CREATED BY:

DIAN EKA KHORIK L. (093654008)

NURUL HIDAYATI (093654009)

SEPTIANA INDRI H. (093654017)

SESTU WILUJENG N. (093654021)

AYU IDA NURFADILLA (093654022)

EDUCATION PROGRAME OF
SCIENCE
2009
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Formula for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants.

Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic

compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis
occurs in plants and algae. Photosynthetic organisms are called photoautotrops,
since it allows them to create their own food. In plants and algae photosynthesis
uses carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a waste product.
Photosynthesis is vital for life on Earth. As well as maintaining the normal level
of oxygen in the atmosphere, nearly all life either depends on it directly as a
source of energy, or indirectly as the ultimate source of the energy in their food.
The amount of energy trapped by photosynthesis is immense, approximately
100 terawatts: which is about six times larger than the power consumption of
human civilization. As well as energy, photosynthesis is also the source of the
carbon in all the organic compounds within organisms' bodies. In all,
photosynthetic organisms convert around 100,000,000,000 ton of carbon into
biomass per year.

Although photosynthesis can occur in different ways in different species,

some features are always the same. For example, the process always begins when
energy from light is absorbed by proteins called photosynthetic reaction centers
that contain chlorophylls. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called
chloroplasts. Some of the light energy gathered by chlorophylls is stored in the
form of adenosine tri phosphate (ATP). The rest of the energy is used to remove
electrons from a substance such as water. These electrons are then used in the
reactions that turn carbon dioxide into organic compounds. In plants and algae
this is done by a sequence of reactions called the Calvin cycle. Many
photosynthetic organisms have adaptations that concentrate or store carbon
dioxide. This helps reduce a wasteful process called photorespiration that can
consume part of the sugar produced during photosynthesis.

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 Overview of cycle between authotroph and heterothrop . Photosynthesis is the main means by
which plants and algae produce organic compounds and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water

Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotroph which means that they are

able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide using energy from light.
However, not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out
photosynthesis, since photo heterothrope use organic compounds, rather than
carbon dioxide, as a source of carbon. In plants and algae photosynthesis releases
oxygen. This is called oxygenic photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon

fixation. Carbon fixation is a redoc reaction, so photosynthesis needs to supply
both a source of energy to drive this process, and also the electrons needed to
convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate, which is a reduction reaction. In
general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration, where
glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and
release chemical energy. However, the two processes take place through a
different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments.

In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called

chloroplasts. A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The
chloroplast is bounded by a membrane. The membrane is composed of a
phospolipid inner membrane, a phospolipid outer membrane, and an inter
membrane space between them. Within the membrane is an aqueous fluid called
the stroma.The stroma contains stacks (grana) of tylakoids, which are the site of
photosynthesis. The tylakoids are flattened disks, bounded by a membrane with a
lumen or tylakoid space within it. The site of photosynthesis is the tylakoid
membrane, which contains integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes,
including the pigments that absorb light energy, which form the photo systems.

Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll, which is the
reason that most plants have a green color. Besides chlorophyll, plants also use
pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls. Algae also use chlorophyll, but
various other pigments are present as pycocianin, carotenes, and xanthophylls in
green algae, pycoeritrin in red algae (rhodopites) and fucoxantolin brown algae
and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors.

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 These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in special antenna-
proteins. In such proteins all the pigments are ordered to work well together. Such
a protein is also called a light-harvesting complex.

Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, most of
the energy is captured in the leaves. The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf,
called the mesopyll, can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for
every square millimeter of leaf. The surface of the leaf is uniformly coated with a
water-resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of
water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating.
The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade
mesopyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place.

There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary
factors. The three main are:

• Light irradiance and wavelength

• Carbon dioxide concentration
• Temperature.

