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Transformation of co-ordinates in linear space

Let us consider two set of variables 𝑥 𝑖 (𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 … 𝑥 𝑛 )and 𝑥̅ 𝑖 (𝑥̅ 1 , 𝑥̅ 2 , 𝑥̅ 3 … 𝑥̅ 𝑛 ) which
determine the coordinate of a point in 𝑛 − 𝐷 space in two different frame of reference
related by the transformation relation,
𝑥̅ 1 = 𝑥̅ 1 (𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 … 𝑥 𝑛 )
𝑥̅ 2 = 𝑥̅ 2 (𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 … 𝑥 𝑛 )
… … … … … … … … … … ….
𝑥̅ 𝑛 = 𝑥̅ 𝑛 (𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 … 𝑥 𝑛 )
Hence in general,
𝑥̅ 𝑖 = 𝑥̅ 𝑖 (𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 … 𝑥 𝑛 )
Hence infinitesimal displacement in 𝑥̅ 𝑖 term of original coordinate 𝑥 𝑖 ,
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖
𝑑𝑥̅ = 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝑖 1 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑛
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖
= ∑ 𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝑗=1
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖
= 𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
(𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛′ 𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

If we denote 𝐴̅𝑖 = 𝑑𝑥̅ 𝑖 as a component of displacement vector 𝐴̅ in 𝑥̅ 𝑖 coordinate and

𝐴𝑖 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 that in 𝑥 𝑖 , then we have a transformation,
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝑗
𝐴𝑖̅ = 𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
Here 𝐴𝑖̅ will be 𝑖 𝑡ℎ component of contravariant vector.

Contravariant vector: A Set of 𝑛 functionS𝐴𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2 … . 𝑛) of co-ordinate 𝑥 1 is said to

form the component of a contravariant vector (𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 1 )if they undergo
co-ordinate transformation,
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝑗 𝑖
𝐴𝑖̅ = 𝐴 ; 𝑥̅ 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚.
𝜕𝑥 𝑗
Covariant vector: A Set of 𝑛 function𝐴𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2 … . 𝑛) of co-ordinate 𝑥 𝑖 is said to form the
component of a covariant vector (𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 1 )if they undergo co-ordinate
transformation,
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𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝐴̅𝑖 = 𝑖
𝐴𝑗 ; 𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚.
𝜕𝑥̅
Tensor of higher order:
Contravariant tensor of rank 2: A quantity which transform from 𝑥 𝑖 to 𝑥̅ 𝑖 as
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗 𝑝𝑞
𝐴̅𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝑞
Is called component of contravariant tensor of rank 2.
Covariant tensor of rank 2: A quantity which transform from 𝑥 𝑖 to 𝑥̅ 𝑖 as
𝜕𝑥 𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝑞
𝐴̅𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝑗
Is called component of contravariant tensor of rank 2.
Mixed tensor of rank 2: A quantity which transform from 𝑥 𝑖 to 𝑥̅ 𝑖 as
𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑞 𝑝
= 𝑝𝐴𝑗̅𝑖 𝐴̅
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗 𝑞
Is called component of mixed tensor of rank 2.
Mixed tensor of rank 5: A quantity which transform from 𝑥 𝑖 to 𝑥̅ 𝑖 as
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝑡 𝑝𝑞𝑟
𝑖𝑗𝑘
𝐴̅𝑙𝑚 = 𝐴̅
𝜕𝑥 𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝑞 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑙 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑚 𝑠𝑡
is called component of mixed tensor of rank 5.

