Table of content

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
Task 1 3
task 2 9
Reference 14

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum….

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 I want to thank Allah for blessing me with the time and space to complete my
assignment. A thousand word of thank you to my lecturer, Mdm Zuraini bt. Abdullah for being
supportive to all her students including me and giving guidance in order to help me to finish this
second Computing solution assignment. The motivation that she gave to me really means a lot.

I would also want to thank my beloved family that always being there when I’m in need
with my study. By doing this assignment they have supported me mentally and physically so
that I can concentrate with my assignment. And I would like thank to my friend who has never
stop criticing and correcting my assignment. I really appreciate their comment and critic.

Thank you for those people who have helped me in my assignment officially or not. Only
Allah can repay their goodness.

Thank you to all of the people that have been there for me.

1. According to scenario above please describe the tools require to solve a specific
organization problem. You may choose more than 3 tools that you know.

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Eureka!’s was a company that involve in the digital television industry since mid-1995. The
Eureka!’s digital TV efforts focus on the features because, the company believe, the features
will motivate consumers to buy digital TV. The features of the Eureka’s television go far beyond
better pictures and sound, more channels, and electronic program guides and it also leverage
the viewer model of television as opposed to the user model of computers.

As the company that in the digital television industry, and develop the settop box, they will use
the tool in order to give the best performance into their customer satisfaction. The tools that
have been used by the Eureka Company can be divided into two sections that is tools for
information processing and the system tools.

In the tools for information processing, it’s the way to represent the information system. The
example of the tool for information processing is the current tool that has been used now such
as:

 Text processing
 Client server
 Database
 Artificial Intelligence
 Expert system
 Data warehousing

The system tools are the tools that have been used by the Eureka in developing the system.
The system tools are a collection of utilities for accessing, monitoring, and adjusting system
components. The system tools that usually been used such as case tools, ERD, and flowchart.
These tools will help a company in order to developing the system need by an organization.

The Case tools or Computer-Aided Software Engineering is a term that's been around for
decades. It can generally be applied to any system or collection of tools that helps automate the
software-design and development process. Compilers, structured editors, source-code control
systems, and modeling tools are all, strictly speaking, CASE tools. They keep programmers
from having to deal with the naked hardware and allow them to work in higher-level abstraction
in defining a software system that then will be built. As we know the Eureka is the company who
involve with the television business and developing the settop box system, they will always
involve with case tools because, the case tool will help the Eureka Company in order to develop

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their system. The Eureka senior member take the engineer staff in order to develop the system,
so, in developing the system, we can say that they will always using the case tools because, the
case tools seem so important to the electronic company like Eureka.

Example of Computer Aided Software Engineering

Now day television not only can produce picture, and sound but, it can do more than that. As the
Eureka television evolved from the traditional, to more sophisticated television, we can assume
that they will produce the hi-tech television that can do more than the ordinary television. As we
know, the new and latest television has extra features that, it provides the build in games to be
played by the user.

This feature shows that, now day television not only able to shows the sound and picture but it
can do more than that. So, we can say that, in this case, the Eureka television will used the
current tools that is artificial intelligence.

The Artificial Intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the science of making computers do things
that require intelligence when done by humans. AI has had some success in limited, or
simplified, domains. However, the five decades since the inception of AI have brought only very
slow progress, and early optimism concerning the attainment of human-level intelligence has
given way to an appreciation of the profound difficulty of the problem. In easy word, the AI will
be duplicating the human behavior in their system. As we see, the now day television have a
build in games to be played, so the games itself is the artificial intelligence because games

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duplicate and the movement are similar with the human behavior. So, we can say, the Eureka
adopted the current tools that are AI in their organization in order to develop the television.

Example of the Artificial Intelligence (Games)

Another current tool that been used by the Eureka in order to develop the television settop box
that is the expert system.

The expert system is software that attempts to provide an answer to a problem, or clarify

uncertainties where normally one or more human experts would need to be consulted. Expert
Systems are most common in a specific problem domain, and are a traditional application
and/or subfield of artificial intelligence. The Eureka has been involved with digital television
since mid-1995 when they began working with Hyundai's Digital Video Systems division on their
digital television settop box project.

