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Lab 1
Describe Computer
Components
Lab 1
Describe computer components
Include pictures
Include header – student name and section, include page number in the
footer
1. Computer architecture
2. CPU
3. IO devices
4. Memory
5. memory units
6. motherboard ports
7. other latest devices
8. Best configuration to get a latest computer
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
1. Computer architecture
1.1 Definition:
According to Technopedia “computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and
hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform.” [1]
1.2 History:
In 1936 when computer Z1 were build, the documented computer architecture was described in the
correspondence between Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. The term “architecture” in computer
literature is introduced by Lyle R. Johnson and Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., in 1959.[2]
1.3 Subcategories:
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
The central processing unit is the brain of a computer, that carries out the instructions of a
computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic,
controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the
instructions.[3] To control instructions and flowing of data and
information from and to other part of the computer, the CPU
depends on the chipset of motherboard [4] The processor is
placed and secured into a compatible CPU socket with heat sink
found on the motherboard. [6]
Picture: Processor (view from below & above)
(Source: https://create.pro/) [5]
2.2 History:
In 1972, The first CPU named INTEL 4004 was manufactured by Intel. The
picture of the INTEL 4004 is shown in the right which had 2,300 transistors
and performed 60,000 operations per second. [6]
AMD Vs INTEL: AMD processors are manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. and
INTEL processors are manufactured by Intel Corporation.
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
32-bit Vs 64-bit: 32-bit is a type of CPU architecture that can transfer 32 bits of data per clock
cycle. On the other hand, 64-bit is a CPU architecture that can transfer 64-bits of data per
clock cycle.
The speed of a computer processor, or CPU, is determined by the clock cycle, which is the
amount of time between two pulses of an oscillator. Generally speaking, the higher number
of pulses per second, the faster the computer processor will be able to process information.
The clock speed is measured in Hz, often either megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). For
example, a 4 GHz processor performs 4,000,000,000 clock cycles per second.
"Intel(R) Core (TM) i7-2600 CPU @ 3.40 GHz 3.40 GHz." Intel is the brand and company of
the processor, Core i7-2600 is the model of the processor, and 3.40 GHz is the speed of the
processor.
3. IO DEVICES:
3.1 Definition:
IO Devices or an input/output device is any device that are capable to communicate with a
computer. As the name suggests, input/output devices can send data (output) to a computer and
receive data from a computer (input).
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
Computer output devices receive information from the computer, and carry data that has been
processed by the computer to the user. The devices are usually used for display, projection, or
for physical reproduction. Monitors and printers are two of the most commonly-known output
devices used with a computer.[0]
4. MEMORY
A memory in a computer is just like memory center of a human brain. It is used to store data and
instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be
processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large
number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from
zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory
unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to
65535.
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed
up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is
used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used
by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to
cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access
them.
Picture: Cache memory
Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_memory.htm
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the
computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost
when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor
device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and
instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is
divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.
Picture: RAM
Source: [0]
5. MEMORY UNIT:
Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. This storage capacity
is expressed in terms of Bytes.
5.1 Memory storage units:
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
Bit (Binary Digit): A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a
component in an electric circuit.
Nibble: A group of 4 bits is called nibble.
Byte: A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a data item
or a character.
Word: A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit, which
varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer. The length of a computer
word is called word-size or word length. It may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits.
A computer stores the information in the form of computer words.
Kilobyte (KB): 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
Megabyte (MB): 1 MB = 1024 KB
GigaByte (GB): 1 GB = 1024 MB
TeraByte (TB): 1 TB = 1024 GB
PetaByte (PB): 1 PB = 1024 TB
6. MOTHER BOARD PORTS:
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Motherboard Ports:
Serial Port
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
Parallel Port
Used for scanners and printers
25 pin model
PS/2 Port
Used for old computer keyboard and mouse
Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for the mouse and keyboard
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
VGA Port
Connects monitor to a computer's video card.
It has 15 holes.
Similar to the serial port connector. However, serial port connector has pins, VGA port has
holes.
Power Connector
Three-pronged plug.
Connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket.
Firewire Port
Transfers large amount of data at very fast speed.
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
Invented by Apple.
It has three variants: 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector, and 9-Pin
FireWire 800 connector.
Modem Port
Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network.
Ethernet Port
Connects to a network and high speed Internet.
Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon the network
bandwidth.
Game Port
Connect a joystick to a PC
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
Sockets
Sockets connect the microphone and speakers to the sound card of the computer.
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Md Hasan Imam Section # 002 Student ID # 300837449
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