Scalar: A function 𝜙 which is invariant under the coordinate transformation 𝑥 𝑖 → 𝑥̅ 𝑖

coordinate system is said to be scalar or tensor of rank zero.
𝜙̅(𝑥̅ 𝑖 ) = 𝜙(𝑥 𝑖 )
➢ If 𝑨𝝁 , 𝑩𝝁 are two vectors one contravariant and another covariant , prove that their
product will be a scalar.
Here
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝜇 𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝑞
𝐴̅𝜇 = 𝐴 ; ̅𝜇 =
𝐵 𝐵
𝜕𝑥 𝑝 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝜇 𝑞
Hence
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝑞 𝑝
𝐴̅𝜇 𝐵̅𝜇 = 𝐴 𝐵𝑞
𝜕𝑥 𝑝 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝜇
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝑞 𝑝
= 𝑝 𝐴 𝐵𝑞
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝜇
𝜕𝑥 𝑞
= 𝑝 𝐴𝑝 𝐵𝑞
𝜕𝑥
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𝑞
= 𝛿𝑝 𝐴𝑝 𝐵𝑞
= 𝐴𝑝 𝐵𝑞

Hence 𝐴̅𝜇 𝐵̅𝜇 is invariant under coordinate transformation hence can be taken as the
scalar.
𝝏𝝓
➢ Determine the type of tensor of the following quantities. 𝒊)𝒅𝒙𝒌 𝒊𝒊)
𝝏𝒙𝒌

i) We consider the coordinate transformation 𝑥 𝑖 → 𝑥̅ 𝑖 of 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 where

𝑥̅ 𝑖 = 𝑥̅ 𝑖 (𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 … 𝑥 𝑛 )
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖
𝑑𝑥̅ = 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝑖 1 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑛
𝑖
𝜕𝑥̅
= ∑ 𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝑗=1
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖
= 𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑗
𝜕𝑥
𝑗
Thus 𝑑𝑥 is a contravariant tensor of rank 1.

ii) Here 𝜙 is a scalar hence,

𝜙̅(𝑥̅ 𝑖 ) = 𝜙(𝑥 𝑗 )
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑥 𝑘 𝜕𝜙
= ( 𝑗) 𝑘
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜙
Clearly is the component of contravariant tensor,
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗

Note :
𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟;
𝛻⃗⃗ 𝜙 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.
𝛻⃗⃗ 𝜙 ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝜙 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟.

Addition and subtraction of tensor:

The sum of difference of two tensors of same type and same rank is also a tensor of
same type and rank,
e.g.
𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗
𝐴𝑘 + 𝐵𝑘 = 𝐶𝑘
𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗
𝐴𝑘 − 𝐵𝑘 = 𝐷𝑘
Outer product:

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The outer product of two tensor is also a tensor whose rank is the sum of the ranks of
given tensor.
i.e.
𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗𝑙𝑚
𝐴𝑘 𝐵𝑛𝑙𝑚 = 𝐶𝑘𝑛
Contraction:-
The algebraic operation by which the rank of a mixed tensor is lowered by 2, is called
contraction.
𝑖𝑗𝑘
We consider a mixed tensor 𝐴̅𝑙𝑚 satisfying the tranfomation relation,

𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑖 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝑡 𝑝𝑞𝑟

𝐴̅𝑙𝑚 = 𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝑞 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑙 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑚 𝑠𝑡
Setting 𝑖 = 𝑙,

𝑙𝑗𝑘 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑙 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝑡 𝑝𝑞𝑟

𝐴̅𝑙𝑚 = 𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝑞 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑙 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑚 𝑠𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝑠 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝑡 𝑝𝑞𝑟
= 𝑝 𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑞 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑚 𝑠𝑡
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝑡 𝑝𝑞𝑟
= 𝛿𝑝𝑠 𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝑞 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑚 𝑠𝑡
𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑗 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑘 𝜕𝑥 𝑡 𝑝𝑞𝑟
= 𝑞 𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥̅ 𝑚 𝑠𝑡
i.e.
𝑖𝑗𝑘
𝐴̅𝑙𝑚 is a tensor of rank 3(lowered by 2)

Inner product: Outer product followed by contraction is called inner product.

i.e.
𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Symmetric tensor: If two contravariant (covariant) indices canbe interchanged without

altering the tensor, is said to be symmetric with respect to these indices.
i.e.
𝐴𝜇𝜈 = 𝐴𝜈𝜇
Or,