The Eureka Company have also worked on several projects with OpenTV including
development of a Java API to access their settop platform so, they have a capabilities to
develop television with computer oriented activities such as browsing the web, processing e-
mail, and electronic transactions, so it can be the reason viewers switch to digital TV. This thing
is the combination of the several information systems such as the AI and we can conclude that
the Eureka used the expert system in order to develop the television that can do more than only
be an entertainment medium.

In the Eureka system also, we can assume that, they have use the database in developing the
television. A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be

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accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types
of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images. The database now day is important to
the television because, now day trend, the television have a PVR features.

Example of PVR player

The PVR (personal video recorder) is an electronic device used to record media digitally. This is
a generic term, and can be used to describe portable media players, stand-alone units, and
combination units. The PVR is also known as the digital video recorder or DVR. With this
feature, the user enables to pausing live television, instant replay, and record the favorite
broadcast. So, the Eureka company can adopted this new feature and used the database to
stores the favorite broadcast on the television and this is the current trend for the television.

In developing the software, we can say that the Eureka using the JAD in the process of
developing the application. The JAD or Joint Application Design was designed to bring system
developers and users of varying backgrounds and opinions together in a productive as well as
creative environment. The meetings were a way of obtaining quality requirements and
specifications.

The structured approach provides a good alternative to traditional serial interviews by system
analysts. I’ve say this because; we can see that in the case study, it’s stated that, in
implementing the software for settop box, they were working closely with the client in developing
the Java technology. The JAD have been used for developing the big system because the JAD
will combined all the user, client and developer in developing the system, so, as we know the
Eureka is a big company and the system is a high tech application so, it possible to them using

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the JAD to develop the system. In addition, to get the information from the user, the Eureka
might use the interview technique to know the need of the system and the progress of the
system so; here we can see the relation between the JAD and the technique.

The Eureka also can use the flowchart in order to developing the Settop box for the digital
television. The flow chart visually depicts a process or the stages of a project. Frequently used
in developing the system or projects, a flow chart provides a common reference point for those
involved in a project or procedure. It is also a helpful point of reference to find errors in a
process or project.

The modern flow chart is associated with early depictions of the logic of computer programs.
However, a flow chart can be used for any purpose, not just for business processes. A flow
chart might depict assembly instructions for a consumer product, a timeline for an organization
fundraiser, or directions from one destination to another. Application software might use a flow
chart of tasks in its user documentation.

So, relating the flow chart in the Eureka Company, we can say that, in order to developing the
settop box, they must used the flowchart because, the flowchart will show exactly what is the
process that involve and how the flow of information in the settop box. This is important
because, the settop box can be built on time and the system is function exactly from what has
been design before. The tools of information processing also can be relate with this flowchart
because, for example, the flow of information from the receiver to the database. So, this shows
the relation of flowchart with the tools for information processing.

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 Example of flowchart diagram

So here, we can see the relation between the tools for information processing and system tools
in the Eureka case because, we can see, the tool for information that is artificial intelligence and
expert system will be relate to the Case tools to develop the television that can be functioned
more than ordinary television. Most of the Eureka senior engineers integrate all the tools, efforts
as well as lab tests, field tests and final acceptance in Europe in order to develop the digital
television settop box. So here, we can see the relation between the tools for information
processing and the system tools.

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 2. In your opinion, describe the user of telecommunications and associated
development tool in an organization and relate the tools to a selected type of
information processing.

The telecommunication is a general term for a vast array of technologies that send information
over distances. Mobile phones, land lines, satellite phones and voice over Internet protocol
(VoIP) are all telephony technologies -- just one field of telecommunications. Radio, television
and networks are a few more examples of telecommunication. The telecommunication seems
very important now days as the rapid evolution of the information transmitting. The
telecommunication also can be defined as the transmission of messages, over significant
distances, for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the
use of visual signals, such as beacons, smoke, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and
optical heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loud
whistles, for example. In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications now
also includes the use of electrical devices such as telegraphs, telephones, and teletypes, the
use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated
electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet.

