his article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).

Republic of India

Bhārat Gaṇarājya

Flag

State emblem

Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)

"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]

Anthem: "Jana Gana Mana"[2][3]

"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[4][2]

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National song

"Vande Mataram" (Sanskrit)

"I Bow to Thee, Mother"[a][1][2]

 Area controlled by India shown in dark green;

regions claimed but not controlled shown in light green

Capital New Delhi

28°36′50″N77°12′30″E

Largest city  Mumbai

 18°58′30″N72°49′33″E

Official languages  Hindi

 English[b][7]

Recognised
State level and
regional languages
Eighth Schedule[8][show]

National language None[9][10][11]

Religion  79.8% Hinduism

 14.2% Islam

 2.3% Christianity

 1.7% Sikhism

 0.7% Buddhism

 0.4% Jainism

 0.23% Not stated

 0.65% others[12]

See Religion in India

Demonym(s) Indian

Membership UN, WTO, BRICS, SAARC, SCO, G8+5, G20, Commonwealth of

Nations

Government Federal parliamentaryconstitutional republic

• President Ram Nath Kovind

• Vice President Venkaiah Naidu

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi

• Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi

• Speaker of the Lok Om Birla

Sabha

Legislature Parliament

• Upper house Rajya Sabha

• Lower house Lok Sabha

Independence

from the United Kingdom

• Dominion 15 August 1947

• Republic 26 January 1950

Area

• Total 3,287,263[6] km2(1,269,219 sq mi)[c](7th)

• Water (%) 9.6

Population

• 2016 estimate 1,324,171,354[13](2nd)

• 2011 census 1,210,854,977[14][15](2nd)

• Density 403.0/km2(1,043.8/sq mi) (31st)

GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate

• Total $11.468 trillion[16](3rd)

• Per capita $8,484[16] (119th)

GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate

• Total $2.972 trillion[16](5th)

• Per capita $2,199[16] (142nd)

Gini (2013) 33.9[17]

medium · 79th

HDI (2017) 0.640[18]

medium · 130th

Currency Indian rupee (₹) (INR)

Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)

DST is not observed

Date format dd-mm-yyyy

 Driving side left

Calling code +91

ISO 3166 code IN

Internet TLD .in (others)

India (official name: the Republic of India;[19] Hindi: Bhārat Gaṇarājya) is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-
most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest,
and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[d] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north;
and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar
Islandsshare a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago.[20]Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of
isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity.[21] Settled life emerged on the
subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium
BCE.[22] By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest, unfolding as the language
of the Vedas, and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India.[23] The Dravidian languagesof India were supplanted in the northern regions.[24] By 400
BCE, stratification and exclusion by castehad emerged within Hinduism,[25] and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social ordersunlinked to
heredity.[26] Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin,[27] their
collective era suffused with wide-ranging creativity,[28]but also marked by the declining status of women,[29] and the incorporation of untouchability into an
organized system of belief.[e][30] In south India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms
of southeast Asia.[31]

In the early medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Islam put down roots on India's southern and western coasts.[32] Armies
from Central Asia intermittently overran India's plains,[33]eventually establishing the Delhi sultanate, and drawing northern India into the
cosmopolitan networks of medieval Islam.[34] In the 15th century, the Vijayanagara Empire created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture in south
India.[35] In the Punjab, Sikhism emerged, rejecting institutionalized religion.[36] The Mughal empire, in 1525, ushered in two centuries of relative
peace,[37] leaving a legacy of luminous architecture.[f][38] Gradually expanding rule of the British East India Companyfollowed, turning India into a colonial
economy, but also consolidating its sovereignty.[39] British Crown rule began in 1858. The rights promised to Indians were granted
slowly,[40] but technological changes were introduced, and ideas of education, modernity and the public life took root.[41] A pioneering and
influential nationalist movement emerged,[42] which was noted for nonviolent resistance and led India to its independence in 1947.

India is a secular federal republic governed in a democratic parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society. India's
population grew from 361 million in 1951 to 1,211 million in 2011.[43] During the same time, its nominal per capita income, increased from $64 annually
to $2,041, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%. From being a comparatively destitute country in 1951,[44] India has become a fast-growing major
economy, a hub for information technology services, with an expanding middle class.[45] It has a space program which includes several planned or
completed lunar missions. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture.[46] India has substantially reduced its
rate of poverty, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality.[47] India is a nuclear weapons state, which ranks high in military expenditure. It has
disputes over Kashmir with its neighbors, Pakistan and China, unresolved since the mid-20th century.[48] Among the socioeconomic challenges India
faces are gender inequality, child malnutrition,[49] and rising levels of air pollution.[50] India's land is megadiverse, with four biodiversity hotspots.[51] Its
forest cover comprises 21.4% of its area.[52] India's wildlife, which has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in India's culture,[53] is supported among
these forests, a