Simple Interest

1. If a certain sum in T years at R% per annum amounts to Rs. A, then the sum will be

100 × A
P=
100 + R × T

2. The annual payment that will discharge a debt of Rs. A due in T years at R% per annum is
100 A
Annual payment = Rs. ( RT(T − 1)
)
100T + 2

3. If a certain sum is invested in n types of investments in such a manner that equal amount is obtained on
each investment where interest rates are R₁, R₂, R₃ ……, R n , respectively and time periods are T₁, T₂, T₃,
……, Tn , respectively, then the ratio in which the amounts are invested is
1 1 1 1
∶ ∶ ∶… .
100 + R1 T1 100 + R 2 T2 100 + R 3 T3 100 + R n Tn

4. If a certain sum of money becomes n times itself in T years at simple interest, then the rate of interest
per annum is
100(n − 1)
R= %
T

5. If a certain sum of money becomes n times itself at R% per annum simple interest in T years, then
n−1
T=( ) × 100 years
R

6. If a certain sum of money becomes n times itself in T years at a simple interest, then the time T in which
it will become m times itself is given by
m−1
T′ = ( ) × T years
n−1

7. Effect of change of P, R and T on simple interest is given by the following formula:

Product of fixed parameter

Change in Simple Interest= × [difference of product of variable parameters]
100

For example, if rate (R) changes from R₁ to R₂ and P, T are fixed, then

PT
Change in SI = × (R1 − R 2 )
100

Similarly, if principal (P) changes from P₁ to P₂ and R, T are fixed, then change in SI

RT
= × (P1 − P2 )
100

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Also, if rate (R) change from R₁ to R₂ and time (T) changes from T₁ to T₂ but principal (P) is fixed, then
change in

P
SI = 100 × (R₁T₁ – R₂T₂)

8. If a certain sum of money P lent out at SI amounts to A₁ in T₁ years and to A₂ in T₂ years, then

A1 T2 −A2 T1 A1 −A2
P= and R = A × 100%
T2 −T1 1 T2 −A2 T1

9. If a certain sum of money P lent out for a certain time T amounts to A₁ at R₁ % per annum and to A₂ at
R₂ % per annum, then

A2 R1 −A1 R2 A1 −A2
P= and T = A × 100 years
R1 −R2 2 R1 −A1 R2

10. If an amount P₁ lent at simple interest rate of R₁ % per annum and another amount P₂ at simple interest
rate of R₂ % per annum, then the rate of interest for the whole sum is

P1 R1 + P2 R 2
R=( )
P1 + P2

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 Compound Interest

1. (a) The amount A due after t years, when a principal P is given on compound interest at the rate R%
per annum is given by

R t
A = P (1 + )
100
R t
(b) Compound interest (CI) = A – P = P [(1 + 100) − 1]

1
A t
(c) Rate of interest (R) = [(P) − 1] % p. a.

Note: Simple interest and compound interest for 1 year at a given rate of interest per annum are always
equal.

2. If the interest is compounded half-yearly, then

R 2t
(a) Amount (A) = P (1 + 100×2)

R 2t
(b) Compound interest (CI) = P [(1 + 100×2) − 1]

1
𝐴 𝑡 ×2
(c) Rate (R) = 2 × 100 [(𝑃) − 1] % p. a.

3. If the interest is compounded quarterly, then

P 4𝑡
(a) Amount (A) = P(1 + 100 × 4)

R 4t
(b) Compound interest (CI) = P [(1 + 100×4) − 1]

1
𝐴 𝑡 ×4
(c) Rate (R) = 4 × 100 [(𝑃) − 1] % 𝑝. 𝑎.

In general, if the interest is compound n times a year, then

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 𝑅 𝑛×𝑡
(a) Amount (A) = P (1 + 100 × 𝑛)

R n×t
(b) Compound interest (CI) = P [(1 + 100×n) − 1]

1
𝐴 𝑡 ×𝑛
(c) Rate of interest (R) = 𝑛 × 100 [(𝑃) − 1] % 𝑝. 𝑎.

