3-D

Exercises
Level - 1
(Practice Questions Based on Fundamentals)

ABC of 3D-Geometry
1. Find the distance between the points P(3, 4, 5) and Q(–1, 2, –3).

2. Find the shortest distance of the point P(a, b, c) from x-axis.

 17 13 
3. If the line passing through the points (5, 1, a) and (3, b, 1) crosses the yz-plane at  0, ,   , find the value of
 2 2
a + b + 2.

4. Show that the points P(0, 7, 10), Q(–1, 6, 6) and C(–4, 9, 6) are the vertices of an isosceles rightangled triangle.

5. Find the locus of a point, the sum of distances from (1, 0, 0) and (–1, 0, 0) is 10.

6. Find the ratio in which the plane x – 2y + 3z = 17 divides the line joining the points (–2, 4, 7) and (3, –4, 8).

7. Find the co-ordinates of points which trisects the line joining the points p(–3, 2, 4) and Q(0, 4, 7).

8. If the centre of a tetrahedron OABC are (1, 2, –1), where A = (a, 2, 3), B = (1, b, 2), C = (2, 1, c) respectively, find
the distance of P(a, b, c) from the orign.

9. Find the ratio in which the line joining the points P(–2, 3, 7) and Q(3, –5, 8) is divided by the yz-plane.

1
 3-D

26. Find the equation of a line passing through (2, 3, 4)

x-3 y+l z-1
and parallel to the line - - == - -= -- .
I •1 3 4 5
11. If a line is· equally inclined with the axes, find its 27. Find the equation of a line passing through (-3, 2, -4)
direction cosines. and parallel to the vector 2 i + 3j + 7k.
12. Find the angle at which the vector (4 i + 4j + k) is . . . X- 1 y-2
inclined to the axes. 28. Fmd the pomt where the hne --= --=
2 :-3
13. If a line makes an angle a, p, r�ith the co-ordinate z-+ 3
- meets the plane 2x - 2y - z= 1.
axes, find the value of 4
(i) l:sin2 a. (ii) l:cos(2a). 29. Find the equation of the line through 3x ...: 4y + 5z=
10, 2x + 2y - 3z= 4 and parallel to x= 2y= 3z..
14. A line OP makes with the x-axis and y-axis at an
angle of 120° , 60 ° , respectively. Find the angle made 30. Prove that the lines 4x=3y=-z and 3x= y=-4z
by the line with the z-axis. are perpendicular.
15. A vector r is inclined to x-axis and to y-axis at 60° . 31. If the lines x= az + b, y= cz + d and x = a'z
If lrl = 8, find the vector r.
+ b', y = c'z + d' are perpendicular, prove that
a·a' + c·c' = -1.
16. FiJ?-dJhe projec�ion ofthe)ine joining (1, 2, 3)
and {-1, 4, 2) on the line having direction ratios 32. Find the distance of the point (l, -2, 3) from
(2, 3, -6). the plane x - y + z= 5 measured parallel to the
Y · Z
line-=-=-.
. X
17. What is the angle . be.tween .the lines whose direction 2 3 -6 ·
· . l l_ v1_3)?.
cosin:�' are·(�l,.!, - v1) anct'(- 33; Find the foot of the perpendicular from the point
4 4 2 ,· 4' 4' 2 . X - 6 Y ;... 1 Z - 1
18. Find the angle between any two diagonals of a (1, 2, 3) to the line - -. 7 'T = - - and also
3 3
cube. find the length of the perpendicular.
19. Find the angle between one diagonal of a cube and 34. Find the image of ,a poi�t (1, 6. 3) in the line
a diagonal of one face. y-1 z-1
r
X
20.. A li�e makes �gles a, [{ with the four diagonal = = .
1 -2- -3-
of a cube, find the value of 35. Find the equation . of the line wbich can be
(i) 1:co�2 a drawl! from the point (l, -1, 0) to intersect the
(ii) l:sin2 a x - 2= Y - I= z.- 3 · and x - 4= �= z + 1
lines
2 3 4 4 5 2·
(iii) l:cos(2a)
orthogonally.
21. Find the angle between the lines whose direction
36. Find the equation of the line through (2, -3, 1)
cosines are satisfy the equations l + m + n= O and

1Bii81---
parallel to the plane 2x - y + z = 6 so as to meet
. J 2 +. m2 ,... n2 = 0.
th 1m . X 2 Y Z-2 . ..
22; .Fi�d the :afreetion···cosines···of. the two.'lines which e e --· - = -· =·-·-·· at nght angle.
2 -3 -1
are connected by· the relation l - 5m + 3n= O and
71 2 + 5m2 -.3n2 = 0. ' · ·
=
23. Find the angle between the lines which are connected 37. Find the shortest distance :between the lines r
by the relation l+ m + n ;., 0 and 21m + 21n + 3i + 8 J + 3k + A(3i -j + k) and' r = -3i - 7 J + 6k
mn,=0. + µ(-3i + 2j + 4k).
24. Show that the straight lines whose direction cosines 38. Find the shortest distance betwkn the lines
are given by. the equations · al + b m + en= O and
· x-2 y-3 z-4
uP +,vm2 + wn2 = 0 are . · L1: y= 7.:::.,-'-F
perpendicular if a2(u + \i) + b2 (u + w)' + c2(u + v)
T.· x - 2 = Y_.+ 1 = z + 2
=0 and
and parallel if Ua2 + · b + .c: = 0
2

V W
'-'2' 2 ' -1 3 '

25. If a variable line in two adjacent positions has direction 39. Prove that the shortest llistance between any two
cosines (l, m, n) and (l + ol, m + om,n+ on), show opposite edge,s. of a �trah�c;>,n formefl .by � planes
that·the small angle 86 between the two positions is +
Y:: z=� 0, x + f. =;= Q, x>+ �}'::;_0 and x y + z = v1.
given by (08)2= (81)2 + (om)2 + (on)2 . 2
a 1s a'\/1... /• . . ., , .
2

