12/11/2018

The Living Cell

Compound Microscope, circa 1751

Leeuwenhoek & his first microscope

Microscopy and Amoeba

Compound Light Microscope
proteus
oculars
(eyepieces)

objective lenses
stand
stage
coarse focus
condenser
fine focus

field lens
(light source)

illuminator control

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Orientation
Microscopy and Cheek Cells Actual Apparent
position image

Frog gastrula, saggital section; arrow

indicates yolk plug

Direction of Apparent
movement direction
down

up

left right

Magnification Sizes of Living Things

Final magnification
using a simple lens
system (e.g.,
dissecting
microscope
40x 100x 400x

Same images:
Final magnification
using a compound
light microscope
40x 100x 400x

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Cork cells observed by R. Hooke (1665)

Proponents of the Cell Theory Cell Theory

A unifying concept in biology
Originated from the work of biologists Schleiden
and Schwann in 1838-9
States that:
 1. All organisms are composed of cells
- German botanist Matthais Schleiden in 1838
- German zoologist Theodor Schwann in 1839
 2. All cells come only from preexisting cells
- German physician Rudolph Virchow in 1850’s
Schleiden Virchow Schwann
 3. Smallest unit of life

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Cells are the structural and functional units of life

• Two distinct groups of cells exist

– Prokaryotic cells
– Simple and small
– Bacteria are prokaryotic
– Eukaryotic cells
– Possess organelles separated by membranes
– Plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Shapes of Bacterial Cells

Escherichia coli 16

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Organisms and Cells

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Amoeba

Yeast Cyclosis in Plant Cells

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Muscle cells, with their

nuclei stained blue and
Neuron communication channels
between cells stained red.

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The Fluid Mosaic Model

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Phospholipid & Cholesterol Energy-Related Organelles:

Molecules Mitochondrial Structure

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Energy-Related Organelles: Vacuole

Chloroplast Structure

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Cell walls enclose and support plant cells Walls

of two
adjacent
plant cells
• Plant, but not animal cells, have a rigid cell
Vacuole
wall
– It protects and provides skeletal support that helps Plasmodesmata
keep the plant upright against gravity
– Plant cell walls are composed primarily of cellulose
• Plant cells have cell junctions called Primary cell wall

plasmodesmata that serve in communication Secondary cell wall

between cells Cytoplasm

Plasma membrane

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomy of the Nucleus

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Fibers of the cytoskeleton

Nucleus

Nucleus

Actin subunit Fibrous subunits Tubulin subunit

7 nm 10 nm 25 nm

Microfilament Intermediate filament

Microtubule

Cilia and flagella move when

microtubules bend

Cilia

Cilia on cells lining the respiratory tract.

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Flagellum

Undulating flagellum on a sperm cell.

Nucleus, Ribosomes, & ER

Figure 4.9

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Endomembrane System: A Visual Summary

Lysosomes are
digestive
compartments
within a cell
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Digestive Digestive
enzymes enzymes

Lysosome Lysosome
Plasma Plasma
membrane membrane

Food vacuole

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Digestive Digestive
enzymes enzymes

Lysosome Lysosome
Plasma Plasma
membrane membrane
Digestion

Food vacuole Food vacuole

Lysosome Lysosome

Vesicle containing Vesicle containing

damaged mitochondrion damaged mitochondrion

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Apoptosis (“Cell Suicide”)

Between 50 billion
and 70 billion cells die
each day due to
Lysosome apoptosis in the
average human adult.

Digestion
Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion

A section of mouse
liver stained to show
cells undergoing
apoptosis (orange)

Histologic cross section of

embryonic foot of mouse
(Mus musculus) in 15.5 day
of its development. There
are still cells between Fully developed foot of
fingers. (Full development mouse has separate fingers.
of mouse lasts 27 days.)

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Incomplete differentiation in
two toes (syndactyly) due to
lack of apoptosis
A Cell is Like a City
12/11/2018
When normal cells are
damaged beyond repair,
they are eliminated by
apoptosis (A). Cancer cells
avoid apoptosis and
continue to multiply in an
unregulated manner (B).
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