4. When the rates of interest are different for different years, say R₁, R₂, R₃ percent for first, second
and third year, respectively, then

R1 R2 R3
Amount = P (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + )
100 100 100

3
5. When the time is given in the form of fraction, say 24 years, then,

3
R 2 R
Amount = P (1 + ) × (1 + 4 )
100 100

6. (a) The difference between the compound interest and the simple interest on a certain sum of money for
2 years at R% per annum is given by

𝑅 2
CI – SI = P(100) [in term of P and R]

R × SI
and, CI – SI = 2 × 100 [in terms of SI and R]

(b) The difference between the compound interest and the simple interst on a certain sum of money for 2
years at R% per annum is given by

R 3 R 2
CI − SI = P [(100) + 3 (100) ] [in terms of P and R]

𝑆𝐼 𝑅 2 𝑅
And, CI – SI = [(100) + 3 (100)] [in terms of SI and R]
3

7. If a certain sum becomes n times in t years at compound interest, then the same sum becomes 𝑛𝑚 times
in mt years.

8. If a certain sum becomes n times in t years, then the rate of compound interest is given by

1
R = 100 [(n) t − 1]

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9. If a certain sum of money at compound interest amounts to Rs. x in A years and to Rs. y in B years, then
the rate of interest per annum is

𝑦 1/𝐵−𝐴
𝑅 = [( ) − 1] × 100%
𝑥

10. If a loan of Rs. P at R% compound interest per annum is to be repaid in n equal yearly instalments, then
the value of each instalment is given by
P
Rs. 2 n.
100 100 100
(100 + R) + (100 + R) + . . . . (100 + R)

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 Number System

1. L.C.M. and H.C.F. of Fractions

L. C. M. of the numbers in numerators

L. C. M =
H. C. F. of in the number in denominator
H. C. F. of the numbers in numerators
H. C. F =
L. C. M. of in the number in denominator

2. Product of two numbers

= L.C.M. of the numbers × H.C.F. of the numbers

3. To find the greatest number that will exactly divide x, y and z.

Required number = H.C.F. of x, y and z.

4. To find the greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving remainders a, b and c, respectively.
Required number = H.C.F. of (x – a), (y – b) and (z – c).

5. To find the least number which is exactly divisible by x, y and z.

Required number = L.C.M. of x, y and z.

6. To find the least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves the remainders a, b and c, respectively.
It is always observed that (x – a) = (y – b) = (z – c) = k (say)
∴ Required number = (L.C.M. of x, y and z) – k.

7. To find the least number which when divided by x, y and z leaves the same remainder r in each case.
Required number = (L.C.M. of x, y and z) + r

8. To find the greatest number that will divide x, y and z leaving the same remainder in each case.
(A) When the value of remainder r is given:
Required number = H.C.F. of (x – r), (y – r) and (z – r).
(B) When the value of remainder is not given:
Required number = H.C.F. of |(x – y)|, |(y – z)| and |(z – x)|

9. To find the n-digit greatest number which, when divided by x, y and z.

(A) leaves no remainder (i.e., exactly divisible)
Step 1: L.C.M. of x, y and z = L
L)n−digit greatest number(
Step 2: Remainder=R
Step 3: Required number = n-digit greatest number — R
(B) leaves remainder K in each case.
Required number = (n-digit greatest number — R) + K.

10. To find the n-digit smallest number which when divided by x, y and z.
(A) leaves no remainder (i.e., exactly divisible)
Step 1: L.C.M. of x, y and z = L
L)n−digit smallest number(
Step 2: Remainder=R
Step 3: Required number = n-digit smallest number + (L – R).
(B) leaves remainder K in each case.

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Required number = n-digit smallest number + (L – R) + k.

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7
 Profit & Loss

1. Gain percent

Gain × 100
Gain % = C.P.
Loss percent

Loss × 100
Loss% = C.P.

2. When the selling price and gain percent are given:

100
C. P. = ( ) × S. P.
100 + Gain%

3. When the cost and gain percent are given:

100 + Gain%
S. P = ( ) × C. P.
100

4. When the cost and loss percent are given:

100 − Loss%
S. P. = ( ) × C. P
100

5. When the selling price and loss percent are given.

100
C. P = ( ) × S. P
100 − Loss%

6. If a man buys x items for Rs. y and sells z items for Rs. w, then the gain or loss percent made by him is
𝑥𝑤
( − 1) × 100%
𝑧𝑦

7. If the cost price of m articles is equal to the selling price of n articles, then % gain or loss

𝑚−𝑛
= ( 𝑛 ) × 100
[If m > n, it is % gain and if m < n, it is % loss]

8. If an article is sold at a price S.P.₁, then % gain or % loss is x and if it is sold at a price S.P.₂, then % gain
or % loss is y. If the cost price of the article is C.P., then

S. P₁ S. P₂ C. P. S. P1 − S. P2
= = =
100 + x 100 + y 100 x−y
Where x or y is –ve, if it indicates a loss, otherwise it is +ve.