40. H 2d be the shortest distance between the
b C ' a - �C =l
lines 2'. + � = 1 x = 0 and �
y
= b ' prove
• 1 1 1 1 (1, 2, 3) and parallel to .xy-plane.
. that 2 + 2 + 2 = 2·
a b C d
�lane
41. Find the equation of the plane through the points
P(l, 1, 1), Q(3, -1, 2) and R(-3, 5, -4).
42. Show that the four points (1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 4) (3, -1, 3)
and (2, 2, 6) are coplanar.
43. Find the intercepts of the plane 2x - 4y + 5z = 20
on the co-ordinate axes.
44. Find the equation of the plane passes through the
points (3, 0, 0), (0, 4, 0) and (0, 0, 5).
45. Find the equations of the plane through the points
(0, 4, -3), (6, -4, 3) other than the plane through the
origin, which cut off from the axes intercepts, whose
sum is zero,
46. A plane meets the co-ordinate axes in A, B, C such
that the centroid of the triangle ABC is the point
(p, q, r). Find the equation of the plane.
47. A variable plane cuts the co-ordinate axes in A, B, C
and is of constant distance 3p from the origin. Find
t
the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC.
48. The plane � + + z = 1 meets the co-ordinate axes
at the points A, B, C respectively. Find the area of
the L1ABC.
49. A variable plane cuts the co-ordinate axes in A, B,
C and is of constant distance p from the origin. Find
the locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC.
50. If a variable plane forms a tetrahedron of constant
volume 64 k3 with the co-ordinate planes, find the
locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron.
51. Find the angle between the planes x-2y + 2z+ 2014
= 0 and 2x+ y + 2z+ 2015 = 0.
52. Prove that the planes 3x - 2y + 3z + 10 = 0 and
2x - 3y - 4z + 7 = 0 are perpendicular.
53. Find the equation of the plane passing through
(1, 2, 3) and the perpendicular to the planes 2x + 3y
+ 4z+ 7 = 0, 3x + 4y+ 5z+ 10 = O
54. Find the angle between the line x_::_/
_ - =
y+l z-3
� = � and the plane 3x+ 4y+ z + 5 = 0.
x-3 y-4 z-5
55. Prove that the line - - = - - =
2 3 4 is parallel
to the plane 4x + 4y - 5z+ 2 = 0.
56. Find the equation of a plane passing through (2, 3, -1)
and parallel to x - 2y+ 3z + 10 = 0.
57. Find the equation of the plane passing through the
points (2, 3, -4), (1, -1, 3) and parallel to x-axis.
58. Find the equation of the plane passing through the
points (1, 2, 3), (4, 3, 1) and parallel to y-axis
3-D
59. Find the equation of the plane passing through the
points (3, 4, 5), (-2, 3, -1) and parallel to z-axis.
60. Find the equation of the plane passing through
61. Find the equation of a plane parallel to yz-plane and
passes through the point (2, 3, 4).
62. Find the equation of the plane passing thrqugh (3, 4,
5) and parallel to zx-plane.
63. Find the equation of the plane passing through the
points (2, -1, 0), (3, -4, -5) and parallel to the line
2x = 3y = 4z.
64. Find the equation of the plane passing through
(2, 3, 4) and parallel to the lines x = 2y = 3z and
2x =Sy= z.
65. Find the equation oUhe plane passing through the
intersection of the planes 2x + Sy - 5z = 6 and
2x + 7y - 8z = ?and the point (.:..1, 4, 3).
66. Find the equation of the· plane passing through the
point (2, -1, 1) and the line 4x - 3y+ 5 = 0 = y -
2z - 5.
67. Find the equation of the plane passing through the
intersection of the planes 2x + 3y + 1Oz = 8 2x - 3y +.
7z = 2 and the perpendicular to 3x - 2y + 4z = 5.
68. Find the equation of the plane passing through the
line x+ y + z + 3 = 0, 2x - y + 3z + I = 0 and
X Y Z
parallel to
1 = 2 = 3.
69. Find the length of the perpendicular from a point
P(l, 2, 3) to the plane 5x + 4y � 3z - l = 0.
70. Find the equation of the line through (-1, 3, 2),
perpendicular to the plane x+ 2y +2z = 3 and also
find the co-ordinates of its foot.
71. Find the distance of the point (1, 2, 3) from
the plane x + y + z = 11 measured parallel
x+l y+2 z -7
to--=--=--.
1 -2 2
72. Find the locus of a point, the sum of the squares
of whose distances from the planes x + y + z = 0,
X - Z = 0, X - 2y + Z = 0 is 9;
73. Two system of the co-ordinate axes have the same
origin. If a plane cuts them at distances a, b, c and
p, q, r respectively from the origin. Prove that
1 1 1 1 1 1
-+-+-=-+-+-.
a2 b2 c2 p2 q2 ?-
74. Find the distance of the point (4, 1, 1) from the lines
X + y + Z - 4 = 0 = X - 2y - 2z - 4.
75. Find the distance between the planes x+ 2y - 2z+
1 = 0 and 2x + 4y - 4z + 5 = 0
76. Find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection
x 1 y -2 z+3
of the line -- - = � = - - with the plane
2 4
2x- 2y - z = 7.
3
 3-D

'J7. Find the equation of the plane passing through (1, ,2 0)

. . -1 Z- 2
X + -3 = Y-- = --.
wh1ch .contams the 1me. -
3 4 -2
x-1 y - 2 z-3
78. Prove that the lines -- = -- = -- and
2 3 4
x-2 y-3 z-4
-- = -- = -- are coplanar and also find the
3 4 5
equation of the plane where they lie.
7 .9 Find the equation of the plane passing through the
line of intersection of the planes 4x - 5y -4z = 4
and 2x + y + 2z = 8 at the point (1, 2, 3).
80. Find the eqution of the plane bisecting the acute
angle between the planes x + 2y + 2z- 3 = 0 and
3x + 4y + 1 z2 + 1 = 0.
8 1. Find the image of the point (2, -3, 4) with respect
to the palne 4x + 2y-4z + 3 = 0.
82. Find the equation of the image of the
. - y-2 z+ 3.
hne x-1 - = -=t = � m the plane 3x-3y
9
+ lOz - 26.
83. Find the equation of the plane containning the
x-1 y+6 z+l
line -- = -- = -- and is parallel to the
3 4 2
. x-4 y -1 z+3
hne --= --= --,,+---,