Modulation and Demodulation concept

In the telecommunication, we can divide it into two concepts that are modulation and
demodulation. The modulation is the process of conveying a message signal, for example a
digital bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside another signal that can be physically
transmitted. There have two type of modulation that is amplitude modulation (AM) and
frequency modulation (FM). With the modulation, it wills modify the signal to carry intelligent
data over the communications channel.

Example of process of Modulation and Demodulation from digital to analog signal

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The modulation will carry and convey the signal and mostly, for the broadcasting, they will use
the Frequency modulation (FM). The FM is a kind of modulation which enables data to be
represented as variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. To state it simply, it
here the variation is in the frequency, unlike in amplitude modulation (AM), where the variation
is in the amplitude; the frequency is kept constant there. VHF (very high frequencies) is usually
channels that include channels 2 to 13. UHF (ultra high frequencies) is channels that usually
include channels 14 to 83. Both VHF and UHF are great frequencies for carrying TV signals
(both audio and video signals). They have a long range and can penetrate structures such as
walls.

Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a

modulated carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic (or computer program in a software
defined radio) that is used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave.
The demodulation also can be defined as the act of returning modulated data signals to their
original form. So the process transmitting the signal is modulation and the process to extracting
the signal is demodulation.

Example of Modulation and Demodulation signal diagram

As the Eureka developing the television, it’s important to them to know the process of
modulation and demodulation because; this process will transmit the signal from the

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broadcaster to the receiver. It’s a failure to them if the signal cannot be transmitted or be
extracting by the television.

In the modulation and demodulation process, the Eureka team has to working with several
technologies and driver for various devices such as MPEG decoder, QAM demodulator, QPSK
demodulator, Modem, OSD and Infrared receiver.

MPEG decoder

For the first, we take a look to the MPEG decoder. The MPEG decoder or known as 'Moving
Picture Experts Group' (MPEG) is a working group of experts that was formed
by ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission. So, the
MPEG decoder will encode the MPEG format to be used by the user.

MPEG decoder flow

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QAM demodulator

The next is the QAM demodulator. The QAM or quadrature amplitude modulation is both an
analog and a digital modulation scheme. It conveys two analog message signals, or two
digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using
the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude modulation (AM)
analog modulation scheme.  QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for
digital telecommunication systems because the amplitude of the modulated carrier signal is
constant.

Example of QAM demodulator

QPSK demodulator

This demodulator is suitable for the quadrature phase-shift keying. The typical approach to
QPSK demodulation decomposes the modulated input signal via two multipliers driven by a
fixed-frequency oscillator whose two outputs are 90° apart. This operation also produces terms
at twice the rate of the oscillator. So, two low-pass filters (LPFs) are added to eliminate them.
Finally, a parallel-to-serial converter translates the dibits to bits, thus producing the desired PCM
signal.

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 Example Of QPSK demodulator

Modem

Modem, short for modulator-demodulator is an electronic device that converts a computer’s

digital signals into specific frequencies to travel over telephone or cable television lines. At the
destination, the receiving modem demodulates the frequencies back into digital data.
Computers use modems to communicate with one another over a network. The modem has
significantly evolved since the 1970s when the 300 baud modem was used for connecting
computers to bulletin board systems (BBSs). With this type of modem each bit, represented
digitally by a 1 or 0, was transmitted as a specific tone. The receiving modem responded with its
own dedicated frequencies so that the modems could “talk at the same time.” The technical
term for this type of modem is asynchronous. With this modem, the computer can communicate
and transmitting information widely.

Example of Modem

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OSD

OSD or Object-Based Storage Device is a device that implements the standard in which data is

organized and accessed as objects, where object means an ordered set of bytes (within the
OSD) that is associated with a unique identifier. Objects are allocated and placed on the media
by the OSD logical unit. With an OSD interface, metadata is associated directly with each data
object and can be carried between layers and across storage device files and records are no
longer abstractions, but actual storage objects that are understood, managed and secured at
the device level.

Example of OSD diagram

Infrared Receiver

IR Receivers pickup the infrared remote control pointed at them and repeats it, through wires
and a connecting block, to infrared emitters that reproduce the signal. Infrared distribution
systems are really very simple. They all have four parts:

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  Infrared receiver - this picks up the infrared from your remote and puts it on the wire.
 Infrared emitters - these devices take the IR signal from the wire and "emit" it into the
device(s) to be controlled.
 Power supply - powers the IR system. One small supply like the 781ERGPScan power
over a dozen standard receivers.
 Connecting block - this is simply a place to plug all the above stuff in. Note that some
connecting blocks, like the 789-44PS include a power supply.