9. If ‘A’ sells an article to ‘B’ at a gain/loss of m% and ‘B’ sells it to ‘C’ at a gain/loss of n% If ‘C’ pays Rs. z for
it to ‘B’ then the cost price for ‘A’ is

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 1002 𝑧
[ ]
(100 + 𝑚)(100 + 𝑛)
where m or n is –ve, it indicates a loss, otherwise it is +ve.

10. If ‘A’ sells an article to ‘B’ at a gain/loss of m% and ‘B’ sells it to ‘C’ at a gain/loss of n%, then the resultant
profit/loss percent is given by

𝑚𝑛
(𝑚 + 𝑛 + 100) (i)
where m or n is –ve, if it indicates a loss, otherwise it is +ve.

11. When two different articles are sold at the same selling price, getting gain/loss of x% on the first and
gain/loss of y% on the second, then the overall% gain or % loss in the transaction is given by

100(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 2𝑥𝑦
[ ]%
(100 + 𝑥) + (100 + 𝑦)

The above expression represents overall gain or loss accordingly as its sign is +ve or –ve.

12. When two different articles are sold at the same selling price getting a gain of x% on the first and loss
of x% on the second, then the overall% loss in the transaction is given by

𝑥 2
(
) %
10
Note that in such questions there is always a loss.

13. A merchant uses faulty measure and sells his goods at gain/loss of x%. The overall % gain/loss(g) is
given by

100 + g True measure

=
100 + x Faulty measure
Note: If the merchant sells his goods at cost price, then x = 0.

14. A merchant uses y% less weight/length and sells his goods at gain/loss of x%. The overall % gain/loss
is given by

𝑦+𝑥
[( ) × 100] %
100 − 𝑦

15. A person buys two items for Rs. A and sells one at a loss of l% and other at a gain of g%. If each item
was sold at the same price, then
(a) The cost price of the item sold at loss

A (100 + % gain)
=
(100 − % loss) + (100 + % gain)

(b) The cost price of the item sold at gian

A (100 − % loss)
=
(100 − % loss) + (100 + gain)

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16. If two successive discounts on an article are m% and n%, respectively, then a single discount equivalent
to the two successive discounts will be

𝑚𝑛
(𝑚 + 𝑛 − )%
100

17. If three successive discounts on an article are l%, m% and n%, respectively, then a single discount
equivalent to the three successive discounts will be

(𝑙𝑚 + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑚𝑛) 𝑙𝑚𝑛

[𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑛 − + ]%
100 1002

18. A shopkeeper sells an item at Rs. z after giving a discount of d% on labelled price. Had he not given the
discount, he would have earned a profit of p% on the cost price.
The cost price of each item is given by

1002 z
C. P. = [ ]
(100 − d)(100 + p)

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 Pipe & Cistern
1
1. If an inlet can completely fill the empty tank in X hrs, the part of the tank filled in 1 hr = .
𝑋

1
2. If an outlet can empty the full tank in Y hrs, the part of the tank emptied in 1 hr = 𝑌.

1 1
3. If both inlet and outlet are open, net part of the tank filled in 1 hr = 𝑋 − 𝑌.

4. Two pipes A and B can fill (or empty) a cistern is given by

XY
(X + Y) hrs.

5. Three pipes A, B and C can fill a cistern in X, Y and Z hrs, respectively, while working alone. If all the three
pipes are opened together, the time taken to fill the cistern is given by

X+Y+Z
(XY + YZ + ZX) hrs.

6. Two pipes A and B can fill a cistern in X hrs. and Y hrs., respectively. There is also an outlet C. If all the
three pipes are opened together, the tank is full in Z hrs. The time taken by C to empty the full tank is given
by

XYZ
(XZ + YZ − XY) hrs.

7. A tank takes X hrs to be filled by a pipe. But due to a leak, it is filled in Y hrs. The amount of time in which
the leak can empty the full tank

XY
=( ) hrs.
Y−X

8. A cistern has a leak which can empty it in X hrs. A pipe which admits Y litres of water per hour into the
cistern is turned on and now the cistern is emptied in Z hrs. The capacity of the cistern is

𝑋𝑌𝑍
(𝑍 − 𝑋) litres.

9. One fill pipe A is k times faster than the other fill pipe B.

(a) If B can fill a cistern in x hrs, then the time in which the cistern will be full, if both the fill pipes are
opened together, is

𝑥
(𝑘 + 1) hrs.
(b) If A can fill a cistern in y hrs, then the time in which the cistern will be full, if both the fill pipes are
opened together, is

𝑘
(𝑘 + 1) 𝑦 hrs.