2 -3 5
84. Find the equation of the plane containing the lines
x+l· - - y---
l z+3 x-2 y�4 - z-
. -- 6
--and- - - -.
3 5 7 1 3 5

4
 3-D

Hints & Solution

5
 3-D

Thus, the direction cosines of the line are n=± 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 -{'I
( ' ' ) or ( ' ' ). Therefore,
• ..Jl ..Jl ../1 ..Jl ..Jl ../1
'12. Let r = (4i+ 8j+ k) and then it makes angles a, /3, r
r = lrl(li + mj + nk)

with x, y and z axes respectively. => = 8(½i+½j±}ik)

Let i, j and k unit vectors along the x, y and z axes
respectively. => = (4i+ 4J ± 4-{'I k).
Now, r·l = 4 16. As we know that the projection of the segment
=> lrlIii cosa = 4 joining the points P(x1, y1, z1 ) and Q(x2, y2, z2) on a
4 =4 line having direction cosines l, m, n is
cosa
= lrl 9 l (x2 - x1 ) + m(y2 - y1) + n(z2 - z 1 ).
=> a= cos-1 (%) = 7l (-1 - 1) + 71 (4-:
· 1
2) + 7 (2 - 3)
Smilarly, we can easily find that 2 2 1
+ ;_ - -
(¾), r= cos- (½)
= --
1 7 7 7
f3 = cos-1
1
13. we have =-7
(i) 1:sin a 2
17. Let 0 be the angle between them. Then
= sin2a + sin2/3+ sin2 r cos0 = 11 1 2 + m 1 m2+ n 1 n2
= 1 - cos2a + 1 - cos2/3+ 1 - cos2 r =
9 1 3
-
16 + 16 4
= 3 - (cos2 a + cos2/3+ cos2 y)
_5 6_ 1
= 3-1 = 2 _8_8_8
(ii) Leos(2a) => 0 = cos-1 (-½)
= cos(2a) + cos(2/J) + cos (2')1
18. Let i, j, k are the unit vectors along tb;e x, y and z
= 2cos2 a - 1 + 2cos2/J- 1 + 2cos2r - 1
axes, respectively.
=2(cos2a + cos2/3+ cos2r) - 3
z
= 2 - 3 = -1
14. Here, a= 120° and /3 = 600

-�
As we know that, . /p .
k ,/(a, a, a)
cos a+ cos /3+ cos r+ 1
2 2 2
,,
0 _----- . B y
cos\120° ) + cos2(6O ° ) + cos2r = 1 r.-2-------)�--� (0 ' a' 0)
L
2 (a, a, 0)
)
(- ½ + ( ½ )2 + cos2r = 1 X

cos2 r = 1 - (¾+ ¼) = 1 -½ =
½
Here, the four diangonals · of a cube are
OP = ai + aj + ak
1
cosr = ±-
m AM = -ai+ aj + ak
BN = ai - aj + ak
TC 3n
r= 4 '4
CL ai+ aj - ak
=
°
15. Here, l = cos(6O }= m Now, OP-AM= -a2 + a2 +a 2
As we know that, IOPIIAM1cos0 = a2

( ½r ½r
2
/2 + m + n
2
= 1 a../1a ../1 cos 0 = a2
a2 = -,13
+
(
+ n2 = 1 cos0 = -. -z
3a
n2 = 1-( ¼, ¼} = 1 -½=½ Thus, 0 = cos
_c1
(½) 6
 3-D

19. · Let i, j, k are the unit vectors along the x, y and z Now,
axes, respectively. cos2a + cos2/3 + cos2 r + cos28
z
= ½ (l + m + n)2 + ½ (-1 + m + n)2
, o, a +.!. (l - m + n)2 + .!. (l + m - n)2
Ni<---+---------=-<', 3 · 3
(a, 0, a) = .!3 (1 + m
2 2 2
+n)

=
. A I
(a, 0, 0) 21. We have
X
l+m+n=O
Here, the diagonal of the cube = OP = ai + aj + ak => n = -1(1 + m)
and a diagonal of the face = OL = ai + aj + Ok
2 2
Now, 12
+ m - n2 = 0 2

Thus, OP· OL = a + a + 0
12 + m = n2 = (1 + m)2
2
=>
2
=> IOPI IOLI COS<{) = 2a
=> 2lm = 0
2
=> a13 a-fl cos<p = 2a
=> l = 0, m = 0
2
2a
=> cos<p=-- When l = 0, then m = -n
-fl{i;l m
l =-= n
Thus,
0 -1 1
=�=�
l m n 1
-=-=-=-
=>
0 -1 1 -fl
=> When m = 0, then l = -n
l m n
20. Let the direction cosines of a line be l, m, n, i.e. Thus -=-=-
-1 0 1
r =Ii+ mj + nk
Let i, j, k are the unit vectors along the x, y and z => -------
l m n 1
-1 -fl 0 1
axes, respectively.
Let 8 be the angle between them.
z
Then
c --- M (0, a, a)
,nk.i .-=
,0, a -';,, =>
N
(a, 0, a)
k
-� ,, p
,/(a, a, a)
'�-----...._-�. +-��-... y
Q/
=>
B 22. We have,
)<;-',---------)"""'
__ ..,., (O a O)
A I L ' ' l - 5m + 3n = 0
(a, 0, 0) (a, a, 0)
X => l = 5m - 3n
Hence, the·. four diangonals of a cube are Now,
OP= ai + aj + ak 71 + 5m2 + 3n2 = 0
2