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𝐴𝜇𝜈 = 𝐴𝜈𝜇

Symmetric tensor: If two contravariant (covariant) indices canbe interchanged with

altering the sign of the tensor, is said to be symmetric with respect to these indices.
i.e.
𝐴𝜇𝜈 = 𝐴𝜈𝜇
Or,
𝐴𝜇𝜈 = 𝐴𝜈𝜇

Skew-Symmetric tensor: If two contravariant (covariant) indices canbe interchanged

with altering the sign of the tensor, is said to be symmetric with respect to these
indices.
i.e.
𝐴𝜇𝜈 = −𝐴𝜈𝜇
Or,
𝐴𝜇𝜈 = −𝐴𝜈𝜇

➢ Prove that any tensor having two cotravariant and covariant components can be
written as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors.
Let 𝐴𝑖𝑗 be contravariant tensor of rank 2.
1 1
𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (𝐴𝑖𝑗 + 𝐴𝑗𝑖 ) + (𝐴𝑖𝑗 − 𝐴𝑗𝑖 ) = 𝐶𝑖𝑗 + 𝐷𝑖𝑗
2 2
Now
𝐶𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶𝑗𝑖 (𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟)
𝐷𝑖𝑗 = −𝐷𝑗𝑖 (𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 − 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟)
𝑛2 +𝑛 𝑛(𝑛+1)
Note:1. A symmetric tensor of rank 2 in 𝑛 − 𝐷 can have = independent
2 2

term.
𝑛2 −𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)
2.A symmetric tensor of rank 2 in 𝑛 − 𝐷 can have = independent
2 2

term.
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Quotent law :
If the inner product of a set of functions with an arbitrary tensor is a tensor, the set of
functions are then also the component of tensor.

Riemanian Space, line element, metric tensor:

In 3D(Euclidian space ) the length element ds is
(𝑑𝑠)2 = (𝑑𝑥)2 + (𝑑𝑦)2 + (𝑑𝑧)2
(here the metric is orthogonal)
In general curvilinear coordinate,
𝑟⃗ = 𝑟⃗(𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 )
Now
𝜕𝑟⃗ 1
𝜕𝑟⃗
𝑑𝑟⃗ = 1
𝑑𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥 2 + ⋯
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
= 𝛼⃗1 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝛼⃗1 𝑑𝑥 2 + ⋯

= ∑ 𝛼⃗𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑗
𝑗

Hence

(𝑑𝑠)2 = 𝑑𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∑ ∑ 𝛼⃗𝑖 ∙ 𝛼⃗𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑗 = ∑ 𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑗 = 𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑗

𝑖 𝑗 𝑖𝑗

𝑔𝑖𝑗 are the component of a symmetric covariant tensor of rank 2, called metric tensor.

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➢ Prove that Riemmannian tensor is a covariant tensor of rank 2.

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ALTERNATR PROOF:
Since the scalar 𝑑𝑠 2 is an invariant, it follows that 𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑗 is an invariant under
coordinate transformation. As 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 is component of arbitrary contravariant tensor, 𝑔𝑖𝑗
must be component of covariant tensor of rank 2.
Again (𝑑𝑠)2 = 𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑗 = 𝑔𝑗𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 = 𝑔𝑗𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑗 ;
Hence, (𝑔𝑖𝑗 − 𝑔𝑗𝑖 )𝑑𝑥 𝑖 𝑑𝑥 𝑗 = 0
i.e. 𝑔𝑖𝑗 = 𝑔𝑗𝑖 as 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦.

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Note: 1)The tensor 𝒈𝒊𝒋 is said to be Fundamental tensor of rank 2.

𝑮(𝒊,𝒋)
2)The reciprocal or conjugate tensor of 𝒈𝒊𝒋 is defined as 𝒈𝒊𝒋 = where 𝑮(𝒊, 𝒋) is the
𝒈

cofactor metric tensor of 𝒈𝒊𝒋 . 𝒈 is the determinant of 𝒈𝒊𝒋 .

