2.

1 Represent Relations
and Functions
Before You solved linear equations.
Now You will represent relations and graph linear functions.
Why? So you can model changes in elevation, as in Ex. 48.

Key Vocabulary A relation is a mapping, or pairing, of input values with output values. The set of
• relation input values is the domain, and the set of output values is the range.
• domain
• range
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
• function
• equation in two Representing Relations
variables
• linear function A relation can be represented in the following ways.

Ordered Pairs Table Graph Mapping Diagram

(22, 2) y Input Output
x y
(22, 22) 22 22
22 2 1
(0, 1) 0 2
22 22 1 x
(3, 1)
0 1 3 1
3 1

EXAMPLE 1 Represent relations

Consider the relation given by the ordered pairs (22, 23), (21, 1), (1, 3), (2, 22),
and (3, 1).
a. Identify the domain and range.
b. Represent the relation using a graph and a mapping diagram.

Solution
a. The domain consists of all the x-coordinates: 22, 21, 1, 2, and 3.
The range consists of all the y-coordinates: 23, 22, 1, and 3.
REVIEW GRAPHING
b. Graph Mapping Diagram
For help with plotting
points in a coordinate y Input Output
plane, see p. 987. 22 23
1 21 22
1 x 1
2 1
3 3

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 FUNCTIONS A function is a relation for which each input has exactly one output.
If any input of a relation has more than one output, the relation is not a function.

EXAMPLE 2 Identify functions

Tell whether the relation is a function. Explain.
AVOID ERRORS
a. Input Output b. Input Output
A relation can map
more than one input 23 2 22 24
onto the same output 21 21
and still be a function. 3 1
2 2
4 24 4 3

Solution
a. The relation is a function because each input is mapped onto exactly
one output.
b. The relation is not a function because the input 1 is mapped onto both
21 and 2.
"MHFCSB at classzone.com

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

1. Consider the relation given by the ordered pairs (24, 3), (22, 1), (0, 3), (1, 22),
and (22, 24).
a. Identify the domain and range.
b. Represent the relation using a table and a mapping diagram.
2. Tell whether the relation
x 22 21 0 1 3
is a function. Explain.
y 24 24 24 24 24

VERTICAL LINE TEST You can use the graph of a relation to determine whether it
is a function by applying the vertical line test.

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

REVIEW LOGICAL Vertical Line Test
STATEMENTS
A relation is a function if and only if no vertical line intersects the graph of the
For help with “if and
relation at more than one point.
only if” statements, see
p. 1002. Function y Not a function y

1 1
1 x 1 x

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 EXAMPLE 3 Use the vertical line test
BASKETBALL The first graph below plots average points per game versus age at
the end of the 2003–2004 NBA regular season for the 8 members of the Minnesota
Timberwolves with the highest averages. The second graph plots average
points per game versus age for one team member, Kevin Garnett, over his
first 9 seasons. Are the relations shown by the graphs functions? Explain.

Timberwolves Kevin Garnett

y y
Average points 30 30

Average points
20 20

10 10
READING GRAPHS
0 0
The zigzag symbol on 0 26 28 30 32 34 x 0 20 22 24 26 28 x
the horizontal axis of Age (years) Age (years)
each graph indicates
that values of x were Solution
skipped.
The team graph does not represent a function because vertical lines at x 5 28
and x 5 29 each intersect the graph at more than one point. The graph for Kevin
Garnett does represent a function because no vertical line intersects the graph at
more than one point.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3

3. WHAT IF? In Example 3, suppose that Kevin Garnett averages 24.2 points
per game in his tenth season as he did in his ninth. If the relation given by
the second graph is revised to include the tenth season, is the relation still a
function? Explain.

EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Many functions can be described by an equation

in two variables, such as y 5 3x 2 5. The input variable (in this case, x) is called
the independent variable. The output variable (in this case, y) is called the
dependent variable because its value depends on the value of the input variable.
An ordered pair (x, y) is a solution of an equation in two variables if substituting
x and y in the equation produces a true statement. For example, (2, 1) is a solution
of y 5 3x 2 5 because 1 5 3(2) 2 5 is true. The graph of an equation in two
variables is the set of all points (x, y) that represent solutions of the equation.

