New Details of Project

Intelligent Relay For Power System Protection
Introduction
An important requirement of electric power distribution system is the need for automatic
operation. In particular, the rapid and reliable transfer of the system from one power
source to another during certain system events is important to achieve the reliability goal
for such systems and the facility serves. In the existing system, they made three switches
to demonstrate the corresponding failure of that power supply. By measuring the voltage
and currents are applied to ADC of PIC controller.
The relay driver IC collect outputs of the PIC controller which adjust relay to maintain
continuous supply to the load. some times in power system the electric supply fault
occurs for short duration interval like lightning stroke or short circuit due to vibration or
sag in the line. After short duration fault, main supply is available for supplying
electricity to the consumer. Hence in the fault duration time we use backup supply and
when fault is cleared then system will automatically change over to main supply.
Overcurrent protection is very important element in power systems. This protection is

essential in order to minimize disturbances caused by any failure in the system and to
ensure continuous power delivery. Overcurrent relays are one of the devices used to
achieve these purposes. The overcurrent relays initiate the corrective mechanism to
determine the operation time of the relay. Thus, the overcurrent relays must have high
reliability and accuracy to detect any fault currents present and determine the operation
time. The entire system will be tremendously affected if the relays fail to trip or cause
mal-tripping.
Recent year one major problem in industry as well as house hold is sudden over voltage
or under voltage which results damage the equipment. Electronic based load increases
day by day in household as well as industrial application and they are very sensitive to
voltage variation. In this project, focus the protect the equipment in case of over voltage
or under voltage and the study of over voltage and under voltage, various power quality
issues.
AGPCE/EE/2018-19 Page 1
Literature Review
In recent years, increased emphasis has been placed on power equipment reliability. In
particular, facing deregulation and increasing competition, many utilities are looking for
ways to generate and transmit power in more economical and reliable ways. The health
of equipment constituting the substation is critical to assuring the supply of power.
Historically the maintenance of electrical power equipment has been time-based.
Maintenance crews would inspect the equipment at set intervals based on its age and
performance history. As can be expected, this leaves room for many catastrophic failures
of improperly or untimely diagnosed equipment. The cost in disruption of business could
far outweigh the savings in maintenance costs. On the other hand, too-frequent
maintenance can be very costly and unnecessary. Because of the cost of scheduled and
unscheduled maintenance, especially at remote sites, new approaches using on-line
monitoring and analysis systems of the substation equipment may be more reliable and
cost-effective. In recent years a range of monitoring and diagnosis devices have become
available that provide continuous, real-time condition monitoring and analysis of
substation equipment. The effective use of on-line monitoring and diagnosis has potential
to provide significant benefits for substation owners, technical personnel, and even utility
consumers. The key benefits of on-line monitoring and diagnosis can be summarized as
follows: - Early detection and possible prevention of equipment failure, especially
catastrophic failure. - Long-term data acquisition and understanding about equipment
performance. - Automatically assessing electrical equipment condition. - Resulting in
reducing maintenance time and labor, and reducing maintenance costs associated with
any failure. Transformers are the most expensive piece of equipment in the substation,
and therefore, preventing transformer failures is the key to greatly reducing the cost and
increasing the reliability of providing the needed electrical energy. The development has
being made to make the transmission system to be more reliable. So in the earlier days
the data was being manually monitored, do to which it has become more time consuming
and error loaded. Then comes the GSM technique which has become more
Effective then the manual one but in our project the implementation is to send the data
via internet which very fast.
[1] Priti T. Indurkar,” Intelligent Relay For Power System Protection”JNCET, Volume 8,
Issue 3,March (2018).
In Power System the Protection Of Equipment is most Important. In any system the
fault occur due to These Parameter like Voltage , Current ,Temperature etc.
In these paper the system protection against zero Switching Voltge. The main function of
the relay is to constantly monitor the parameter to be controlled and if it exceeds the
percentage range set by the controller then it sends a signal to the circuit breaker to break
the connection and isolate the faulty part. Circuit operates through Zero Voltage
Switching leading to reduction in harmonics. The implementation of relay circuit offers
minimal delay time which enables better time response for protection.
[2] Asst. Prof. Vishal Pansare,’’ OVERVOLTAGE,UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION

OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT’’IRJET,Volume 5, 02 Feb-2018.
In these paper the relay trip according to the variations in supply voltage for protecting
electrical household as well as industrial equipment in case of overvoltage and under
voltage. The electronic devices are very sensitive towards voltage variation, as voltage
variation comes in supply the electronic equipment get easily damaged. According
voltage comparator integrated circuits the decision of tripping of relay mechanism get
performed, as voltage varies above or below the set value. In this Paper earth fault
detection and protection, automatic starting protection circuitry is not provided.
[3] Acharya Sandesh, Cordination of overcurrent relay for radial and parallel feeder
network,RJES,Volume -5,1-8, May 2016.
Location of the fault is very important in power systems and its clearance should be
carried out quickly to ensure continuous power supply to the load. Protection of the
devices and their coordination is a crucial part for minimizing the fault. For effective
coordination of the relays, coordination among the relays and the respective protective
devices are focused. Backup protection for the primary relay is achieved through the
effective coordination time interval between the relays. Proper relay coordination
effectively clears out the fault thus making the protection more reliable.
[4] Girish Chandra Thakur, Kumar Shantanu Kaushal, Manish Ranjan, sandipkumar
gupta , “Implementation of Single Phasing, Over Voltage, Under Voltage, Protection of
Three Phase Appliances without Using Microcontroller”, Vol. 5, Issue 5, May 2015.
This paper tends to develop for protection for costly appliances which require
three-phase AC supply for operation. Failure of any of the phases or sudden change in
voltage makes the appliance prone to erratic functioning and may even lead to failure.
Hence it is of paramount importance to monitor the availability of the three-phase supply
and proper voltage supply and switch off the appliance in the event of failure of one or
two phases or if required voltage level is not available. The power to the appliance
should resume with the availability of all phases of the supply with proper voltage level.
The main advantage of this protector circuit is that it protects three phase appliances from
failure of any phase as well as from fluctuation of voltage. The concept in future can be
extended to developing a mechanism to send message to the authority via SMS by
interfacing GSM modem.
Details of Project
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig. Block Diagram of Intelligent Protection System
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig. Circuit Diagram of intelligent Relay
COSTRUCTION
The microcontroller is main part of the whole circuit. The potential transformer, current
transducer, humidity sensor, oil temperature and oil level of transformer. The 5V of
supply is being given to the microcontroller, max232, and the various sensors. And the
12V is given to the driver IC2803 to operate the relay. The relay is here is used as a
switch where it will only connects the contactor in case of normal condition or
disconnects in case of abnormal condition.
WORKING
The above block diagram represents the actual BLOCK diagram of the INTELLIGENT
RELAY FOR POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION. It consists of various blocks such as
microcontroller, measurement devices and sensor unit along with interfacing IC. The
parameters for e.g. VOLTAGE, CURRENT, OIL TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY &
OIL LEVEL INDICATOR by using microcontroller which is further connects with a
GSM this collected data will further send to server which will situated at any part of
world through internet communication. In further connection in case of fault such as
unbalanced voltage, under voltage, overvoltage etc the fault is being analyzed by
microcontroller programming and the signal is being send to the driver relay to
disconnect the contactor and isolate the substation.
As shown in the figure the power transformer is used to step down the voltage of
230V single phase to 12V. The 12V supply is being rectified to 12V by using the full
wave rectifier. This rectified supply is regulated to 5V. This 5V of supply is need for the
working of MICROCONTROLLER and the various sensors. The P.T. and the current
transducer are energized by the line conductors. The LCD used to display the monitored
parameters on the station substation itself. The driver IC is used as a current booster to
amplify the current from the microcontroller, used to drive the relay. The
microcontroller is being programmed to certain limits. The oil temperature, oil level and
the humidity within the transformer. Whenever the fault occurs such as overvoltage, over
current, under voltage, phase failure etc. the direct effect will be developed on the
transformer. So in case of fault condition the microcontroller will give the command to
driver IC, so that the relay is to be tripped and the transformer will be isolated, i.e. the
substation will be protected. The GSM will send the fault notification to the operator.
LIST OF COMPONENTS
Sr. no. Component used Ratings No. used
1. PIC microcontroller 16f886 - 1
2. Transformer
a)Power transformer 230/12 V 1
b)auxiliary transformer 230/6 V 2
3. Relay 12 V, 80 mA 3
4. Driver IC ULN 2003 12V, 500mA- 1
5. Regulator IC LM 7805 5V, 1 Amp- 1
6. Capacitor
a)for filter 1000 micro farad 1
b)for stored energy 100 micro farad 3
7. Diode IN4007 - 9
8. Resistor 10 K ohms 8
9. LCD Display 5V , 80 mA- 1
10. LED’S 5 V DC 4
11. Potential Divider (PD) - 3
12. Load (Bulb) 230 V, 0.26 A 1
PIC MICROCONTROLLER(16F886)
Fig :- diagrammatic representation of PIC MICROCONTROLLER
In this project used PIC Microcontroller rather than 8085 Microcontroller
 8085 microcontroller has 8 bit architecture but PIC controller has 12 bit
architecture.