Proof: As 𝑔𝑖𝑗 is symmetric, 𝐺(𝑖, 𝑗) is also symmetric. Hence 𝑔𝑖𝑗 is also symmetric.
Let 𝐵𝑝 is an arbitrary contravariant vector,
hence 𝐵𝑞 = 𝑔𝑝𝑞 𝐵𝑝 will be another vector according to quotient law.
Multiplying by 𝑔𝑖𝑞 ,
𝐺(𝑖, 𝑞)
𝑔𝑖𝑞 𝐵𝑞 = 𝑔𝑖𝑞 𝑔𝑝𝑞 𝐵𝑝 = 𝑔𝑝𝑞 𝐵𝑝 = 𝛿𝑝𝑖 𝐵𝑝 = 𝐵𝑖
𝑔
𝑗
From theory of determinant, 𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐺(𝑖, 𝑘) = 𝑔, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑗 = 𝑘; 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.i.e. 𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐺(𝑖, 𝑘) = 𝑔𝛿𝑘
Since 𝐵𝑞 is arbitrary tensor, 𝑔𝑖𝑞 must be contravariant tensor of rank 2.

3) The product of 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈𝒊𝒋 i.e. 𝜹𝒊𝒋 is also fundamental tensor of rank 2.
4) According the relation 𝑩𝒒 = 𝒈𝒑𝒒 𝑩𝒑; 𝑩𝒒 , 𝑩𝒑 are called associated tensor of each other.

Proof : We consider the relation between associated vectors, 𝐵𝑞 , 𝐵𝑝 ;

𝐵𝑞 = 𝑔𝑝𝑞 𝐵𝑝
Multiplying by 𝑔𝑖𝑞 ,
𝑔𝑖𝑞 𝐵𝑞 = 𝑔𝑖𝑞 𝑔𝑝𝑞 𝐵𝑝
= 𝛿𝑝𝑖 𝐵𝑝
= 𝐵𝑖
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐵𝑖 = 𝑔𝑖𝑝 𝐵𝑞
Hence 𝐵𝑖 , 𝐵𝑞 are the associated vectors.
5) Here 𝒈𝒑𝒒 , 𝒈𝒑𝒒 can be called lowering and raising operators, as it lowers or increases
the index by one.
6) The invariant quantity 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝑨𝒊 𝑨𝒋 = 𝑨𝒋 𝑨𝒋 = 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝑨𝒊 𝑨𝒋 is called the square of the
length of vector A .
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𝟐 𝒊 𝒋 𝒋 𝒊𝒋
7) If 𝑨 = 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝑨 𝑨 = 𝑨𝒋 𝑨 = 𝒈 𝑨𝒊 𝑨𝒋 = 𝟎 ; A is called null vector.
8) If 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝑨𝒊 𝑨𝒋 = 𝑨𝒋 𝑨𝒋 = 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝑨𝒊 𝑨𝒋 = 𝟏 ; A is called unit vector.
10) Scalar product of A,B is given by 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝑨𝒊 𝑩𝒋 = 𝑨𝒋 𝑩𝒋 = 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝑨𝒊 𝑩𝒋 .
11) Angle between two non null covariant vectors,
𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐵 𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
√𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐴 𝑗 √𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐴 𝑗

Angle between two non null covariant vectors,

𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐵𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
√𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖𝑗 √𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖𝑗

Angle between one covariant and one covariant non null vectors,
𝐴𝑗 𝐵 𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
√𝐴𝑗 𝐵 𝑗 √𝐴𝑘 𝐵𝑘

12) If 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝑨𝒊 𝑩𝒋 = 𝟎; or 𝒈𝒊𝒋 𝑨𝒊 𝑩𝒋 = 𝟎; 𝑨, 𝑩 are said to be orthogonal .

➢ Calculte 𝒈𝒊𝒋 , 𝒈𝒊𝒋 for cartesian coordinate system.

