BIOCHEMISTRY
- Is the study of the chemical
substances found in living organism
and the chemical interactions of
these substances with each other.
BIOCHEMISTRY is a field in
which new discoveries are made
almost daily about how cells
manufacture the molecules needed
for life and how the chemical
reactions by which life is maintained
occur.
BIOCHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
- Is a chemical substance found within
a living organism. Biochemical
substance are divided into two
groups: bioinorganic substances
and bioorganic substance.
Bioinorganic substance include
water(70%) and inorganic salts(5%).
Bioorganic substance include
carbohydrates(2%), lipids(8%),
proteins(15%), and nucleic acid(2%).
CARBOHYDTRATES
- Is a polyhydroxy aldehyde, a
polyhydroxy ketone, or a compound
that yields polyhydroxy aldehydes or
polyhydroxy ketone upon hydrolysis.
MONOSACCHARIDE
- Is a carbohydrate that contains a
single polyhydroxy aldehyde or
polyhydroxy ketone unit.
DISSACCHARIDE
- Is a carbohydrate that contains two
monosaccharide units covalently
bonded to each other.
OLIGOSACCHARIDE
- Is a carbohydrate that contains three
to ten monosaccharide units
covalently bonded to each other.
POLYSACCHARIDE
- Is a polymeric carbohydrate that
contains many monosaccharide units
covalently bonded to each other.
MIRROR IMAGE
- Is the reflection of an object in the
matter.
- Objects can be divide into two
classes on the basis of their mirror
image: objects with superimposable
mirror image and objects with
nonsuperimposable mirror images.
SUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR
IMAGE
- Are images that coincide at all points
when the images are laid upon each
other.
NONSUPERIMPOSABLE MIRROR
IMAGE
- Are images where not all points
coincide with the images are laid
upon each other.
CHIRAL CENTER

- Is an atom in a molecule that has

four different groups bonded to it in
a tetrahedral orientation.

CHIRAL MOLECULE

- Is a molecule whose mirror images

are not superimposable

ACHIRAL MOLECULE

- Is a molecule whose mirror images

are superimposable.

STEREOISOMERS

- Are isomers that have the same

molecular and structural formula but
differ in the orientation of atoms in
space.
- The presence of the chiral center in a
molecule.
- The presence of the “structural
rigidity” in a molecule.

FISCHER PROJECTION
FORMULA

- Is a two-dimensional structural
notation for showing the spatial
arrangement of groups about chiral
centers in molecules.