QUESTION

1. What is Photosynthesis?
2. What is product from the Photosynthesis?
3. When the Photosynthesis begins?
4. Where is Photosynthesis take place?
5. What will happen if Photosynthetic organisms have adaptations that
concentrate or store carbon dioxide?
6. What the relation between oxygen and carbondioxide in Photosynthesis?
7. Where is light reaction happend?
8. What are different between product of light reaction and calvin cycle?
9. Is chlorophyll only as pigment which is work in Photosynthesis?Why?
10. What subject that contains in tylakoid membrane?

ACID RAIN
Acid rain is rain or any other form of (1)....... that is unusually acidic, i.e.
elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It has harmful effects on plants,
aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is mostly caused by (2)........ of
compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon which react with the water molecules
in the atmosphere to produce acids. However, it can also be caused naturally by
the splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy produced by (3)........ strikes, or
the release of (4)........into the atmosphere by phenomena of (5)........

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 Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet (rain, snow,
sleet, fog and cloudwater, dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic
components. A more accurate term is “acid deposition”. (6)....... water, which
contains no carbon dioxide, has a (7).......of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are
acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are bases. “Clean” or unpolluted rain
has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water in the air
react together to form (8)........, a weak acid (pH 5.6 in distilled water), but
unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals.

H2O (l) + CO2 (g) → H2CO3 (aq)

Carbonic acid then can (9)........ in water forming low concentrations of (10)........
and carbonate ions:

2 H2O (l) + H2CO3 (aq) CO32− (aq) + 2 H3O+ (aq)

Ionize Use thevolcano

hydronium word toeruptions
fill the blank!!!
lightning Distilled
carbonic acid precipitation neutral pH emissions sulfur dioxide

GLOSARY
Chlorophyl : the green subtance in plant that absorbs light from the sun to help
them grow
Evaporation : the process to change or make something change into steam and
disappear
Fixation : an abnormal interest in our feelinnng about something
Organic compounds : of found in or formedby living thing
Organism : a living being exspecially a vry small one, with part that work
together, a system composed of part which are dependent on each other
Oxidized : to combine or cause something to combine with oxygen
Palisade mesopyll : a strong fence made of pointed wouden stakes or iron
poler, exspecially one used to defend a building
Photosynthesis : the process by which green plants carbondioxide and water into
food using energy from sunlight

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Respiration : the action of breathing
Wavelength : the distance between two coressponding points in found, light or
electromagnetic wave

TRANSLATE IN INDONESIA
Chlorophyll = Klorofil

 pigmen penyusun kloroplas berwarna hijau yang tersebar pada daun

Evaporation = Penguapan

proses perubahan atau pembentukan air menjadi gas (uap air)

Fixation = Fiksasi

salah satu tahapan siklus calvin yang terjadi di stroma. Tahap pengikatan CO2
oleh senyawa yang beratom 5 karbon, ribulosa difosfat (RDP) dan dikatalis oleh
enzim RUBP karboksilase (rubisco)
Organic Compounds = Komponen organic

senyawa kompleks yang ditemukan atau dimiliki oleh setiap makhluk hidup
Organism = Organisme

kumpulan dari beberapa sistem organ yang bekerja bersama- sama dalam tubuh
Oxidized = Mengoksidasi

pengikatan iksigen oleh suatu zat

Palisade mesopyll = Jaringan palisade

jaringan pagar tiang yang terletak tepat di bawah epidermis atas & banyak
mengandung kloroplas untuk fotosintesis.
Photosynthesis = Fotosintesis

proses pembentukan zat makanan (senyawa organik) dari senyawa anorganik

dengan energi yang berasal dari cahaya matahari.
Respiration=Pernafasan

Reaksi oksidasi senyawa organik untuk menghasilkan energi yang digunakan

untuk aktivitas sel dalam bentuk ATP atau senyawa berenergi tinggi lainnya.
Wavelenght=Panjang gelombang

jarak antara dua puncak yang berurutan atau dua dasar yang berurutan.