 8085 contain 40 pins which required more space but in PIC controller there are
only 28 pin therefore PIC required less space.

 In 8085 there is 8KB flash ROM expandable memory, in except PIC controller
has 16KB flash ROM.

 8085 microcontroller has 120 Byte RAM is available and no EEPROM
accordingly in PIC controller not only 1.2KB RAM but also 156 Byte

EEPROM.

 8085 require 7 machine cycle to executed a program and time consume for 1
cycle is 4 micro-sec but in case PIC controller 1 machine cycle is require to
executed a program and time required is only 200 nano-sec for execution.

 8085 microcontroller require constant 5v operating voltage supply as compare in
PIC controller operate in variable voltage range i.e (1.8 to 5.6v).

 Microcontroller 8085 works on 1 Mega instruction per sec (MIPS) but PIC
controller works on 20 MIPS.

 8085 require to connect external oscillation as PIC controller has internal
oscillation.


Power Transformer (230-12V/ 1A)
Fig :- diagrammatic representation of transformer
General Description
It is a general purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 240V

primary windings and centre tapped secondary winding. The transformer has flying
colored insulated connecting leads (Approx 100 mm long).The transformer act as step
down transformer reducing AC - 240V to AC - 12V. Power supplies for all kinds of
project & circuit boards.
Step down 230 V AC to 12V with a maximum of 1Amp current. In AC circuits, AC

voltage, current and waveform can be transformed with the help of Transformers.
Transformer plays an important role in electronic equipment. AC and DC voltage in
Power supply equipment are almost achieved by transformer’s transformation and
commutation.
Product Description
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an
electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications.
It is a step down transformer in which the secondary winding is more than primary
winding. Due to this windings it can able to step down the voltage. A Transformer
changes electricity from high to low voltage or low to high voltage using two properties
of electricity.
Potential Transformer (230-6V/500mA)
Fig :- Potential Transformer

General Description
It is a general purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 240V
primary windings and centre tapped secondary winding. The transformer has flying
colored insulated connecting leads. the transformer act as step down transformer reducing
AC - 240V to AC – 06V. Power supplies for all kinds of project & circuit boards.
Step down 230 V AC to 06V with a maximum of 500mAmp current. In AC circuits, AC

voltage, current and waveform can be transformed with the help of Transformers.
Transformer plays an important role in electronic equipment. AC and DC voltage in
Power supply equipment are almost achieved by transformer’s transformation and
commutation.
A relay is electro mechanical switch which is used in industrial application to
provide isolation between high voltage and low voltage circuits. These two circuits have
different voltage rating. One might be a low voltage side and other high voltage side. A
relay is electrical mechanical switch which is used for switching between
5 volt circuits and 220/ 120 Volt AC circuits. For example, in microcontrollers based
circuits, relay is used to isolate microcontrollers from 220 volt AC supply.
Components of electro mechanical relay
Electrical mechanical relay have three main components
1. Coil
This is the part of the switch that allows the relay to be controlled electronically
instead of by someone pressing a button or flipping a switch. The coil of a relay is made
up of many turns of small gauge wire wrapped around an iron core. When the coil is
energized it creates a magnetic field.
2. Spring
This is the part of the relay that keeps the common and the normally closed
contact connected while the coil is not energized. Magnetic force created by the
energized coil will connect the common to the normally open contact.
3. Contacts
These are the terminals that connect into the vehicle’s electrical system.
Functions Include turning a vehicle on/off or disabling it, changing a wire’s polarity, or
increasing the current.
A five volt signal at the coil can turn on relay. When coil is energize with 5 volt
signal, current flows through the coil. When current flows through the coil, a magnetic
field is created in the coil which attract causes the armature to attract towards spring.
When no current flows through coil, spring causes the contacts to pull towards normal
position. Circuit diagram of electro mechanical relay with components are given below:

In above circuit diagram 5 volt signal is given to coil of electro mechanical relay,
when switch is closed, current flows through the coil and energize the coil. When coil
energize through 5 volt signal, spring attracts contact form normally open position to
closed position. On Left hand side of coil is normally open position of contact. Because
circuit is no complete or in other words current flow path is not complete. When coil is
energized with the help of 5 volt signal, internal spring of electro mechanical relay attract
or pulls contact towards other point and complete the circuit. A electro mechanical relay
can be either normally open or normally closed. In above circuit diagram, normally open
electro mechanical relay is used. A voltage required to energize the coil, vary from relay
to relay. Voltage may may vary from 5 volt to 50 volt and current may vary from 1mA to
20mA. The relays also have minimum voltage rating. Its means below voltage rating
relay will not operate. One can check minimum operating voltage o relay in its data sheet.
But current requirements are not specified in date sheets. Coil resistance is usually
provided in data sheet of relay which can be used to find current requirement of relay
using Ohm’s law formula V=IR. After getting basics understanding of relay, now you can
understand what is relay driver and how to use relay driver circuit IC ULN2003?
Relay driver circuit IC
Relays are used mostly interfaced with microcontrollers and digital systems. But
microcontroller usually can’t provide enough current to drive relays. Microcontrollers
pins usually provide maximum current of 1-2 mA per pin which is not enough o operate
relay. The circuits which are used to derive relays are called relay driver circuits.
Therefore relay driver circuits using ULN2003 is used to drive.
Need of relay driver circuit
While working on electronics projects which used microcontroller, we need to use relays
to control AC loads or high voltage loads. Relays are used to provide isolation between
microcontroller circuits and high voltage operating loads. Microcontrollers are only used
to provide on/off signals to relays. Microcontrollers don’t have enough current sourcing
ability to derive relays. Therefore relay driver circuits IC is used to derive relays
properly. There are many ways to design relay driver circuits. But dedicated relay driver
circuits integrated circuits are available which serve the purpose of relay driver IC. Relay
driver circuit IC ULN2003 is one of popular relay driver circuits. I will discuss relay
driver IC ULN2003 in this article.
Relay driver circuit using ULN2003
ULN2003 is very famous relay driver integrated circuit. Relay driver IC uln2003 is high
voltage and high current integrated IC which used Darlington array. It contains seven
Darlington pair of transistor which have high voltage and high current carrying
capability. Its mean ULN3002 can drive up to seven relay at a time. Diode is used with
each pair of NPN Darlington transistor. Diode makes it easily useable with inductive
loads.
Driver IC ULN2003
Description
Fig 5.3(a): Relay driver IC ULN 2003
The ULN2003A are high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor arrays. Each

consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage output with common-
cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a
single Darlington pair is 500 m A. The Darlington pairs can be paralleled for higher
current capability. Application include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers,
display drivers (LED and gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. Each input of
this device has a Zener diode and resistor in series to control the input current to a safe
limit. The ULN2003A have a 2.7-k ohm series base resistor for each Darlington pair for
operation directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices.
Logic Diagram
Fig 5.2 (b): - Circuit diagram of ULN 2003 driver IC
6. Regulator IC LM 7805
7805 is an easy to use voltage regulator IC which output 5 volts and 1A max. It
takes an unregulated voltage input which can be fluctuating within its input limits and
converts this fluctuating voltage input into a perfectly regulated 5 volts power output. For
example, a 12 volt lead acid battery when fully charged gives out approximately 12.70
volts and when fully discharged, it gives out 10.50 volts. This difference can be even
more under load or under charging state. If we use this battery as an input source for our
7805, output voltage will remain 5 regardless of that voltage difference of battery during
charging and discharging phases
Fig 6.1(a):- LM7805 Pin out diagram
Although if there is a significant alteration in the DC input voltage. As we have

previously talked about that regulated power supply is a device that mechanized on DC
voltages and also it can uphold its output accurately at a fixed voltage all the time. IC’s
regulator is mainly used in the circuit to maintain the exact voltage which is followed by
the power supply. A regulator is mainly employed with the capacitor connected in
parallel to the input terminal and the output terminal of the IC regulator. For the checking
of gigantic alterations in the input as well as in the output filter,
capacitors are used. While the bypass capacitors are used to check the small period spikes
on the input and output level. Bypass capacitors are mainly of small values that are used
to bypass the small period pulses straightly into the Earth.
Fig 6.1(b):- Internal schematic diagram of regulator IC