Example of Infrared receiver

SWOT analysis for Eureka Settop box

Strengths:

Strength is a characteristic of the business or team that gives it an advantage over others in the
industry. The strength of the settop box is, this was a high technology device that will invent a
new era of the television industry worldwide.

Weaknesses:

The weaknesses are characteristics that place the firm at a disadvantage relative to others. In
order to developing the settop box, the high technology need and it needs high expenditure to
producing that settop box. The Eureka Company need no hire lots of skill workers to make a
research and development, so, this is the internal weaknesses for the Eureka Company.

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Opportunities:

The opportunities are the external chances to make greater sales or profits in the environment.
This settop box can compete in the market because, it uses a high technology and it can do
more than just an ordinary television. So, the it clear that, the Settop box from Eureka Company
could success in the market and will be a big threat to other competitors.

Threats: 

Threat is the external elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business.
The threat for the Eureka settop box is the new technology that been invented from the
competitors. Another threat for the Eureka is when the competitors launch the price war to the
Eureka settop box. This is the major threat because, in order to developing the settop box, its
need lots of money and research. When the competitors drop its price, so, the Eureka have to
follow the price in order to compete in the market. So, the competitor is the major threat for the
Eureka settop box.

Standard bodies for Eureka Settop box

DVB

The Digital Video Broadcasting Project (DVB) is an industry-led consortium of around 250
broadcasters, manufacturers, network operators, software developers, regulatory bodies and
others in over 35 countries committed to designing open technical standards for the global
delivery of digital television and data services. Services using DVB standards are available on
every continent with more than 500 million DVB receivers deployed.

ATSC

ATSC is a set of standards developed by the Advanced Television Systems

Committee for digital television transmission over terrestrial, cable, and satellite networks. The
ATSC standard was developed in the early 1990s by the Grand Alliance, a consortium of
electronics and telecommunications companies that assembled to develop a specification for
what is now known as HDTV. ATSC formats also include standard-definition formats, although
initially only HDTV services were launched in the digital format.

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Element of television broadcasting

In broadcasting the television, there have several elements that are the image source, sound
source, transmitter, receiver, display device, and sound device. The image source can be
defined as the program. It can be a movie, TV show, news program, etc. The image source is
just the video of the source and does not include the sound. Usually the image source has been
recorded on camera or flying spot scanner.

We already have the image source, let's say the video of a movie, now to complete the media,
we also need the sound. The sound source is the audio signal of the TV programming whether
coming from a movie, TV show, news program, etc. It can come in the form of mono, stereo or
even digitally processed surround sound. After that, we need a transmitter.

A transmitter is what sends both audio and video signals over the air waves. Transmitters
usually transmit more than one signal (TV channel) at a time. A transmitter modulates both
picture and sound into one signal and then send this transmission over a wide range to be
received by a receiver (TV set).

The next element need to broadcast is a receiver. A receiver (TV set) is able to receive the
transmitted signals (TV programs) and turn radio waves which include audio and video signals
into useful signals that can be processed back into an image and sound. The next element need
to broadcast is a display device.

This is either a TV set or monitor. A display device has the technology to turn the electrical
signals received into visible light. On a standard TV set this includes the
technology CRT (Cathode Ray Tube).It still not complete if the last element not complete, the
last element is the sound device. The sound device are usually speakers either built into the TV
set or that accompany the TV set that turns electrical signals into sound waves to play audio
along with the video images that the person is viewing.

The television signal usually been transmitted over the air and it usually free to be pickup by
anybody as long as they have the antenna to grab the signal from the transmitter. All television
has an ability to switch the receiver's tuner to pick up specific channels of programming. Each
channel is transmitted on its own frequency which can be tuned in and received by the TV set.