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 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past continuous tense use to state an activity which was happening at
certain time in past or activity which was happening when another activity
happened in the past.
Pattern I
It use to state an activity which was happening at certain time in past.
(+) S + was/were + Ving + certain time
(- ) S + was/were not + Ving + certain time
(?) Was/were + S + Ving + certain time ?
Example:
(+) Iwas reading biology book at 19.00 last night
(- ) Iwas not reading biology book at 19.00 last night
(?) Was I reading biology book at 19.00 last night?
Pattern II
It use yo state activity which was happening when another activity happened in
the past.
(+) S + was/were + Ving when S + V2
While S + was/were + Ving
(- ) S + was/were not + Ving when S + V2
While S + was/were + Ving
(?) Was/were + S + Ving when S + V2
While S + was/were + Ving
Example:
(+) We were studiying chemistry when leli read novel
(- ) We were not studiying chemistry when leli read novel
(?) Were we studiying chemistry when leli read novel?
(+) The ice was melting while I was overlying
(- ) The ice was not melting while I was overlying
(?) Was the ice melting while I was overlying

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Correct the sentences bellow!
1. Goldstein was finding proton at 1886.
2. New atom model was appearing when sciencetist find proton, electron, and
neutron.
3. H5N1 was spread in society when the sciencetist examined it.
4. The teacher was explain about cell membrane while Antonio was asking
about photosynthesis.
5. The sciencetist was finding medicine delayed HIV virus since August last
year.
6. The society was process cow’s waste for biogas while they was difficult
finding kerosene.
7. The sciencetist was deciding new planet while the sciencetist was expend
pluto from galaxy.
8. H1N1 was appearing when we not yet success annihilated H5N1.
9. Robert Hooke was arrange new teory about cell when other sciencetist
examine about cell.
10. The sciencetist was finding new tecnology for use solar energy while the
fosil oil was becoming thin.

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 ANSWER QUESTION

A. FROM READING TEXT PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic

compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight.
2. The product from photosynthesis are sugar and oxygen.
3. The process begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins
called photosynthetic reaction centers that contain chlorophylls.
4. Photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts.
5. This helps reduce a wasteful process called photorespiration that can
consume part of the sugar produced during photosynthesis.
6. Carbondioxide from human respiration can used to substrat of
photosynthesis which is prodece oxygen

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 7. The light reaction happen in the grana (tylakoid)
8. The light reaction produce NADPH + ATP and take place in
grana(tylakoid), while calvin cycle produce NADP+ + ATP and take
place in stroma.
9. No,it isn’t. Because various other pigments are present as pycocianin,
carotenes, and xanthophylls in green algae, pycoeritrin in red algae
(rhodopites) and fucoxantolin brown algae and diatoms resulting in a
wide variety of colors.

10. The site of photosynthesis is the tylakoid membrane, which contains

integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes, including the
pigments that absorb light energy, which form the photo systems.

B. FROM TEXT ACID RAIN (BLANK QUESTION)

1. Precipitation
2. Emissions
3. Lighthing
4. Sulfur dioxide
5. Vulcano eruptions
6. Destilled
7. Neural Ph
8. Carbonic acid
9. Ionize
10. Hydronium

C. FROM GRAMMAR

1. Goldstein was finding proton at 1886

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2. New atom model was appearing when sciencetist found proton,
electron, and neutron
3. H5N1 was spreading in society when the sciencetist examined it
4. The teacher was explaining about cell membrane while Antonio was
asking about photosyntesis
5. The sciencetist was finding medicine delayed HIV virus since August
last year
6. The society was processing cow’s waste for biogas while they was
difficult finding fosil oil
7. The sciencetist was deciding new planet while the sciencetist was
expending pluto from galaxy
8. H1N1 was appearing when we not yet success annihilated H5N1
9. Robert Hooke was arranging new teory about cell when other
sciencetist examined about cell
10. The sciencetist was finding new tecnology for use solar energy while
the fosil fuel was becoming thin

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