The output generated from the unregulated DC output is susceptible to the
fluctuations of the input signal. IC voltage Regulator is connected with bridge rectifier in
series in this project so to steady the DC output against the variations in the input DC
voltage. To obtain a stable output of 5V, IC 7805 is attached with 6-0-6V along with
500mA step down transformer as well as with rectifier. To suppress the oscillation which
might generate in the regulator IC, C2 capacitor of 0.1 u F value is used. When the power
supply filter is far away from the regulated IC capacitor C2 is used. Ripple rejection in
the regulator is been improved by C4 capacitor (35uf) by avoiding the ripple voltage to
be amplified at the regulator output. The output voltage is strengthen and deduction of the
output voltage is done capacitor C3 (0.1uF).
To avoid the chance of the input get shorted D5 diode is used to save the
regulator. If D5 is not presented in the circuit, the output capacitor can leave its charge
immediately during low impedance course inside the regulators.
Capacitor
Just like the Resistor, the Capacitor, sometimes referred to as a Condenser, is a

simple passive device, and one which stores its energy in the form of an electrostatic
charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates. In its basic
form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which are
not connected or touch each other, but are electrically separated either by air or by
some form of insulating material such as paper, mica, ceramic or plastic and which is
called the capacitors Dielectric.
Fig 6.2:- Capacitor
A Typical Capacitor
The conductive metal plates of a capacitor can be either square, circular or rectangular, or
they can be of a cylindrical or spherical shape with the general shape, size and
construction of a parallel plate capacitor depending on its application and voltage rating.
When used in a direct current or DC circuit, a capacitor charges up to its supply voltage
but blocks the flow of current through it because the dielectric of a capacitor is non-
conductive and basically an insulator. However, when a capacitor is connected to an
alternating current or AC circuit, the flow of the current appears to pass straight through
the capacitor with little or no resistance.
If a DC voltage is applied to the capacitors conductive plates, a current is unable to flow
through the capacitor itself due to the dielectric insulation and an electrical charge builds
up on the capacitors plates with electrons producing a positive charge on one and an
equal and opposite negative charge on the other plate.
This flow of electrons to the plates is known as the capacitors Charging Current which
continues to flow until the voltage across both plates (and hence the capacitor) is equal to
the applied voltage Vc. At this point the capacitor is said to be "fully
charged" with electrons. The strength or rate of this charging current is at its maximum
value when the plates are fully discharged (initial condition) and slowly reduces in value
to zero as the plates charge up to a potential difference across the capacitors plates equal
to the applied supply voltage and this is illustrated below.
Capacitor Construction
Fig 6.2(a):- Circuit diagram of Capacitor
The parallel plate capacitor is the simplest form of capacitor. It can be constructed
using two metal or metallic foil plates at a distance parallel to each other, with its
capacitance value in Farads, being fixed by the surface area of the conductive plates
and the distance of separation between them. Altering any two of these values alters
the value of its capacitance and this forms the basis of operation of the variable
capacitors.
Also, because capacitors store the energy of the electrons in the form of an electrical
charge on the plates the larger the plates and/or smaller their separation the greater will
be the charge that the capacitor holds for any given voltage across its plates. In other
words, larger plates, smaller distance, more capacitance.
By applying a voltage to a capacitor and measuring the charge on the plates, the ratio of
the charge Q to the voltage V will give the capacitance value of the capacitor and is
therefore given as: C = Q/V this equation can also be re-arranged to give the more
familiar formula for the quantity of charge on the plates as: Q = C x V
Although we have said that the charge is stored on the plates of a capacitor, it is more
correct to say that the energy within the charge is stored in an "electrostatic field"
between the two plates. When an electric current flows into the capacitor, charging it up,
the electrostatic field becomes more stronger as it stores more energy. Likewise, as the
current flows out of the capacitor, discharging it, the potential difference between the
two plate decreases and the electrostatic field decreases as the energy moves out of the
plates.
The property of a capacitor to store charge on its plates in the form of an electrostatic field
is called the Capacitance of the capacitor. Not only that, but capacitance is also the property
of a capacitor which resists the change of voltage across it.
Diodes
A diode is a device designed to allow electron flow in one direction only. When
installing an alarm or remote start, diodes may be required to complete the installation.
Diodes are primarily used to isolate independent circuits from each other. Diodes will
not be required on every installation, but it is still a good idea to have a pack of 6 amp
diodes on hand just in case.
Fig 6.3(a):-Symbol of diodes
A diode has two terminals called the anode and cathode. The silver band of the Diode indicates
the cathode side of the diode. Negative current flows through the Cathode and out the anode but
will not flow in the opposite direction. Also, positive Current flows through the anode side and
out the cathode side.
Fig (b):- Diodes
Features of diode
 
Diffused Junction.
 