AM = -ai + aj + ak => 7(5m - 3n)2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0

=> 7(25m2+9n2 - 30mn) + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0
BN = ai - aj + ak
=> 180m2 - 210mn + 60n2 = 0
CL = ai + aj - ak
1
=> 6m - 1mn + 2n2 = 0
2

Then cosa = (l + m + n), => 6m2 - 3mn - 4mn + 2n = 0

2
13
1 => 3m(2m - n) - 2n(2m - n) = 0
cos/3 = (-1 + m + n),
13 => (3m - 2n)(2m - n) = 0
=> (3m - 2n) = 0, (2m - n) = 0
cosr= � (l - m + n)
Now,
1 (3m - 2n) = 0
and cos8 = - (l + m - n)
13 => 3m = 2n 7
 3-D

m = n _ (bm + en)
2 3 1= a
m n = 5m - 3n l Now, uz2 + vm2 + wn2 = 0.
2=2 5.2 - 3.3 = T bm+en 2
=> u( ) +vm2+wn2 = 0
a
=> u (bm+en/+va m + wa2n2 = 0. 2 2

Also, 2m-n=0
=> u (b2m
2
+ e2n2 + 2bemn) + va2m2 + wa2n2 = 0
m =n
1 2 => (ub 2
+ va )m + 2ubemn + (ue + wa
2 2 2 2
)n
2
= 0

5m-3n =-
l => (ub2 + va2)(�}
2
+ 2ube(�} + (ue2 + wa2) = 0
5.1 - 3.2 -1 ...(i)
m1 mz
Let its roots are -
n1
and -.
nz
Hence, the direction cosines are (a) If two straight lines are parallel, the Eq. (i) will
2 3
( "14' "14' "14) and ( - , -{6'
2 provide us equal roots.
--16)
1 1 1
--16 Thus, D = 0
23. We have, => (2ube)2 - 4(b2u + a2v) (e2u + a2w) = 0
l+m+n=0 => (ube)2 - (b2u + a2v)(e2u + a2w) = 0
=> n = -(l + m) => (b2u + a2v)(e2u + a2w) - (ube)2 = 0
Now, => a2b2uw + a2e2uv+a4vw = 0
2lm+2ln+mn=0 => b2uw + e2uv + a2vw = 0
=> 21m + n(2l + m) = 0 a b e =2 2 2
=> -+-+- 0
=> 21m - (l + m) (2l + m) = 0 U V W

=> (l + m)(2l + m) - 2lm = 0 (b) When two straight lines are perpendicular, the,
2 2
ue + wa
=> (12 + m2 + 3lm - 21m) = 0 product of the roots =
2
=> (12 + m2 + lm) = 0 ub + va2
m m
z = ue + wa2
2

(!)2 + (!) + 1 = 0
1
=> => -·-
n n 1 z ub2 + va2
. 1 1 12
Let its roots are m' m2 · =>
m 1 m2
=
n 1 nz
1
ue
2
+ wa 2
ub
2
+ va2
Thus, product of the roots = -1
1
1 2 = 1 Similarly, eliminating n, we get
=> -·-
m m
-1
1 2 l1l2 m 1 m2
l1l 2 m1m2 wb
2
+ ve
2 2
ue + wa
2
=
-1- -=t

Two lines are perpendicular, if

11 12 + m 1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0
l 1 l2 m 1 m2 n 1 n2
=
1 = = => (wb
2
+ ve2) + (ue2 + wa2) + (ub2 + va2) = 0
-1 -=t o ..f2
=> a\u + v) + b2(u + w) + e\u + v) = 0
Let 8 be. the angle between them.
Hence, the result.
Then
25. We have
1 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
and (l + 81 )2 + (m + 8m)2 + (n + 8n)2 = 1
=> ( 81)2 + ( 8m)2 + ( 8n)2 + 2(1· 81 + m8m + n8n) = 0
24. We have,
al+bm+en=0 Now, 88 be the angle between two positions.
8
 3-D

· Then 80= l(l + 81)+ m(m + 8m) + n(n+ 8n) Hence, the equation of the line is
= 1 + (l-8 + m8m + n8n) X + 1 Y - 8 Z -7
-1 -= --= -
1/2 1/3
_ (81)2 + (8 )2 + (8n)2
=1 ( ; ) 30. The given lines 4x = 3y = - z and 3x = y = -4z can
be written as
8) m )2 + (8n)2 Y
(( 1 2 + ( 8 Li: 3=4= -12
X Z
�
) = 1 - cos(u0)
2
(81)2 + (8m)2 + (8n)2 = 2 ( 1 - cos(80))
L-� _- _}_ _- _!,_
2
• 4 -12 - 3
Now, a1a2+ b 1 b2 + Cif2= 12 - 48+ 36= 0
= 4( sin ( �))
2
Hence, the lines are perpendicular.
3 1. The given lines can be written as
= 4-(�)2 x-b
L1: -a- = -c- =
y-d z
1
0 0
( since 80 is very small, ==> sin(� ) � ( � )) X - b' Y - d' Z
and L2: d =
-;;,
=
T
= (80)2 Since the given lines are perpendicular, so
= (8n) 2 a· a' + c · c' + 1 = 0
==> a-a'+ c · c' = -1.
26. Equation of the line passing through (2, 3, 4) and
32. Equation of any line passing through (1, -2, 3)
x-2 y-3 z- 4
parallel to the given line is -- = -- = --
3 4 5 1 z
and parallel to = � = _ is
6
27. Equation of a line passing through (-3, 2, -4) and
x- 1 y+2 z- 3
. . • . x+3 y-2 z+4 = =
parallel to the given vector 1s -- = -- = --. 2 3 -6
2 3 7
28. Any point on the given line can be considered as
(2). + 1, 2 - 3)., 4). - 3). It is also a point on the
p
plane. So,
2(2).+ 1) - 2(2 - 3).) - (4). - 3) = 7
4). + 6). - 4). = 7 - 2+ 4 - 3
M
6). = 6
==> A=l
Hence, the co-ordinates of the plane is (3, -1, 1). Any point on the given line can be considered as
M(2A + 1, 3). - 2, 3 - 6).) which is also a point c
29. Equation of a line passing through (a, b, c) and
the plane. So,
parallel to x= 2y = 3z is
(2).+ 1) - (3). - 2)+(3 - 6).)= 5
x-a = y-b z-c
-1- 1/2 = 1/3 .c...7). + 6= 5
which is passing through 3x - 4y + 5z = 10, and ). = .!.
2x + 2y - 3z = 4.
11 15)
. M.1s (9 ,
So, 3a - 4b + 5c = 0 Hence, the pomt
7 -7 , 7 .
Hence, the required distance

