HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 • Agriculture (wheat & barley) & domesticated

animals
PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
• Sew clothing from animal hides using fish bones as
INFLUENCES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE needles
• Built huts of stones & mud with thatched roofing
• Geographical - the location of the city • Practice burial rituals & built tombs
• Geological - the materials found in locality BRONZE AGE
MATERIALS Following the Stone Age and preceding Iron Age
characterized by the use of bronze implements
Dependent on region; Locally abundant
• Covered the Minoan period of the Crete and the Greek
• Climatic - the prevailing weather in the country
Period
DISTINCT FEATURE/ORNAMENT STYLE
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM/ FEATURE
Design in response to lifestyle, local, materials, and
..of the prehistoric architecture
climate
• Trabeation
• Religious - the emotional temperament and the spiritual
• Corbelled
tendencies of the people in a particular country
FOUR CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES
Orientation- faces cardinal points
1. POST AND LINTEL
• Social and Political - way of living of people in the country
2. ARCH AND VAULT
• Historical - the background of the people as a whole 3. CORBEL AND CANTILEVERED
4. TRUSSED

THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF EARLY KNOWN TYPES

ARCHITECTURE BEGAN WHEN MAN SOUGHT FOR
• DWELLINGS
• Protection • RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS
• Comfort • BURIAL MOUNDS
• Food storage
• To perpetuate human life ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTIC

Caves

THREE MAIN STAGES IN THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF Temporary and Permanent shelters
MANKIND
Megalithic structures
STONE AGE

PALEOLITHIC OR OLD STONE AGE

DWELLINGS
• Used stone and bone as instruments
A) ROCK CAVE - earliest form of dwellings
• Livelihood from hunting & food gathering
• Learned to make fire THREE STAGES OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE CAVE
• Lived in caves & rock shelter
a. NATURAL CAVE
MESOLITHIC OR MIDDLE AGE b. ARTIFICIAL CAVE
c. CAVE ABOVE THE GROUND
• Fashioned stone tools like the bow
• Made body coverings from animal hides LASCAUX CAVE (Lascaux, France)
• Made the canoe for fishing
• Built huts from bones, animal hides, reeds & grass A cave in France containing wall paintings
and engravings of Paleolithic humans thought to
NEOLITHIC date from c. 13,000 – 8,500 BCE.
• Polished stone tools for grinding, cutting & chopping
• Development of pottery
B) TENTS AND HUTS – made from tree barks, animal skins Just, and easy to deal with,
and plant leaves.
Without avarice,
a. Tipi – Portable Indian Shelter
Not let his min be occupied
b. Wigwam – Overlaid w/ bark, rush mats , or
animal skin In receiving gifts,
c. Hogan – A Novah Indian dwelling
constructed usually of earth & logs & But let him preserve his good nature
covered with mud and sod.
With dignity…
BEEHIVE HUT (Kerry, Ireland)

A clochán is a stone beehive-shaped hut

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
with a corbelled roof, commonly associated with the
Irish coastline.

TRULLO (Alberobello, Bari Province)

A traditional rendered stone dwelling in

Apulia, southern Italy, in which square chambers are
roofed with conical vaulted roofs.

IGLOO

An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of

hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when
permanent, of sod, wood or stone.

RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS
1.0 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
a. MONOLITH – isolated single upright stone also
known as MENHIR – memorial of victory over one MASSIVENESS AND MONUMENTALITY
tribe.
b. MEGALITHIC – several number of stones • SIMPLICITY
a. DOLMEN - 2 OR MORE UPRIGHT STONES
SUPPORTING HORIZONTAL SLAB.
b. CROMLECH - A CIRCULAR
ARRANGEMENT OF MEGALITHS ENCLOSING
A DOLMEN OR BURIAL MOUND. • SOLIDITY
c. STONE ROW – A MEGALITHIC MONUMENT
CONSISTING OF CONCENTRIC RINGS OF
MENHIRS AND DOLMENS CENTERED
AROUND AN ALTAR STONE.