Here (𝑑𝑠)2 = (𝑑𝑥)2 + (𝑑𝑦)2 + (𝑑𝑧)2
Hence 𝑔11 = 𝑔22 = 𝑔11 = 1; other terms 𝑔12 (= 𝑔21 ) = 𝑔23 (= 𝑔32 ) = 𝑔31 (𝑔32 ) = 0
Hence
1 0 0
𝑔𝑖𝑗 = (0 1 0)
0 0 1
As it is unit matrix, 𝑔𝑖𝑗 = 𝑔𝑖𝑗 .
➢ Calculte 𝒈𝒊𝒋 , 𝒈𝒊𝒋 for cylindrical coordinate system.
Here the metric in
𝑥 1 = 𝜌,
𝑥 2 = 𝜃,
𝑥3 = 𝑧
𝑖𝑠
(𝑑𝑠)2 = 𝑑𝜌2 + 𝜌2 𝑑𝜃 2 , + 𝑑𝑧 2
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2
𝑔11 = 1; 𝑔22 = 𝜌 ; 𝑔11 = 1; other terms 𝑔12 (= 𝑔21 ) = 𝑔23 (= 𝑔32 ) = 𝑔31 (𝑔31 ) = 0
Hence
1 0 0
𝑔𝑖𝑗 = (0 𝜌2 0)
0 0 1
1 0 0
Now |𝑔𝑖𝑗 | = 𝑔 = |0 𝜌2 0| = 𝜌 2
0 0 1
Hence

𝑖𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐺(𝑖, 𝑗)
𝑔 = =
𝑔 𝑔
Thus,

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𝐺(1,1) 𝜌2
𝑔 = = 2=1
𝑔 𝜌
𝐺(2,2) 1
𝑔22 = = 2
𝑔 𝜌
𝐺(3,3)
𝑔33 = =1
𝑔
other terms 𝑔12 (= 𝑔21 ) = 𝑔23 (= 𝑔32 ) = 𝑔31 (𝑔13 ) = 0
1 0 0
1
∴ 𝑔𝑖𝑗 = (0 0)
𝜌2
0 0 1

➢ Calculte 𝒈𝒊𝒋 , 𝒈𝒊𝒋 for spherical polar coordinate system.

Here the metric in

𝑥 1 = 𝑟,
𝑥 2 = 𝜃,
𝑥3 = 𝜙
𝑖𝑠
(𝑑𝑠)2 = 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2 , +(𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜙 2
𝑔11 = 1; 𝑔22 = 𝑟 2 ; 𝑔33 = (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 ; other terms 𝑔12 (= 𝑔21 ) = 𝑔23 (= 𝑔32 ) =
𝑔31 (𝑔31 ) = 0

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Hence
1 0 0
𝑔𝑖𝑗 = (0 𝑟 2 0 )
(𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 2
0 0
1 0 0
Now |𝑔𝑖𝑗 | = 𝑔 = |0 𝑟 2 0 | = (𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2
0 0 (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2
Hence
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑔𝑖𝑗
𝑖𝑗
𝐺(𝑖, 𝑗)
𝑔 = =
𝑔 𝑔
Thus,

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𝐺(1,1) (𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2
𝑔 = = 2 =1
𝑔 (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2

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𝐺(2,2) (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 1
𝑔 = = 2 =
𝑔 (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 𝑟 2

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𝐺(3,3) 𝑟2 1
𝑔 = = 2 =
𝑔 (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2
other terms 𝑔12 (= 𝑔12 ) = 𝑔12 (= 𝑔12 ) = 𝑔12 (𝑔12 ) = 0
1 0 0
1
0 0
∴ 𝑔𝑖𝑗 = 𝑟2
1
0 0
( (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 )

➢ Calculte 𝒈𝒊𝒋 , 𝒈𝒊𝒋 for the metric,

(𝒅𝒔)𝟐 = 𝟑(𝒅𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒅𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝟒(𝒅𝒙𝟑 )𝟐 − 𝟔𝒅𝒙𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝟑

For the metric (𝑑𝑠)2 = 𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑗

𝑔11 = 3;

𝑔22 = 2;

𝑔33 = 4;

𝑔13 = −3;