r r
2a + 2b - 2c= 0
Solving, we get
a b
-- =-- =--
C
8 - 10 10+ 6 6+8
=
�( � � 1
4 36
r -
+( � +2
1
+
(� -
3

= + 9+
a b
-=- = 49 49 49
-2 16 14
a =-
-
-1
b
=
8 7
=I
= 1. 9
 3-D

33. Given line AB is Therefore,

x-6 = y-7 z-7 a+l = /3+6 = y+3 =
=
1, 3,
-3- -2- �- -2- -2- -2- 5
p => a= 1, /3 = 0, r=7
Hence, the required image of (1, 6, 3) is (1, 0, 7).
35. The equation of any line passing through (1, -1, 0)
with the direction ratios a, b and c is
x-1 y+l z-0
A M B a = = C ...(i)

Any point on the given line can be considered as x-2 y-1 z-3
which is orthogonal to - - = - - = - -
M(3A + 6, 2,1, + 7, 7- 2,1,). 2 3 4
Let the point P be (1, 2, 3). and
x-4_y_z+l
Therefore, the direction ratios of PM -4--5- -2-·
So, 2a + 3b + 4c = 0
= (3,1, + 6-1, 2,i + 7- 2, 7- 2,i- 3)
and 4a + 5b + 2c = 0
= (3,1, + 5, 2,1, + 5, 4- 2,1,)
Solving, we get
Since PM is perpendicular to the given line, so
a = b = C
3(3,1, + 5) + 2(2,1, + 5) - 2(4- 2A) = o 6- 20 16- 4 10-12
=> 17A +17 = 0 a b C
=> _4 =12 = -2
=> ,i =-1
Thus, the point M is (3, 5, 9). =>
a= b = C
Therefore, the length of perpendicular
2 -6 1
Hence, the equation of the required line is
= �(3-1)2 + (5- 2)2 + (9- 3)2
x-1 y+3 z-1
--= --= --
= "14 + 9 + 36 2 b C

=-v49=7 36. The equation of any line passing through (2, -3, 1)
with the direction ratios
y-1 = z-2
34. Let AB:
X
= x-2 = y+3 =z-1
l -2- -3- --a b C
...(i)
Any point on the given line AB is (A, 2,1, +1, 3,1, + 2).
The line (i) is parallel to 2x- y + z = 6
p
x 2 Y z-2
and perpendicular to --- = _ = -=i-
2 3
So, 2a- b + c = 0
and 2a- 3b- c = 0
A B
IM
''
' Solving, we get
'' a b = C
' =
:Q
1 + 3 2 + 2 -6 + f
a_ b _ C
Now, the direction ratios of PM =>
4 - 4 --4
= (A- 1, 2,i +1- 6, 3,i + 2- 3) a - b C
- = =-
= (A-1, 2,i- 5, 3,i-1) 1 1 -1
Since PM is perpendicular to AB, so x-1 y+3
=> --= --=1-z
(,1,-1) + 2(2,1,- 5) + 3(3,1,-1) = 0 1 1
=> 14,1, = 14 37. Here, r 1 = 3i + 8j + 3k
r2 =-3i- 7j + 6k
=> A=l.
and u = 3i- j + k
Hence, the point Mis (1, 3, 5).
V =-3i + 2j + 4k
Let Q(a, /3, J1 be the image of P. 10
 3-D

Now, (r2 - r 1 ) = -6i - 15j + 3k Also,

Hence, the required shortest distance
i j k
U XV= 3 -1 1 = -6i - 15j + 3k (r2 - r1)·(u xv)
=
-3 2 4 l(uxv)I
luxvi = '136 + 225 + 9 = '1270 = 3'130 = 2& = a../2
"1"6
i
Also, (r2 - r 1 )·(u xv)
= (-6i - 15j + 3k) · (-6i - 15j + 3k) f
40. Given lines =· = 1, x = 0 and� -f= 1, y = 0
= 36 + 225 + 9= 270 can be written as
Hence, the required shortest distance X y- b Z
L i:- =--=- -c
0 b
(r2 - r1)·(u xv) x-a y
= and Lz : --=-=-
l(u x v)I a 0 C
270 Here, r1 =bj
= = '1270
'1270 r2 =ai
38. Here, r1 = 2i + 3j + 4k and u=bj - ck
r2 = 2i + j + 2k v=ai + ck
and u= 3i + 4j + 5k Now, (r2 - r1 ) =ai -bj
V = 2i -j + 3k i j k
and uxv= 0 b -c
Now, (r2 - r1) = -2j - 2k a O C
i j k = bci -acj -abk
and uxv=3 4 5
2 -1 3 l(u x v)I = �(bc)2 + (ac) 2 + (ab)2
= 17i + j - llk Given shortest distance = 2d
=> l(u x v)I = '1289 + 1 + 121 = '1411 (r2 - r1 )·(u xv)
= 2d
Hence, the required shortest distance l(u x v)I
(r2 - r1 )·(u xv) abc + abc
= 2d
=
l(u x v)I �(bc)2 + (ac)2 + (ab)2
20 2abc = 2d
= '1411.
�(bc) + (ac)2 + (ab)2
2