BURIAL MOUNDS
• GRANDEUR
A. TUMULUS/TUMULI OR BARROWS - AN EARTHEN
MOUND(S) OR STONES USED FOR BURIALS.

THE VIRTUES OF AN ARCHITECT

(Marcus Vitruvius Polio) SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION

May the Architect be high-minded; ■ POST AND LINTEL
Not arrogant, but faithful; ■ COLUMNAR & TRABEATED
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

1.1. FEATURES OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

1.1.1. WALL

■ BATTERED WALL

■ CAVETTO/GORGE CORNICE
SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION

7.1.0. PLAN

■ Rectangular and Often without regards to

Symmetric

1.1.2. DOORS

■ Square Headed covered with massive lintels

SPECTRUM OF RUSTIC MONUMENTAL

BUILDINGS BY DINO MARCANTONIO

1.1.3. OPENINGS/FENESTRATION

■ No windows to cut heat penetration and

sandstorm.
1.1.4. COLUMN ■ Campaniform or Inverted Bell Papyrus (left) Lotus
(right) Column with Abacus (Stone Block)

■ Architrave (Beam) Across the Top and Cavetto and

Torus Cornice Showing Shadow Patterns.

■ Temple of Isis from Philae

Palm Column Capital. Temple of Isis from Philae

1.1.5. CAPITAL

Papyrus Campaniform or Inverted Bell Capital. Temple of Isis

from Philae

Palmette Capital with Open And Closed Lotus at Base. Temple

of Isis from Philae

Volute Papyrus Capital. Temple of Isis from Philae

Capitals mostly follow the forms of the lotus (emblem of

Upper Egypt), the papyrus (emblem of Lower Egypt), and the
palm.
Palmettes Capitals (left and right) Volute Papyrus Capital ■ Hieroglyphics- use as ornaments, pictures and
(center). Temple of Isis from Philae writing from the walls.

2.0 GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES

Egypt, ca. 3rd century B.C.

Egypt’s possession of the Nile was of immense advantage, not

Row of Hathor Capitals with Alternating Papyrus and Lotus
Capitals. Temple of Isis from Philae
only on account of its value as a trade route, and as a means
of communication, but also because its waters were fertilizing
agents that made desert sands into fruitful fields.
THE BLACK LAND

■ Upper Egypt-Higher land

■ Cataract- included Nile river

■ Lower Egypt- included Delta of the river and wide

plain around Memphis, its most important city.

Trajan’s Kiosk from Philae, Egypt 3.0 GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES

1.1.6. ORNAMENTS/FINISHED 3.1. STONE- Abundant building material except

■ Torus and Cavetto/ on temples and pyramids.

■ Gorge Cornice • SOFT STONE

a) Limestone

b) Sand stone

c) Alabaster

• HARD STONE
a) Granite
b) Basalt
c) Quartzite
d) Porphyry

3.2. SAND DRIED BRICKS- made up clay and chopper stone

for pyramids and temples.

3.3. MUD BRICKS- for Houses

3.4. DATE PALM- for roofing

3.5. PALM LEAVES- for roofing materials

3.6. ACACIA-for their boat

3.7. SYCAMORE-Mummy cases

3.8. PAPYRUS - paper

4.0 CLIMATIC INFLUENCES

Two Season – Spring and Summer

STRUCTURES HAVE NO:

1. Downspout
2. Drainage
3. Gutter

5.0 RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES

5.0. EGYPTIAN- Monotheistic in theory, Polytheistic in

practice

■ Pharaoh- not only “King” but also “God” both

Political and Religious ruler

■ EGYPTIANS believe in Life after death

4.1. CANOPIC JARS

KINDS OF TEMPLE

CULT TEMPLES –and ancient Egyptian temple for the worship

of deity.

