Larry J.

Gerstein

Introduction to
Mathematical Structures
and Proofs
Second Edition

Spri
ringer
CONTENTS

Preface to the Second Edition V

Preface to the First Edition vii

1 Logic 1
1.1 Statements, Propositions, and Theorems 1
1.2 Logical Connectives and Truth Tables 6
1.3 Conditional Statements 12
1.4 Proofs: Structures and Strategies 18
1.5 Logical Equivalence 26
1.6 Application: A Brief Introduction to Switching Circuits . . . . 31

2 Sets 37
2.1 Fundamentals 37
2.2 Russell's Paradox 45
2.3 Quantifiers 46
2.4 Set Inclusion 53
2.5 Union, Intersection, and Complement 58
2.6 Indexed Sets 63
2.7 The Power Set 71
2.8 Ordered Pairs and Cartesian Products 75
2.9 Set Decomposition: Partitions and Relations 82
2.10 Mathematical Induction and Recursion 97

xi
xii - CONTENTS

3 Functions 109
3.1 Definitions and Examples 109
3.2 Surjections, Injections, Bijections, Sequences 118
3.3 Composition of Functions 131

4 Finite and Infinite Sets 141

4.1 Cardinality; Fundamental Counting Principles 141
4.2 Comparing Sets, Finite or Infinite 158
4.3 Countable and Uncountable Sets 165
4.4 More on Infinity 175
4.5 Languages and Finite Automata 176

5 Combinatorics 191
5.1 Combinatorial Problems 191
5.2 The Addition and Product Rules (review) 194
5.3 Introduction to Permutations 196
5.4 Permutations and Geometric Symmetry 207
5.5 Decomposition into Cycles 214
5.6 The Order of a Permutation; A Card-Shuffling Example . . . . 226
5.7 Odd and Even Permutations; Applications to Configurations . 233
5.8 Binomial and Multinomial Coefficients 243
5.9 Graphs 261

6 Number Theory 277

6.1 Operations 278
6.2 The Integers: Operations and Order 284
6.3 Divisibility: The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 287
6.4 Congruence; Divisibility Tests 302
6.5 Introduction to Euler's Function 309
6.6 The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle and Euler's Function . . . . 315
6.7 More on Prime Numbers 322
6.8 Primitive Roots and Card Shuffling 327
6.9 Perfect Numbers, Mersenne Primes, Arithmetic Functions . . . 336
6.10 Number Theory and Cryptography: A Brief Glimpse 346

7 Complex Numbers 349

7.1 Complex Numbers 349
7.2 The Gaussian Integers 362
 CONTENTS . xiii

Hints and Partial Solutions to Selected Odd-Numbered

Exercises 375

Index 395