39. The equation of the given lines abc

=d
y + Z = 0, X + Z = 0, X + y = 0 �(bc) + (ac)2 + (ab)2
2

x + y + z = & can be written as

(abc)2
X Y Z =d2
L1: -1 =- =
1 - -1 ((bc)2 + (ac) 2 + (ab)2 )
X Y
Lz : -=-=- Z 2 2 2
1 ((bc) + (ac) + (ab) )
1 -1 -1 =
d2 a( bc)2
Here, u=i+j-k
1 1 1 1
V = i -j -=-+-+­
d2 a2 b2 c2
i j k
Now, U XV= 1 1 -1 41. Hence, the equation of the plane is
1 -1 0 x-l y-I z- 1
=-i-j-2k 2 -2 1 =0
-4 4 -5
l(ux v)I = '11 + 1 + 4 = "1"6
11
 3-D

6(x- 1) + 6(y- 1) == 0 47. Let the equation of the plane be

=> X+ y ::: 2 X Y Z ==
a+ ,; +7: i.
, 41. Hence, the equation of the plane is z
x- 1 y-2 z-3
1 -1 1 == 0 C(O, 0, c)
2 -3 0
=> 3(x- 1)+ 2(y-2)- (z-3) == 0
=> 3x+2y- z == 4
Now, 3.2 + 2.2-6- 4 == 6+ 4- 10 == 0
X
Therefore, the given points are coplanar.
43. Given plane is 2x- 4y+'5z == 20 Let the centroid G be ( a, {3, y).
Clearly, a == 3a, b == 3/3, c == 3y
=> �+l'....+i ::: 1
10 -5 4 It is given that, OM == 3p
which is the required intercept form of the plane.
0 + 0.+ 0- 1
..!. ..!.
44. The equation of any plane passing through (3, 0, 0), => ::: 3p
(0, 4, 0) and (0, 0, 5) is + + l.2
a2 b2 c
!+�+i ::: 1
3 4 5
45. Let the equation of the plane be
X Y Z
a c
+ b+ == 1, where

a+b+c == 0 ...(i)
which is passing through (0, 4, -3), (6, -4, 3). So
i_lC ::: 1 Hence, the locus of the centroid · is

(..!. ..!. 1..) ::: ..!.

b
�- i l J(' + y2 + z2
and a b + C == 1 p2

Solving, we get 48. Let the equation of the plane be

a == 3, b == �2, c ==-1 or a == 3, b == 6, c ==-9 X Y Z
-
a + -+-::: 1
b C
Hence, the equation ·of the plane is
z
!_�_! ::: 1
3 2 1
X Y Z
or -+--- ::: 1
3 6 9
46. Let the equation of the plane be
!+� + i ::: 1
a b C
X
Clealy, 3a == p, b3 == q, 3C == r
=> a ::: 3p, b ::: 3q, C ::: 3r Thus, the area of L1ABC
1 " -+ -+ � -+ -+ -+
Hence, the equation of the plane is == - I( a x b+b x c + c x a )I
2
!+l+� ::: 3 1 -+ -+ -+ "'
p q r
-+A -+A "'

== -l(ai x bj+bj x ck+ ck x ai)I

"'
A

2
12
 3-D

1 It is given that, the volume of the tetrahedron

l(ab)k + (bc)i + (ca)jl
A ,._ . A

=
2
½
OABC = 64k3
• = V(ab)2 + (bc)2 + (ca)2 0 0 0 1
l a O O 1 3
49. Let the equation of the plane be = 64k
6 0 b O 1
!+�+I=l
a b C 0 0 C l
z ¼ (abc) = 64k3

(abc) =384 k3
Let the centroid be G(a, /3, y).
Clearly,
�=a,¾=/3,f=r
=> a =4a, b =4/3, c =4y
X Therefore,
64(a f3 r)=384k3
Let the centroid be G ( a, {3, » => (a/3r)=6k3
Clearly, � =a, £. =/3, £ =
4 4 4 r Hence, the locus of G(a, {3, r) is
xyz =6k3
=> a =.4.a, /j =4/3, C =4y
51. Let O the angle between· them. Thus,
It is given· that OM =p 2- 2 + 4 ·
cos(0)=
0+0+0- 1 \fl + 4 + 4-v4 + 1 + 4

=9

=> O=cos-1 (i).

52. We have
( a\ + b.\ + C\) =;-¼
p - a 1 b 1 + a2b2 + a3 b3
= 6 + 6 - 12
=0 ' '
Thus, the given planes are perpendicular to each
other.
53. Let the equation of the plane passing through (1, 2, 3,)
Hence, the locu� of G ( a, {3, r) is is a(x - 1) + b(y - 2) + c(z - 3) = 0

1
which is perpendicular to the . given planes

(� + + :2)
=
:�.
=
2x + 3y + 4z + 7 0 and 3x + 4y + 5z + 10=0
So, 2a + 3b + 4c = 0
50. Let .the equation of the plane be I
and 3a+4b+3c=O I
X Y Z ..
-+-+-=1
a b C Solving, we get
a b C
z = =
15 - 16 12 - 10 8 - 9
a b C
=
-1 2 = -1