High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage Drop.
 
Surge Overload Rating to 30A Peak.
 
Low Reverse Leakage Current.
Resistor
A resistor is an electrical component designed to have a specific resistance (or

opposition) to the flow of electrons, measured in ohms (Ω). When installing a remote
start or security system, resistors of a specific resistance may be needed to interface with
the vehicle’s circuits. Some of a vehicle’s circuits may require a reduced voltage to
operate a specific accessory or function. A resistor can be added to reduce the trigger
voltage to the circuit. Resistors will not be required on most installations, but will be
required for installations on many newer vehicles. For example, on a 2002 Dodge
Intrepid, a positive pulse through a 2700-Ohm resistor to the door lock wire will lock the
doors. If resistors are not included with the system you purchased, they can be found at
almost any electronics parts store such as Radio Shack. Carbon-film resistors are the type
most commonly used in vehicle security and convenience applications. Color bands on
the resistor will indicate the value in ohms as well as its tolerance in a plus or minus
percentage of accuracy. Resistors also have a watt rating
to indicate the amount of power it can handle. If you exceed the power rating of a
resistor, it will overheat and burn.
In our project there are resistor used for limiting starting current. There ratings are
about 10 K ohm.
LCD Display
We come across LCD displays everywhere around us. Computers, calculators,

television sets, mobile phones, digital watches use some kind of display to display the
time. An LCD is an electronic display module which uses liquid crystal to produce a
visible image. The 16×2 LCD display is a very basic module commonly used in DIYs
and circuits. The 16×2 translates o a display 16 characters per line in 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in a 5×7 pixel matrix.
Fig 6.5:- LED display
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile network that is
widely used by mobile phone users in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a
variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the
three digital wireless telephony technologies: TDMA, GSM and code-division multiple
access (CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with
two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the
900 megahertz (MHz) or 1,800 MHz frequency band.
Programming
#Include <16fxx.h>
#Include <int.h> // interrupt detection for PIC on ADc
$Define Crystal = 16000000 //crystal oscillator frequency 16Mhz
EQ_LCD_DTPin = PORTB.4 // LCD's Data lines (D4 to D7)

EQ_LCD_ENPin = PORTB.3 // LCD's EN line
EQ_LCD_RSPin = PORTB.2 // LCD's REGISTER SELECT line
EQ_LCD_Interface = 4 // 4-bit interface to LCD
EQ_LCD_Lines = 2 // LCD contains 2 lines
EQ_LCD_Type = Alphanumeric // LCD type is alphanumeric
Delay 100 // Wait for the LCD to stabilize
Eq_RL3 = PORTC.0
Eq_RL2 = PORTC.1
Eq_RL1 = PORTC.2
Output RL1:Output RL2:Output RL3

Reset RL1:ReSet RL2:ReSet RL3
Var R Word
Var Y Word
Var B Word
Var RFV Float
Var YFV Float
Var BFV Float
Var IR Word
Var IRF Float
Var IFA Float
Var ST5 Byte
Var ST6 Byte
Var ST Byte
Var ST1 Byte
Var ST2 Byte
Var ST3 Byte
Var ST4 Byte
Var REC Byte
Var SMSCNT Byte
Var X Word
Var C Byte
Clrs
LCD_Write_@FE,,1,"INTELLIGENT RELAY"
LCD_Write_@F8,,1," PROTECTION "
DelayMS 2000
Clrs
ST4 = 0
X = 10
SMSCNT = 0
For X = 10 To 0 Step -1
LCD_Write_@FE,,1,"GSM NETWORK...."
LCD_Write_@F8,,1,"SCANNING..", X," "
DelayMS 1000
Next
X=0
Clrs
MAIN:
While 1 = 1
B = Read_Analog 0
DelayMS 100
Y= Read_Analog 1
DelayMS 100
R = Read Analog 2
DelayMS 100
'===================
IR = Read_Analog 3
IRF = (IR * 5)/1023 '//////CURRENT SENSOR INPUT
IRF = IRF / 2
If IRF > 0.9 Then

ST5 = 1
LCD_Write_@F8,,9," HI-Amp "
Else
ST5 = 0
End If
'==================================
LCD_Write_@FE,,1, R," ", Y," ", B," ",