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

Graphing Equations in Two Variables
To graph an equation in two variables, follow these steps:
STEP 1 Construct a table of values.
STEP 2 Plot enough points from the table to recognize a pattern.
STEP 3 Connect the points with a line or a curve.

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 EXAMPLE 4 Graph an equation in two variables
Graph the equation y 5 22x 2 1.

Solution
y
STEP 1 Construct a table of values.

x 22 21 0 1 2 1
1 x
y 3 1 21 23 25

STEP 2 Plot the points. Notice that they all lie on a line.
STEP 3 Connect the points with a line.

LINEAR FUNCTIONS The function y 5 22x 2 1 in Example 4 is a linear function

because it can be written in the form y 5 mx 1 b where m and b are constants.
READING
The graph of a linear function is a line. By renaming y as f(x), you can write
The parentheses in
y 5 mx 1 b using function notation.
f(x) do not indicate
multiplication. The y 5 mx 1 b Linear function in x-y notation
symbol f(x) does not
mean “f times x.” f(x) 5 mx 1 b Linear function in function notation

The notation f(x) is read “the value of f at x,” or simply “f of x,” and identifies x as
the independent variable. The domain consists of all values of x for which f (x) is
defined. The range consists of all values of f(x) where x is in the domain of f .

EXAMPLE 5 Classify and evaluate functions

Tell whether the function is linear. Then evaluate the function when x 5 24.
a. f(x) 5 2x 2 2 2x 1 7 b. g(x) 5 5x 1 8

Solution
a. The function f is not linear because it has an x2-term.
f(x) 5 2x 2 2 2x 1 7 Write function.

f(24) 5 2(24)2 2 2(24) 1 7 Substitute 24 for x.

5 21 Simplify.

REPRESENT b. The function g is linear because it has the form g(x) 5 mx 1 b.

FUNCTIONS
g(x) 5 5x 1 8 Write function.
Letters other than f,
such as g or h, can also g(24) 5 5(24) 1 8 Substitute 24 for x.
name functions.
5 212 Simplify.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 4 and 5

4. Graph the equation y 5 3x 2 2.

Tell whether the function is linear. Then evaluate the function when x 5 22.
5. f(x) 5 x 2 1 2 x 3 6. g(x) 5 24 2 2x

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 DOMAINS IN REAL LIFE In Example 5, the domain of each function is all real
numbers because there is an output for every real number x. In real life, you may
need to restrict the domain so that it is reasonable in the given situation.

EXAMPLE 6 Use a function in real life

DIVING A diver using a Diver Propulsion Vehicle (DPV)
descends to a depth of 130 feet. The pressure P (in
atmospheres) on the diver is given by P(d) 5 1 1 0.03d
where d is the depth (in feet). Graph the function, and
determine a reasonable domain and range. What is the
pressure on the diver at a depth of 33 feet?

Solution
Pressure on a Diver
The graph of P(d) is shown. Because the depth
varies from 0 feet to 130 feet, a reasonable P(d)
domain is 0 ≤ d ≤ 130.

(atmospheres)
Pressure
4
The minimum value of P(d) is P(0) 5 1, and the
maximum value of P(d) is P(130) 5 4.9. So, a
reasonable range is 1 ≤ P(d) ≤ 4.9. 2
(33, 2)
c At a depth of 33 feet, the pressure on the diver
0
is P(33) 5 1 1 0.03(33) < 2 atmospheres, which 0 40 80 120 d
you can verify from the graph. Depth (ft)

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 6

7. OCEAN EXPLORATION In 1960, the deep-sea vessel Trieste descended to an

estimated depth of 35,800 feet. Determine a reasonable domain and range of
the function P(d) in Example 6 for this trip.

2.1 EXERCISES HOMEWORK

KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 7, 17, and 45
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 9, 20, 24, 40, 46, and 49

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: In the equation y 5 x 1 5, x is the ?
variable and y is the ? variable.

2. ★ WRITING Describe how to find the domain and range of a relation given by
a set of ordered pairs.