Hence, the equation of the p�ane is

(x - 1) - 2(y - 2) + (z - 3)=O
X x- 2y + z = 0 13
 3-D

54. Do yourself. X = -Y Z X Y Z
- = - and - = - = -
55. Do yourself. 6 3 2 5 2 10

• 56. Equation of any plane parallel to x - 2y + 3z + 10 Hence, the equation of the plane passing through
= 0 is x - 2y + 3z +k= 0 which is passing through (2, 3, 4) and parallel to the above lines is
(2, 3, -1). So, x-2 Y '- 3 z- 4
2-6-3+k=O 6 3 2 =0
=> k= 7 5 2 10
Hence, the equation of the plane is x- 2y + 3z+7 = 0. => 22( x - 2) - 50 (y - 3) - 3(z - 4) = 0
57. Let the equation of the plane be by+ cz + d = 0. => 26x - 50y - 3z = 110.
which is passing through the points (2, 3, -4) and 65. The equation of any plane passing through the line
(1, -1, 3). of intersection of planes
Thus, 3b - 4c + d = 0 2x+�-�=6and2x+�-&= 7�
and b - c+ d = 0 (2x + 5y - 5z - 6) + A(2x + 7y - 8z- 7) = 0
Solving, we get which is passing through (-1, 4, 3).
b C => (-2+20- 15- 6)+l (-2 +28-24- 7)=0
=-=
-4 + 1 1-3 -3 + 4 -3 - 5l = O
b
=- =- 3
C
=> A,=--
-3 -2 1 5
b = -C = Hence, the required equation of the plane is
¾
=>
3 2 -1
(2x + 5y - 5z - 6) - (2x + 7y - 8z- 7) = 0
Hence, the equation of the plane is
3y +2z - 1 = O => 4x + 4y - z + 51 = 0.
66. The equation of any plane passing through the line
58. Do yourself
of intersection of the planes 4x - 3y + 5 = 0 and
59. Do yourself. y - 2z - 5. = 0 is (4x - 3y + 5) + A(y - 2z - 5) = 0
60. The equation of any plane parallel to xy-plane is which is passing through (2, -1, 1) so,
z+k=O
A,= 1/2.
which is passing through ( 1, 2, 3). So,

½
Hence, the equation of the required plane is
3+k=O
( 4x - 3y + 5) + (y - 2z - 5) = 0
=> k = -3
Hence, the equation of the plane is z = 3. => 8x - 5y - 2z + 5 = 0
61. Do yourself. 67. The equation of any plane passing through the line
62. Do yourself. of intersection of the planes 2x + 3y + 1 Oz = 8
63. Given line is and 2x - 3y + 7z = 2
2x = 3y = 4z is
(2x + 3y + lOz - 8) + l(2x - 3y + 7z - 2) = 0
3y 4z
2x = -
-
=> =
12 12 12 => (2 + 2l)x + (3 - 3l)y + (10 + ?A)z
=> -=-=
X y - (2l + 8) = o
6 4 3 which is perpendicular to 3x - 2y + 4z = 5. So
Hence, the required equation of the plane is
3(2 +2l) - 2(3 - 3l) + 4( 10 + ?A) = o
x-2 y+l z => 40 + 40l = O
1 -3 -5 = 0
6 4 3 => A,=-1
Hence, the equation of the plane is
=> ll( x - 2) - 33 (y + 1) + 22z = 0
(2x+ 3y + lOz - 8) - (2x- 3y+ 7z -2) = 0
=> (x - 2) - 3(y + 1) + 2z = 0
=> 6y + 3z - 6 = O
X- 3y + 2z = 5. 2y + z :-- 2 = 0
64. Given lines are 68. Equation of any plane through the intersection of the
x = 2y = 3z and 2x = 5y = z. planes x + y + z + 3 = 0, and 2x - y + 3z + 1 = 0
is 14
 3-D

(x+y+z+3)+A(2x-y + 3z+1) = 0 It is given that,

� (1+2A)x+(1 -A)y+(3A+l)z+(A + 3) = O PM2I + PM22 + PM32 = 9
y
1s para11e1 to X = = z
1c h'
wlllh.' a+ +
�rr+( a -:+rr = 9
a
1 2 3° � ( � rr + (
So, (1+2A)+2(1 -A)+3(3A+1) = O
� 2(a+f3+ri+3(a -ri+2(a -2/3+ri= 9
� 9A-6
2 � 7a 2+10�2+7y2+2ay-4af3-4f3y=9
A=--
Hence, the locus of p( a, /3, i)
�
3
Hence, the equation of the plane is = 7x2+10y2+7z2+2.xz -4.xy -4yz = 9.
2
(x+y+z+3) - (2.x -y+3z+1) = 0
3
73. Let the equation of the planes be ¾+i+f=1
� 3(x+y+z+3) -2(2.x -y+3z+1) = 0 and p� + Iq + � = 1r

-x+5y -3z+7 = 0
Let OM and ON be the distances from the origin to
X - 5y + 3z-7 = 0. the given planes. Thus
69. Hence, the length of the perpendicular from P(1, 2, 3) OM=ON
to the plane 5x+4y-3z-1 = 0 is
0+0+0 -1
5+8 -9 -1 3 =
1 �25+16 + 9 I
= 1 1 1
5../2 -+-+­
a2 b2 c2
70. Equation of any line passing through (-1, 3, 2) and
normal to the given plane is
x+l y-3 z-2
(..!.a + b..!.+..!.) = (..!.p + _!_+..!.)
2 2
c
2 2
q
2
r
2
--= --= --
1 2 2 Hence, the result.
. Any point on the above line can be written as 74. Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of the line.
(A -1, 2A+3, 2A+2) which lies in the given plane. Since, the line is perpendicular to the normals
So, to the plane, so
(A -1)+2(2A+3)+2(2A+2) = 3 a+b+c =0
9A.=-6 and a -2b -2c = 0
2
A=-- Solving, we get
3 a =-- b C
=--
Hence, the co-ordinates of the feet of the --
-2 + 2 1 + 2 -2 -1
perpendicular are (-¾, ¾, ¾). a b
o =
= 3 -3
C
71. The equation of any line through (1, 2, 3) parallel to
Let the point of intersection of the line with z =0
. .. x-1 y-2 z-3 ·
the given lme 1s - - = --=i"" = --. plane.
1 2
Any point on the above line can be considered as Putting z = 0 in the given equations we get
(A+ 1, 2 -2A, 2i + 3 X + y = 4, X - 2y = 4

· which is also a common point of the plane. Solving, we get

X = 4, y = 0
Thus, A+1+2 -2A + 2A+3 = 11
Hence, the equation of the line is
i= 5
x-4 = Y = z
Therefore, the point is (6, -8, 13). -0- 3 -3
Hence, the required distance p