LCD_Write_@F8,,1, IRF,"A ",
'===============================
If R > 265 Then

LCD_Write_@F8,,12,"R-Flt"
ST1 = 1
Else If R < 180 Then
LCD_Write_@F8,,12,"R-Flt"
ST1 = 1
Else
ST1 = 0
End If
'==============================
If Y > 265 Then
LCD_Write_@F8,,12,"Y-Flt"
ST2 = 1
ElseIf Y < 180 Then
LCD_Write_@F8,,12,"Y-Flt"
ST2 = 1
Else
ST2 = 0
End If
'=============================
If B > 265 Then
LCD_Write_@F8,, 12,"B-Flt"
ST3 = 1
ElseIf B < 180 Then
LCD_Write_@F8,, 12,"B-Flt"
ST3 = 1
Else
ST3 = 0
End If
'============================
ST = ST1 + ST2
ST = ST + ST3
ST = ST + ST4
ST = ST + ST5
If ST = 0 Then
LCD_Write_@F8,, 12," -OK-"
Set RL1: Set RL2: Set RL3
SMSCNT = 0
Else
Reset RL1: ReSet RL2:ReSet RL3
Go To SNDSMS
End If
SMSCNT = 0
LCD_Write_@FE,,16, SMSCNT," "
End While
SNDSMS:
Call SMS
return
End
Design of PCB
Layout of PCB
A printed circuit board (PCB), is used to mechanically support and electrically connect
electronics components using conductive pathways, track or traces referred to as printed
wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronics
component in a printed etched from copper sheet laminated onto a nonconductive
substrate. It is also circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board
assembly (PCBA).
Fig :- Actual circuit diagram of PCB
Printed circuit boards play a vital role here in determining the overall
performance of the electronic equipment. A good PCB design ensures that the noise
introduced as a result of component placement and track layout is held within limit while
steel providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability.
Fig:- PCB design of project
Preparation of single sided PCB:-
In single sided PCB conductor tracks are present on one side of copper clad
board. So crossing of conductors is not allowed. It is mechanically and chemically
cleaned. The photo resist is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper
wavelength, changes their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not
soluble.
Laminate coating of photo resist is done by :
1. Spray coating
2. Dip coating
3. Roller coating
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with each
other. The assembly is exposed to UV light and rinsed in the developer tank. Proper
developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a tray.
The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist.
Fabrication:-
Required circuit is design and the layout of the circuit is done on that component
side as well as the copper clad side. Spaces are provided for holes to insert the respective
components. Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the interconnecting marks.
Etching:-
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small amount
of Hydro Chloride Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching.
Whenever the vanish coating is there the copper remains. Then it is washed with water
and oxalic acid.
The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of copper over
the entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, (creating a “blank PCB”) then removing
unwanted copper after replying a temporary mask (example by etching ), living only the
desired copper traces. A few PCB’S are made by adding traces to the bare substrate (or a
substrate with a very thin layer of copper) usually by a complex process of multiple
electroplating steps.There are three common “subtractive” methods (methods that remove
copper) use for the production of printed circuit boards.

Silk screen printing uses etch resistant inks to protect the copper foil. Subsequent
etching removes the the unwanted copper. Alternatively, the ink may be
conductive, printed on blank (non conductive) board. The latter technique is also
used in the manufacture of hybrid circuits.

Photoengraving uses a photo mask and chemical etching to remove the copper
foil from the substrate. The photo mask is usually prepared with a photo plotter from
dada produce by a technician using CAM, or computer aided manufacturing software.
Laser printed transparencies are typically employed to replace photo tools for high
resolution requirements.

PCB milling uses a two or three axis mechanical milling system to mill away the
copper foil from the substrate. A PCB milling machine (referred to as a PCB photo type)
operates in a similar way to a plotter, receiving commands from the host software that
control the position of the milling head in the x, y and (if relevant ) z axis. Dada to drive
the photo types is extracted from file generated in PCB design software and stored in
HPGL or GERBER file format.
Drilling :-
Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with tiny drill bits made of solid tungsten
carbide. The drilling is performed by automated drilling machine with placement
control by a drill tape or drill file. This computer generated files are also called
numerically controlled drill (NCD) files or “Excellon files”.
The drill file describes the location and size of each drilled hole. This holes are often
filled with annular rings (hollow rivets) to create vias allow the electrical and thermal
connection of conductors on opposite sides of the PCB.
Plating and Coating:-
PCB’s are plated with solder, Tin, or Gold over Nickel as a resist for etching
(removal) away the (unneeded after plating) underlying copper. Matte solder is usually
fused to provide a better bonding surface or stripped to have copper.
Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The