EXAMPLE 1 REPRESENTING RELATIONS Identify the domain and range of the given relation.
on p. 72 Then represent the relation using a graph and a mapping diagram.
for Exs. 3–9
3. (22, 3), (1, 2), (3, 21), (24, 23) 4. (5, 22), (23, 22), (3, 3), (21, 21)
5. (6, 21), (22, 23), (1, 8), (22, 5) 6. (27, 4), (2, 25), (1, 22), (23, 6)
7. (5, 20), (10, 20), (15, 30), (20, 30) 8. (4, 22), (4, 2), (16, 24), (16, 4)

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 9. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the domain of the relation given by the ordered pairs
(24, 2), (21, 23), (1, 4), (1, 23), and (2, 1)?
A 23, 1, 2, and 4 B 24, 21, 1, and 2
C 24, 23, 21, and 2 D 24, 23, 21, 1, 2, and 4

EXAMPLE 2 IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONS Tell whether the relation is a function. Explain.

on p. 73
10. Input Output 11. Input Output 12. Input Output 13. Input Output
for Exs. 10–20
26 5 25 22 4 28
24 2 23 21 2 24
1 0
21 1 1 5 21 0
2 21 2 4 23 4

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in the student’s work.

14. 15.
The relation given by the ordered
x 0 1 2 1 0
pairs (24, 2), (21, 5), (3, 6), and
(7, 2) is not a function because y 5 6 7 8 9
the inputs 24 and 7 are both
mapped to the output 2. The relation given by the table is
a function because there is only
one value of x for each value of y.

IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONS Tell whether the relation is a function. Explain.

16. (3, 22), (0, 1), (1, 0), (22, 21), (2, 21) 17. (2, 25), (22, 5), (21, 4), (22, 0), (3, 24)
18. (0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 4) 19. (21, 21), (2, 5), (4, 8), (25, 29), (21, 25)

20. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE The relation given by the ordered pairs (26, 3), (22, 4),
(1, 5), and (4, 0) is a function. Which ordered pair can be included with this
relation to form a new relation that is also a function?
A (1, 25) B (6, 3) C (22, 19) D (4, 4)

EXAMPLE 3 VERTICAL LINE TEST Use the vertical line test to tell whether the relation is
on p. 74 a function.
for Exs. 21–23
21. y 22. y 23. y

2
1 1
1 x 2 x 1 x

24. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Explain why a relation is not a function if a vertical line
intersects the graph of the relation more than once.

EXAMPLE 4 GRAPHING EQUATIONS Graph the equation.

on p. 75 25. y 5 x 1 2 26. y 5 2x 1 5 27. y 5 3x 1 1
for Exs. 25–33
28. y 5 5x 2 3 29. y 5 2x 2 7 30. y 5 23x 1 2

31. y 5 22x 1x 1 2
32. y 5 } 3x 2 1
33. y 5 2}
2 4

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 EXAMPLE 5 EVALUATING FUNCTIONS Tell whether the function is linear. Then evaluate the
on p. 75 function for the given value of x.
for Exs. 34–39
34. f(x) 5 x 1 15; f (8) 35. f(x) 5 x 2 1 1; f(23)
36. f(x) 5 x 1 10; f(24) 37. f(x) 5 6; f(2)

38. g(x) 5 x 3 2 2x2 1 5x 2 8; g(25) 2 x; h(15)

39. h(x) 5 7 2 }
3

40. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Which, if any, of the relations described by the

equations y 5 x, x 5 y, and y 5 x represent functions? Explain.

41. CHALLENGE Let f be a function such that f(a 1 b) 5 f (a) 1 f(b) for all real
numbers a and b. Show that f(2a) 5 2 p f (a) and that f (0) 5 0.

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 3 42. BICYCLING The graph shows the ages of the top y
three finishers in the Mt. Washington Auto Road 3

Finishing
on p. 74

place
for Exs. 42–43 Bicycle Hillclimb each year from 2002 through 2
2004. Do the ordered pairs (age, finishing place) 1
represent a function? Explain.
0 20 22 24 26 x
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN
Age (years)

43. BASEBALL The graph shows the number of y

games started and the number of wins for each 10

Wins
starting pitcher on a baseball team during a 5
regular season. Do the ordered pairs (starts, wins) 0
represent a function? Explain. 0 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 x
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN
Starts

44. GEOMETRY The volume V of a cube with edge length s is given by the
function V(s) 5 s3. Find V(4). Explain what V(4) represents.