10. If one fill pipe A is k times faster and takes x minutes less time than the other fill pipe B, then

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 (a) the time taken to fill a cistern, if both the pipes are opened together is

𝑘𝑥
((𝑘 − 1)2 ) minutes.
(b) A will fill the cistern in

𝑥
(𝑘−1) minutes.
(c) B will fill the cistern in

𝑘𝑥
(𝑘 − 1) minutes.

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12
 Time & Work

Work done
Time =
Efficiency
• When work is same.
1
Time ∝
Efficiency
• If A can do a piece of work is n days.

1
Then, per day working efficiency of A = n
• If working efficiency of A & B is → x : y

Then, time taken by A & B to finish the work is in the ratio → y : x

e.g. If A does three times faster work than ‘B’, then ratio of work done by A and B is 3 : 1.
Then
Ratio of time taken by A & B = 1 : 3

• If A can do a piece of work is x days and B can do a piece of work is 4 days, then both of them
working together will do the same work in
xy
days
x+y
• If A, B & C will working alone, can complete a work is x, y and z days, respectively, then they will
together complete the work in
𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
• Two persons A & B, working together, can complete a piece of work in x days. If A, working alone,
can complete the work in y days, then B, working alone, will complete the work in
𝑥𝑦
⇒
𝑦−𝑥
• If A & B working together, can finish a piece of work is x days, B & C in 4 days, C & A in z days. Then
, A + B + C working together will finish the job is
2𝑥𝑦𝑧
⇒
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
• If A can finish a work in x days and B is k times efficient than A, then the time taken by both A and
B, working together to complete the work is
𝑥
1+𝑘

• If A & B working together can finish a work in x days & B is k times efficient than A, then the time
taken by,

A working Alone, will take ⇒ (k + 1) x

𝑘+1
B working Alone, will take ⇒ ( 𝑘 ) 𝑥

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• If A working Alone takes a days more than A & B
& B working Alone takes b days more than A & B. Then ,

Number of days, taken by A & B working together to finish a job is = √𝑎𝑏

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14
 Time Speed & Distance

Distance = Time × Speed

• When Distance is constant

1
Time ∝
speed
• When Time is constant
Distance ∝ speed

• When speed in constant

Distance ∝ Time

Total Distance
• Average speed = Total Time Taken

• When Distance is equal

2xy
Average speed = x + y
x, y → speeds

Relative Speed→

(a) When two bodies move in the same direction, Let speed of two bodies be SA & SB .

Relative speed = SA – SB

(b) When two bodies are moving in the opposite direction. Let the speed of two bodies be SA & SB .
Relative speed = SA + SB .

(c) When two bodies moving towards each other than time taken by them to meet.

D→ Distance between two bodies.

SA , SB → Speed of two bodies.
D
T, time taken to meet other = S + S
A B

(d) When two bodies are moving in opposite direction, time taken to meet.

D→ Distance between the two bodies.

SA , SB → Speed of two bodies
D
T, time taken = S − S
A B

(e) If two persons A & B, start at the same time from P and Q towards each other and after crossing they
take T₁ & T₂ hrs in reaching Q & P

SA TB
=√
SB TA

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15
 Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios
To study different trigonometric ratio fucntions , we will use a right angled triangle . Suppose ABC is a
right angled triangle with angle A = 90°

AC p Perpendicular
sin   
BC h Hypotenuse
AB b Base
cos   
BC h Hypotenuse
AC p Perpendicular
tan    
AB b Base

Relations between Trigonometric Ratios

1
(i) cosec θ = sin θ Or cosec θ × sin θ = 1
1
(ii) sec θ = cos θ Or sec θ × cos θ = 1
1
(iii) cot θ = tan θ Or cot θ × tan θ = 1
sin θ
(iv) tan θ = cos θ
cos θ
(v) cot θ = sin θ

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Value of Trigonometric Ratios in Different Quadrants

Different Values of Specific Angle of Trigonometric Ratio

You must learn the following table to solve the question based on trigonometrical ratio of angle 0°, 30°, 45°,
60°,

Relation Between Square Of Different Types Of Trigonometric ratios

(i) sin²θ + cos²θ = 1 or sin²θ = 1- cos²θ or cos²θ = 1- sin²θ
(ii) 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ or tan²θ = sec²θ – 1 or sec²θ - tan²θ = 1
(iii) 1+ cot²θ = cosec²θ or cosec²θ -1 = cot²θ or cosec²θ - cot²θ = 1