places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated bare
copper oxidized quickly, and therefore is not readily solderable. Traditionally, any
exposed copper was coated with solder leveling (HASL). This solder was a tin-lead
alloy, however new solder compounds are now used to achieve compliance with the
ROHS directive in the EU and US, which restricts the use of lead. One of these lead-free
compounds is SN100CI, made up of 99.3% tin, 0.7% copper, 0.05% nickel, and a
nominal of 60ppm germanium.
Advantages & Applications
1. It works automatically.
2. no requirement of multiple voltmeter & ammeter to measure voltage & current of each
phase.
3. It break the circuit on accurate set values.
4. Low power consumption.
5. High speed detection and applying tripping.
6. It send Fault notification to mobile through GSM.
Application
1. 3 phase transformers.
2. 3 phase motors.
3. Lift/elevators.
4. Commercial lighting.
References
1. Priti T. Indurkar Student, Electrical Department, DES’s COET Dhamangaon Rly, India.
&S. J. Tikhe Assistant Professor, Electrical Department, DES’s COET Dhamangaon
Rly, India. INTELLIGENT RELAY FOR POWER SYSTEM Journal of Network
Communications and Emerging Technologies (JNCET) Volume 8, Issue 3, March
(2018) .
2. Asst. Propfessor .Vishal Pansare,’’OVERVOLTAGE,UNDERVOLTAGE

PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT’’.
3. J.Lewis Blackburn, (Protective Relaying ) Third edition,chapter 1.
4.

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Intelligent Relay For Power System Protection

Overcurrent protection is very important element in power systems. This protection is

[2] Asst. Prof. Vishal Pansare,’’ OVERVOLTAGE,UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION

Fig. Block Diagram of Intelligent Protection System

Fig. Circuit Diagram of intelligent Relay

Sr. no. Component used Ratings No. used

1. PIC microcontroller 16f886 - 1

a)Power transformer 230/12 V 1

b)auxiliary transformer 230/6 V 2

4. Driver IC ULN 2003 12V, 500mA- 1

5. Regulator IC LM 7805 5V, 1 Amp- 1

a)for filter 1000 micro farad 1

b)for stored energy 100 micro farad 3

9. LCD Display 5V , 80 mA- 1

11. Potential Divider (PD) - 3

12. Load (Bulb) 230 V, 0.26 A 1

Fig :- diagrammatic representation of PIC MICROCONTROLLER

In this project used PIC Microcontroller rather than 8085 Microcontroller

Fig :- diagrammatic representation of transformer

It is a general purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 240V

Step down 230 V AC to 12V with a maximum of 1Amp current. In AC circuits, AC

Fig :- Potential Transformer

Step down 230 V AC to 06V with a maximum of 500mAmp current. In AC circuits, AC

Components of electro mechanical relay

Electrical mechanical relay have three main components

Need of relay driver circuit

Relay driver circuit using ULN2003

Fig 5.3(a): Relay driver IC ULN 2003

The ULN2003A are high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor arrays. Each

Fig 5.2 (b): - Circuit diagram of ULN 2003 driver IC

Fig 6.1(a):- LM7805 Pin out diagram

Although if there is a significant alteration in the DC input voltage. As we have

Fig 6.1(b):- Internal schematic diagram of regulator IC

Just like the Resistor, the Capacitor, sometimes referred to as a Condenser, is a

Fig 6.2:- Capacitor

Fig 6.2(a):- Circuit diagram of Capacitor

Fig 6.3(a):-Symbol of diodes

Fig (b):- Diodes

A resistor is an electrical component designed to have a specific resistance (or

We come across LCD displays everywhere around us. Computers, calculators,

Fig 6.5:- LED display

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

EQ_LCD_DTPin = PORTB.4 // LCD's Data lines (D4 to D7)

Delay 100 // Wait for the LCD to stabilize

Output RL1:Output RL2:Output RL3

If IRF > 0.9 Then

LCD_Write_@FE,,1, R," ", Y," ", B," ",

If R > 265 Then

Fig :- Actual circuit diagram of PCB

Fig:- PCB design of project

Preparation of single sided PCB:-

Laminate coating of photo resist is done by :

Plating and Coating:-

Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The

Advantages & Applications

3. It break the circuit on accurate set values.

4. Low power consumption.

5. High speed detection and applying tripping.

6. It send Fault notification to mobile through GSM.

2. Asst. Propfessor .Vishal Pansare,’’OVERVOLTAGE,UNDERVOLTAGE

3. J.Lewis Blackburn, (Protective Relaying ) Third edition,chapter 1.

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