pscd = an c n + an - 1 c n - 1 + Á + a0 .
lim ƒsxd = L and lim gsxd = M, then x:c
x:c x:c

Sum Rule: lim sƒsxd + gsxdd = L + M

x:c

Difference Rule: lim sƒsxd - gsxdd = L - M If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Qscd Z 0, then
x:c

Product Rule: lim sƒsxd # gsxdd = L # M Psxd Pscd

x:c lim = .
x:c Qsxd Qscd
Constant Multiple Rule: lim sk # ƒsxdd = k # L
x:c

ƒsxd L
Quotient Rule: lim = , M Z 0
x:c gsxd M
If ƒ(x) is continuous at x = c, then
The Sandwich Theorem
lim ƒsxd = ƒscd.
x:c
If gsxd … ƒsxd … hsxd in an open interval containing c, except
possibly at x = c, and if

lim gsxd = lim hsxd = L,

x:c x:c sin x 1 - cos x
lim x = 1 and lim x = 0
then limx:c ƒsxd = L. x:0 x: 0

Inequalities L’Hôpital’s Rule

If ƒsxd … gsxd in an open interval containing c, except possibly If ƒsad = gsad = 0, both ƒ¿ and g¿ exist in an open interval I
at x = c, and both limits exist, then containing a, and g¿sxd Z 0 on I if x Z a, then

lim ƒsxd … lim gsxd. ƒsxd ƒ¿sxd

x:c x:c lim = lim ,
x:a gsxd x:a g¿sxd

Continuity assuming the limit on the right side exists.

If g is continuous at L and limx:c ƒsxd = L, then

lim g(ƒsxdd = gsLd.

x:c
6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 6

DIFFERENTIATION RULES

General Formulas Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Assume u and y are differentiable functions of x. d 1 d 1
ssin-1 xd = scos-1 xd = -
d dx 21 - x 2 dx 21 - x 2
Constant: scd = 0
dx
d du dy d 1 d 1
Sum: su + yd = stan-1 xd = ssec-1 xd =
dx dx
+
dx dx 1 + x2 dx ƒ x ƒ 2x 2 - 1
d du dy d 1 d 1
Difference: su - yd = - scot-1 xd = - scsc-1 xd = -
dx dx dx dx 1 + x2 dx ƒ x ƒ 2x 2 - 1
d du
Constant Multiple: scud = c
dx dx
d dy du Hyperbolic Functions
Product: suyd = u + y
dx dx dx d d
ssinh xd = cosh x scosh xd = sinh x
du dy dx dx
y - u
a b =
d u dx dx d d
Quotient: stanh xd = sech2 x ssech xd = -sech x tanh x
dx y y2 dx dx
d n
Power: x = nx n - 1 d d
dx scoth xd = -csch2 x scsch xd = -csch x coth x
dx dx
d
Chain Rule: sƒsgsxdd = ƒ¿sgsxdd # g¿sxd
dx
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
d 1 d 1
ssinh-1 xd = scosh-1 xd =
d d dx 21 + x 2 dx 2x - 1
2
ssin xd = cos x scos xd = -sin x
dx dx
d 1 d 1
d d stanh-1 xd = ssech-1 xd = -
stan xd = sec2 x ssec xd = sec x tan x dx 1 - x2 dx x21 - x 2
dx dx
d d d 1 d 1
scot xd = -csc2 x scsc xd = -csc x cot x scoth-1 xd = scsch-1 xd = -
dx dx dx 1 - x2 dx ƒ x ƒ 21 + x 2
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Parametric Equations
d x d 1 If x = ƒstd and y = gstd are differentiable, then
e = ex ln x = x
dx dx
dy dy>dt d 2y dy¿>dt
d x d 1 y¿ = and .
a = a x ln a sloga xd = dx
=
dx>dt dx 2
=
dx>dt
dx dx x ln a
6653_AWLThomas_EPp01-07 7/29/09 7:30 PM Page 7

INTEGRATION RULES

General Formulas
a
Zero: ƒsxd dx = 0
La
a b
Order of Integration: ƒsxd dx = - ƒsxd dx
Lb La
b b
Constant Multiples: kƒsxd dx = k ƒsxd dx sAny number kd
La La
b b
-ƒsxd dx = - ƒsxd dx sk = -1d
La La
b b b
Sums and Differences: sƒsxd ; gsxdd dx = ƒsxd dx ; gsxd dx
La La La
b c c
Additivity: ƒsxd dx + ƒsxd dx ƒsxd dx =
La Lb La
Max-Min Inequality: If max ƒ and min ƒ are the maximum and minimum values of ƒ on [a, b], then
b
min ƒ # sb - ad … ƒsxd dx … max ƒ # sb - ad.
La
b b
Domination: ƒsxd Ú gsxd on [a, b] implies ƒsxd dx Ú gsxd dx
La La
b
ƒsxd Ú 0 on [a, b] implies ƒsxd dx Ú 0
La

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

x
Part 1 If ƒ is continuous on [a, b], then Fsxd = 1a ƒstd dt is continuous on
[a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and its derivative is ƒ(x);
x
d
F¿(x) = ƒstd dt = ƒsxd.
dx La
Part 2 If ƒ is continuous at every point of [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of ƒ
on [a, b], then
b
ƒsxd dx = Fsbd - Fsad.
La

Substitution in Definite Integrals Integration by Parts

b gsbd
ƒsxdg¿sxd dx = ƒsxdgsxd D a -
b b
ƒsgsxdd # g¿sxd dx = ƒsud du b
ƒ¿sxdgsxd dx
La Lgsad La La