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𝑔31 = −3

𝑔12 (= 𝑔21 ) = 𝑔23 (= 𝑔32 ) = 0

3 0 −3
𝑔𝑖𝑗 = ( 0 2 0)
−3 0 4
3 0 −3
Now |𝑔𝑖𝑗 | = 𝑔 = | 0 2 0 | = 6
−3 0 4
Hence
𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑔𝑖𝑗
𝑖𝑗
𝐺(𝑖, 𝑗)
𝑔 = =
𝑔 𝑔
Thus,
𝐺(1,1)
𝑔11 = =8
𝑔
𝐺(2,2)
𝑔22 = =3
𝑔
𝐺(3,3)
𝑔33 = =6
𝑔
𝑔31 (= 𝑔13 ) = 6
other terms 𝑔12 (= 𝑔21 ) = 𝑔23 (= 𝑔32 ) = 0
4
0 1
3
∴ 𝑔𝑖𝑗 = 1
0 0
2
(1 0 1)

𝟏 √𝟑
➢ Show that the vector(−𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟎, )is a null vector and(−𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟎, )is a unit vector for
𝒄 𝒄

space having metric,

(𝒅𝒔)𝟐 = −(𝒅𝒙)𝟐 − (𝒅𝒚)𝟐 − (𝒅𝒛)𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 (𝒅𝒕)𝟐
Here the metric is given in
𝑥 1 = 𝑥,
𝑥 2 = 𝑦,
𝑥3 = 𝑧
𝑥4 = 𝑡
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𝑔11 = −1;
𝑔22 = −1;
𝑔33 = −1;
𝑔44 = 𝑐 2 ;
𝑔𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

1
For the given vector 𝐴(𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 ) = (−1,0,0, ) ,
𝑐

The square of the length element,

𝐴2 = 𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐴 𝑗 = 𝑔11 𝐴1 𝐴1 + 𝑔22 𝐴2 𝐴2 + 𝑔33 𝐴3 𝐴3 + 𝑔44 𝐴4 𝐴4

1 1
= −1(−1 × −1) + −1(0 × 0) − 3(0 × 0) + 𝑐 2 (( × ) = 0
𝑐 𝑐

√3
For the given vector 𝐴(𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 ) = (1,1,0, ) ,
𝑐

The square of the length element,

𝐴2 = 𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐴 𝑗 = 𝑔11 𝐴1 𝐴1 + 𝑔22 𝐴2 𝐴2 + 𝑔33 𝐴3 𝐴3 + 𝑔44 𝐴4 𝐴4

√3 √3
= −1(1 × 1) + −1(1 × 1) − 1(0 × 0) + 𝑐 2 ( × ) =1
𝑐 𝑐

√𝟑
➢ Calculate he angle between (𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (√𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟎, ) for
𝒄

(𝒅𝒔)𝟐 = −(𝒅𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 − (𝒅𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 − (𝒅𝒙𝟑 )𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 (𝒅𝒙𝟒 )𝟐

Here ,

√3
Let 𝐴 = (1,0,0,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = (√2, 0,0, )
𝑐

𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐴 𝑗 = 𝑔11 𝐴1 𝐴1 + 𝑔22 𝐴2 𝐴2 + 𝑔33 𝐴3 𝐴3 + 𝑔44 𝐴4 𝐴4

= −1.1.1 + 0 + 0 + 0 = −1

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𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐵 𝐵 = 𝑔11 𝐵 𝐵 + 𝑔22 𝐵 𝐵 + 𝑔33 𝐵 𝐵3 + 𝑔44 𝐵4 𝐵4
𝑖 𝑗 1 1 2 2 3

√3 √3
= −1. √2. √2 + 0 + 0 + 𝑐 2 =1
𝑐 𝑐

𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐵 𝑗 = 𝑔11 𝐴1 𝐵1 + 𝑔22 𝐴2 𝐵2 + 𝑔33 𝐴3 𝐵3 + 𝑔44 𝐴4 𝐵4

= −1.1. √2 + 0 + 0 + 0 = −√2

𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐵 𝑗 √2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = =− = 𝑖√2
√−1 . √1
√𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖 𝐴 𝑗 √𝑔𝑖𝑗 𝐵𝑖 𝐵 𝑗

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