Important Concept to Solve a Specific Type of Question

If A + B = 90°
Results that are true always :
(i) sin A. sec B = 1 or sin A = cos B
(ii) cos A. cosec B = 1 or sec A = cosec B
(iii) tan A. tan B = 1 or tan A = cot B
(iv) cot A. cot B = 1
(v) sin²A + sin² B = 1
(vi) cos² A + cos² B = 1

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17
Important Formula for Sum and Difference Of Two Angles
(1) sin (A+B) =sinA. cosB + cosA sinB
(2) sin(A - B) =sinA. cosB - cosA sinB
(3) cos(A+B) =cosA. cosB - sinA sinB
(4) cos(A-B) = cosA. cosB+sinA sinB
(5) 2 sinA.cosB = sin(A+B)+sin (A-B)
(6) 2 cosA. sinB = sin(A+B)-sin (A-B)
(7) 2 sinA. sinB = cos(A-B)-cos(A+B)
(8) 2 cosA.cosB = cos(A+B)+cos(A-B)
(9) sin²A-sin²B = sin(A+B). sin(A-B)
(10) cos²A-cos²B = cos(A+B).cos (A-B)

Different Formula For Tangent

tan A  tanB
(i) tan(A  B) 
1  tan A. tanB
tan A  tanB
(ii) tan(A  B) 
1  tan A. tanB
cot A.cot B  1
(iii) cot(A  B) 
cot A  cotB
cot B.cot A  1
(iv) cot(A  B) 
cot B  cot A
1  tan  cos  sin
(v) tan(45  )  
1  tan  cos  sin
1  tan  cos  sin
(vi) tan(45  )  
1  tan  cos  sin

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18
 Algebraic Identities
Cyclic Factors

(a) a² (b -c) +b² (c–a) + c² (a–b) = – (a – b) (b- c) (c-a)

(b) bc(b – c) + ca (c–a) + ab (a –b) = – (a– b) (b – c) (c-a)
(c) a(b² – c²) + b(c² – a²) + c(a² – b²) = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)

Formula for 3 & 4 terms

(d) (a + b + c) ² = a² + b² + c² + 2 (ab + bc +ca)

(e) (a + b +c +d) ² = a² + b² + c² +d² +2 (ab + ac +ad +bc +bd +cd)
(f) (a + b + c) ³ = a³ + b³ + c³ + 3 (b + c) (c +a) (a + b)
(g) x4 + x²y² + x4 = (x² + xy + y²) (x² - xy + y²)

Special Results

𝟏
➢ If, 𝐱 + = 𝐚
𝐱

Then,
1
(a) x2 + = a2 − 2
x2
1
(b) x3 + = a3 − 3a
x3
1
(c) x4 + = a4 − 4a2 + 2
x4
1
(d) x5 + = a5 − 5a3 + 5a
x5
1
(e) x6 + = a6 − 6a4 + 9a2 − 2
x6

𝟏
➢ If 𝐱𝟒 + = 𝐚, Then
𝐱𝟒

1
x2 + = √a + 2
x2
1
x + = √√a + 2 + 2
x
1
x − = √√a + 2 − 2
x
𝟏
➢ If 𝐱 − = 𝐚
𝐱

Then,
1
(a) x2 + = a2 + 2
x2
1
(b) x3 − = a3 + 3a
x3
1
(c) x4 + = a4 + 4a2 + 2
x4
1
(d) x5 − = a5 + 5a3 + 5a
x5
1
(e) x6 + = a6 + 6a4 + 9a2 + 2
x6

𝟏
➢ If 𝐱𝟒 − = 𝐚 , then
𝐱𝟒

1
(a) x2 + = √a + 2
x2
1
(b) x + = √b + 2 {b = √a + 2} √√a + 2 + 2
x
1
(c) x − = √b − 2 {b = √a + 2} √√a + 2 − 2
x

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 𝟏
➢ If 𝐱 + = 𝟏
𝐱

Then,
x³ = –1
𝟏
➢ If 𝐱 + = −𝟏
𝐱
Then,
x³ = 1
𝟏
➢ If 𝐱 + = √𝟑
𝐱
Then,
𝟏
𝐱𝟑 + = 𝟎 , And 𝐱𝟔 = –1
𝐱𝟑

➢ 𝐱𝟒 + 𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐲𝟒 = (x2 + xy + y2 )(x2 − xy + y2 )

➢ Useful identity
𝟏
(a) If 𝐱 𝟐 + = 𝟏, then x6 = −1
𝐱𝟐
𝟏
(b) If 𝐱𝟐 + = −𝟏, then x6 = 1
𝐱𝟐

➢ If ax +bx = m & bx – ay = n

Then,
(a2 + b2 )(x2 + y2 ) = m2 + n2

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