MORTUARY TEMPLE – and Egyptian temple for offerings and

worship of a deceased person, usually a deified king.

KARNAK TEMPLE COPLEX (Luxor, Egypt)

When Amun-Re, the god of the sun and the heaven

became the national deity during the period of the New
Kingdom, at least a dozen temples were built in his honor
 One main component of this political/religious Sphinx – a figure of imaginary creature having the
landscape was the temple complex of Karnak body of a lion and the head of a man, ram or hawk.

PYLON

A gateway guarding a sacred precinct consisting of both a pair

of tall truncated pyramids and a doorway between them,
often decorated with painted reliefs.

PYLONG TEMPLE

An Egyptian temple type with monumental gateways, formed

by twined pylons.

HYPOSTYLE HALL

A large hall having many columns in rows supporting a flat

roof, and sometimes a clerestory.

KIOSK

A freestanding stone canopy structure supported by columns

in Egyptian Architecture. (HYPAETHRAL, classical temple that
is wholly or partly open to the sky.)

MAMMISI (Dandera Temple Complex, Dandera, Egypt.)

Birth-house; a small Egyptian side temple, kiosk or tent shrine

to celebrate the place where the god of the main temple was
born, or where the goddess bore her children.

BARQUE TEMPLE

A room or building in which the image of the Pharoah or deity

was revered.

6.0 HISTORICAL INFLUENCES

OBELISK 5.0. 30 DYNASTIES

An Egyptian monolithic four-sided standing stone, tapering to ■ Started from third millennium BC to Roman Period
a pyramidical cap (a PYRAMIDION), often inscribed with
■ Egypt was part of Persian Empire for two centuries
hieroglyphs and erected as a monument.
before the invasion of Alexander the Great.
AVENUE OF SPHINXES

Leads to a tall portal guarded by a tall pylon.

OLD KINGDOM 3. CHAMBER CONTAINING THE SARCOPHAGUS
(COFFIN)
PHAROAHS organized a strong central state were
absolute rulers were considered gods.

Egyptians built PYRAMIDS at Giza. ■ Pyramid – a massive masonry structure having a

rectangular base and four smooth, steeply sloping
Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids
sides facing the cardinal points and meeting at an
contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom.
apex.
MIDDLE KINGDOM
The Egyptian pyramids of Giza Necropolis
Large drainage project created arable farmland.
The ancient Egyptians built more than 80 pyramids along the
Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete. banks of the Nile near modern-day Cairo from 2700 to 1640
B.C. The pyramids were designed according to three forms:
Corruption and rebellions were common.
1. Step pyramid – evolved from mastaba
Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region.

NEW KINGDOM

Powerful pharaohs created a large empire that

reached the Euphrates River.

Hatshepsut encouraged trade.

Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria.

A pyramid-type whose side are stepped with tiers rather than
Egyptian power declined. smooth, in Egypt predating the true pyramids; the primary
existing Egyptian example is the KING DJOSER AT SAQQARA.
South of Cairo
6.1. ANCIENT KINGDOM
IMHOTEP – the first architect recorded in history. Design the
DEVELOPMENT OF TWO TYPES OF TOMBS Saqqara complex and the Stepped pyramid of Djoser.

■ Mastaba – A tomb for the nobility or members of the PYRAMID OF DJOSER; Saqqara, Egypt
royal family. made of mud brick, rectangular in plant
Built by Imhotep, architect to king Zoser; begun as a
with a flat roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft
mastaba-tomb then successively enlarged; made of
leads to underground burial and offering chambers.
limestone; and set within a complex of buildings.

MORTUARY COMPLEX OF DJOSER

The Mortuary Complex of Djoser, located on a slight

hill west of Memphis and just to the north of Saqqara, was
enclosed by a 277-by-544 meter wall laid out in precise
orientation to the four cardinal points.