= �(6 -1)2+(-8 -2)2+(13 -3)2

= �25+100+100

= �225
= 15
A M 8

72. Let the point be p(a, /3, i) Any point on the line be M(4, 3.A, -3A). 15
 3-D

Now, the direction ratios of PM be. (0, 31-1,-31-1) Hence, the given lines are coplanar.
Here, PM .l AB Now, the equation of the plane where they lie is

• So,
=>
0 + 3(31- 1)-3(-31- 1)
1=0
= 0 x- 1 y -2 z- 3
2 3 4 =0
Hence, the point M is (4, 0, 0).
3 4 5
=> -(x- 1) + 2(y- 2)- (z- 3) = 0
Therefore, the required distance
=> -x + 2y- z = 0
= �o+12+ t2 = .../2. => X- 2y + Z = 0
75. Hence the required distance between the planes 7 9 . The Equation of any plane passing through the line
X + 2y- 2z+ 1 = 0 of intersection of the planes
and 2x + 4y- 4z + 5 = 0 4x- 5y- 4z= 4 and 2x + y + 2z = 8

is
I (5/2)- 1
...Jl + 4 +4
76. Any point on the given line
32
= / = 1.
3 I2
is (4x- 5y- 4z- 4) + A(2x + y + 2z- 8) = 0
which is passing through (1, 2, 3). Thus
2 - 22k=0
x- 1 = y-2 = z+3 => =1
- - � - 4- k u
2
can be considered as (21 + 1, 2- 3A, 41- 3) which Hence, the equation of the plane is
is the point of intersection. So it is also a point of 1
the given plane.
(4x-5y-4z-4) +
11 (2x + y + 2z-8)= 0.
=> 13x + 3 · y + 9z = 46.
Thus,
2(21 + 1)-2(2- 31)- (41- 3) = 7 80. The given planes can be written as
-x- 2y- 2z + 3 = O
=> 61 = 6
and 3x + 4y + 12z + 1 = 0
=> 1=1.
Now, a 1 a2 +b 1 b2 +c1c2 = -3- 8- 24 < 0
Hence, the required point is (3, -1, 1).
77. Equation of any plane passing through (1, 2, 0) is Thus, the acute angle bisector is

a(x- 1) + b(y- 2) + c(z- 0) = 0 ...(i) (-x - 2y- 2z + 3

) =-(
3x + 4y + 12z + 1
)
which contains the giyen line. So, ./9 ...J16 9
a(-3 -1) + b(l - 2) + c(2 - 0) = 0 => llx + 1 9y + 31z = 18.
=> 4a+b-2c=0 ...(ii) 81. The equation of a line passing through (2,-3, 4) and
and 3a + 4b- 2c = 0 ...(iii) normal to a plane is
Solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get x-2
--= --=
y+3 z-4
....(i)
a b C 4 2 -4
6 = 2 = 13 Any point on Eq. (i) is
Hence, the equation of the plane is M(41 + 2, 21- 3, 4- 41)
6(x- 1) + 2(y- 2) + 13(z- 0) = 0
Since the point M lies on the plane, so
=> 6x+2y + 13z- 10 = 0.
4(41 + 2) + 2(2A- 3)-4(4- 41) + 3 = 0
X2 X1 Y2 - Y1 Z2 ZJ
=> 361 11
- -

78. Now, a1 b1 Cl =
a2 b2 C2 => 1=.!!
36
2- 1 3- 2 4- 3 . 29 33 25
( ,
Hence, the M pomt
9 - 18, 9)
=
= 2 3 4
3 4 5 Let Q(a, /3, r, be the image of P(2,-3, 4).
1 1 1 Here, M is the mid-point of P and Q.
=2 3 4
3 4 5 a+ 2 2 9 /3- 3 -33 r+ 4 = 25
Thus,
-2- 9' -2- 18' -2- 9
= =
1 0 0 C2 � C2- C1
=2 1 2 (
-
) => (a, /3, r) = ( �o, 14
)
-¾,
3 1 2 C3 � C3 C1 9
=0 which is the required image of P (2, -3, 4). 16
 3-D

82. Given line is � 4(x + )1 -8(y + 3) + 4(z + 5) = 0

z+ 3
•
X-1
-- y-2 � 4x-8y + 4z = 0
= = -- ....(i)
9 -1 -3 � X-2y +Z=0
and the plane is
3x-3y + lOz = 26. ...(ii)
The direction ratios of the line are 9,-1,-3 and the
direction ratios of the normal to the given plane are
3,-3 and 10.
Clearly line (i) is parallel to the plane (ii).
Let Q be the inage of the point P(l, 2, -3).
Consider Q = ( a, /3, )1
Now,
a- 1 /3- 2 r+ 3 3-6- 30- 26
= = =-2( )
3 -3 10 9 + 9 + 100
a- 1 = /3- 2 = r+ 3 = 1
3 -3 01
a= 4, /3 =-1, r= 7
Hence, the required image of the line w.r.t. the given
plane is
x- 4 = y + 1 z-7
=
9 -1 �3
83. Any plane containing the line

- -1 = y-
x- +6 - = z+l.
- - lS
3 4 2
a(x- )1 + b(y + 6) + c(z + )1 = 0 ...(i)

where 3a + 4b + 2c = 0 ...(ii)
Also, it is parallel to the second line. So,
2a-3b + 2c = 0 ...(iii)
Solving Eq. (ii) and (iii), we get
a = b = C
26 -11 -17
Hence, the equation of the plane is
26(x- )1 -ll(y + 6)- 71 (z + 1) = 0
� 26x- lly- 1 7z = 109
84. The equation of the line containg the givel two lines is
X- X1 Y-Y1 Z-Z1
11 m1 n1 =0
12 m2 n2

x+l y+3 z+5

� 3 5 7 =0
1 3 5
17