45. GEOMETRY The volume V of a sphere with radius r is given by the

4 πr 3. Find V(6). Explain what V(6) represents.
function V(r) 5 }
3

EXAMPLE 6 46. ★ SHORT RESPONSE For the period 1974–2004, the average price p (in
on p. 76 dollars) of a theater ticket in the United States can be modeled by the
for Exs. 46–48 function p(t) 5 0.144t 1 1.89 where t is the number of years since 1974.
Determine a reasonable domain and range for p(t). Explain the meaning
of the range.

47. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Anthropologists can estimate a person’s height

from the length of certain bones. The height h (in inches) of an adult
human female can be modeled by the function h(l) 5 1.95l 1 28.7 where
l is the length (in inches) of the femur, or thigh bone. The function is valid
for femur lengths between 15 inches and 24 inches, inclusive.
a. Graph the function, and determine a reasonable domain and range.
b. Suppose a female’s femur is 15.5 inches long. About how tall was she?
c. If an anthropologist estimates a female’s height as 5 feet 11 inches,
about how long is her femur?

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS ★ 5 STANDARDIZED

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on p. Equations
WS1 and Functions TEST PRACTICE

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 48. MOUNTAIN CLIMBING A climber on Mount
Rainier in Washington hikes from an elevation
of 5400 feet above sea level to Camp Muir,
which has an elevation of 10,100 feet. The
elevation h (in feet) as the climber ascends
can be modeled by h(t) 5 1000t 1 5400 where
t is the time (in hours). Graph the function,
and determine a reasonable domain and range.
What is the climber’s elevation after hiking
3.5 hours?

49. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The table shows

Population Electoral
the populations of several states and their State
(millions), p votes, v
electoral votes in the 2004 and 2008 U.S.
presidential elections. The figures are based California 33.87 55
on U.S. census data for the year 2000.
Florida 15.98 27
a. Identify the domain and range of the
relation given by the ordered pairs (p, v). Illinois 12.42 21

b. Is the relation from part (a) a function? New York 18.98 31

Explain.
Ohio 11.35 20
c. Is the relation given by the ordered pairs
(v, p) a function? Explain. Pennsylvania 12.28 21

Texas 20.85 34

50. CHALLENGE The table shows ground

Merchandise cost Shipping cost
shipping charges for an online retail store.
a. Is the shipping cost a function of the $.01–$30.00 $4.50
merchandise cost? Explain. $30.01–$60.00 $7.25
b. Is the merchandise cost a function of the
$60.01–$100.00 $9.50
shipping cost? Explain.
Over $100.00 $12.50

MIXED REVIEW
PREVIEW Evaluate the expression for the given values of x and y. (p. 10)
Prepare for
y23 y28
Lesson 2.2 51. } when x 5 6 and y 5 2 52. } when x 5 3 and y 5 4
x24 x22
in Exs. 51–54.
y 2 (25) 24 2 y
53. } when x 5 23 and y 5 23 54. } when x 5 217 and y 5 8
x21 15 2 x

Solve the equation. Check your solution. (p. 18)

55. 3x 1 16 5 31 56. 24x 2 7 5 17 57. 5x 1 12 5 23x 2 4

58. 5 2 8z 5 25 1 4z 5 (3v 2 4) 5 30
59. } 60. 6(4w 1 1) 5 1.5(8w 1 18)
2

Solve the inequality. Then graph the solution. (p. 41)

61. 2x 2 6 > 8 1x 1 7 > 0

62. } 63. 15 2 2x ≤ 7
4
64. 4 2 x < 3 65. 27 < 6x 2 1 < 5 66. x 2 2 ≤ 1 or 4x 1 3 ≥ 19

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 2.1, p. 1011 ONLINE QUIZ

2.1 Represent Relations and Functions
at classzone.com 79

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