THREE IMPORTANT PARTS OF MASTABA

1. OUTER CHAMBER- Where offerings were placed

2. SERDAB- Inner chamber containing the statues of
KA STATUE OF DJOSER
the deceased member of the family
 In a small chapel positioned against the north side of
the pyramid was a life-size statue of Zoser, showing him
wearing a priest’s Sed festival cloak, a ceremonial beard, and
a ritual hairdresss.
Sitting in the dark chamber, he could gaze through
two small holes in the wall placed at the statue’s eye level,
through which he could watch the ceremonies taking place in
the court.
2. Bent pyramid – An Egyptian pyramid-type
in which each triangular planar surface
changes direction as it approaches the top,
as in a mansard roof; sometime also called
a blunt or false pyramid.
PYRAMID OF SNEFERU (Dahshur, Egypt)
Built by SNEFERU (2613-2589 BCE), who ruled during
the Fourth Dynasty.
Originally planned to be a towering 150 meters high,
it was too bold, and the ground gave way under part of it. In
an effort to save the building, the designers added a kink or
bend o reduce the weight and angle of the slope (from 52 to
43.5 degrees)
3. Straight-sided/ Sloped pyramid – an
Egyptian pyramid – type in which four
sloping triangular sides with a fixed angle,
culminate at an apex. Also, TRUE PYRAMID.
NORTH PYRAMID OF DAHSHUR, Dahshur, Egypt
First true pyramid completed in Egypt; built by King Snefru
between 2575-2551 BCE.
PYRAMIDS OF GIZA (Giza, Egypt
Erected on the west bank of Nile River; built of local stone on
a core of rock with casing blocks of limestone; 480 feet tall
with a square base measuring 756 feet on a side.
The original Sky Scrapers:
MENKAURE (front), KHAFRE (middle), and KHUFU (the Great
Pyramid) tower over sightseers dwarfing even the sprawl of
modern Cairo (far right).

GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS or KHUFU

Largest and famous pyramid in Egypt.

146.7m (480ft. height) and 230.6 (756ft) square on

plan with an area of 13 hectares.
PYRAMID OF CHEPHREN or KAFRA

The second of the three at Gizeh. 216m (708ft) side

and 143m (470ft) high, 52’20 steep slope.

PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS or MENKAURA

Smallest of the three pyramids of Gizeh. 109m

(365ft) square and 66.5m (218ft) high with sides sloping at
51’

PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX

 Mortuary Temple – in ancient Egyptian architecture,

a place of worship of a deceased king or queen,
especially one adjoining a pyramid or rock cut tomb,
in which offerings of food and objects were made;
also called funerary temple.
 Pyramid Temple – a mortuary temple connected
specifically to a pyramid, or part of an Egyptian
Pyramid complex.
 Pyramid causeway – a covered ceremonial route or
corridor leading from a valley temple to a mortuary
temple at the foot of a pyramid, notably at sites of
the Nile Valley Pyramids.
 6.5 NEW EMPIRE (18th-30th Dynasty)

IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES

THOTMES I

HATSEPSUT – Queen of Egypt

THE DIER EL-BAHRI TEMPLE COMPLEX

THOTMES IV

AMENOPHIS III

RAMESES I

RAMESES II

ABU SIMBEL – the Abu Simbel Temple is an enormous rock

temple complex located on Egypt’s border with Sudan.
Included Nefertari’s Temple.

PTOLEMAIC PERIOD

6.2 MIDDLE KINGDOM PTOLEMY II – built the pharaohs or the “Light

House”, one of the wonders of the world.
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES

MENTUHETEP II – developed the third type of tomb.

THE ROCK CUT.

ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS – cut deep into the

mountain rock. Eg. Tombs of the Kings, Thebes.

SENURETS erected the earliest known Obelisk at

PTOLEMY III – founded the Great Serapeum at
Heliopolis.
Alexandria.
AMENEMHAT I – founded the Great Temple at
Kharnak and the Great Temple of Ammon.
7.0 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES

8.0 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES OF TEMPLES