In the case study, it’s stated about the settop box. A settop box is a device that enables a
television set to become a user interface to the Internet and also enables a television set to

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receive and decode digital television (DTV) broadcasts. DTV set-top boxes are sometimes
called receivers. A settop box is necessary to television viewers who wish to use their current
analog television sets to receive digital broadcasts. So, with the settop box, the Eureka
television will able get the signal because, the settop box is the receiver that will receive the
signal for television broadcasting.

Ways to receive the TV programming

There are three main ways to receive TV programming, one is through broadcast television, and
the other two are through satellite TV and cable TV.

 Broadcast TV

Broadcast TV are audio and video signals transmitted over the air waves from a ground based
transmitter. These signals are usually free to pick up and are on specific frequency spectrums.

Example of broadcast TV

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  Satellite TV

Satellite TV is usually a digital TV signal broadcasted from a satellite flying in space, orbiting the
earth. They are usually pay services that require special equipment to receive programming and
operate on special frequencies.

Example of Satellite TV

 Cable TV

Cable TV are pay TV services that send out signals not over the air, but through cable that runs
from the cable company to the viewers home. There are many types of cables used from copper
cable to fiber optic cable. The signal can be analog or digital.

With the Eureka settop box, the user will enable to receive the both of these TV programming
because, the Eureka settop box are been design to receive the digital TV service provider.

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Example of Cable television

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The television timeline

The television timeline

Radio and television were major agents of social change in the 20th century, opening windows
to other peoples and places and bringing distant events directly into millions of homes. Although
Guglielmo Marconi was the first to put the theory of radio waves into practice, the groundwork
for his feat was laid in the 19th century by James Clerk Maxwell, Heinrich Hertz, and Nikola
Tesla. Maxwell theorized and Hertz confirmed the feasibility of transmitting electromagnetic
signals. Tesla invented a device—the Tesla coil-that converts relatively low-voltage current to
high—voltage low current at high frequencies. Some form of the coil is still used in radio and
television sets today.

1900 Tesla granted a U.S. patent

Nikola Tesla is granted a U.S. patent for a "system of transmitting electrical energy" and another
patent for "an electrical transmitter"—both the products of his years of development in
transmitting and receiving radio signals. These patents would be challenged and upheld (1903),
reversed (1904), and finally restored (1943).

1901 Marconi picks up the first transatlantic radio signal

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Guglielmo Marconi, waiting at a wireless receiver in St. John’s, Newfoundland, picks up the first
transatlantic radio signal, transmitted some 2,000 miles from a Marconi station in Cornwall,
England. To send the signal—the three dots of the Morse letter "s"—Marconi’s engineers send
a copper wire aerial skyward by hoisting it with a kite. Marconi builds a booming business using
radio as a new way to send Morse code.

1904 Fleming invents the vacuum diode

British engineer Sir John Ambrose Fleming invents the two-electrode radio rectifier; or vacuum
diode, which he calls an oscillation valve. Based on Edison's lightbulbs, the valve reliably
detects radio waves. Transcontinental telephone service becomes possible with Lee De Forest's
1907 patent of the triode, or three-element vacuum tube, which electronically amplifies signals.

1906 Audion

Expanding on Fleming’s invention, American entrepreneur Lee De Forest puts a third wire, or
grid, into a vacuum tube, creating a sensitive receiver. He calls his invention the "Audion." In
later experiments he feeds the Audion output back into its grid and finds that this regenerative
circuit can transmit signals.

1906 Christmas Eve 1906 program

On Christmas Eve 1906 engineering professor Reginald Fessenden transmits a voice and
music program in Massachusetts that is picked up as far away as Virginia.

1912 Radio signal amplifier devised

Columbia University electrical engineering student Edwin Howard Armstrong devises a

regenerative circuit for the triode that amplifies radio signals. By pushing the current to the
highest level of amplification, he also discovers the key to continuous-wave transmission, which
becomes the basis for amplitude modulation (AM) radio. In a long patent suit with Lee De
Forest, whose three-element Audion was the basis for Armstrong’s work, the courts eventually
decide in favor of De Forest, but the scientific community credits Armstrong as the inventor of
the regenerative circuit.

1917 Superheterodyne circuit

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While serving in the U.S. Army Signal Corps during World War I, Edwin Howard Armstrong
invents the superheterodyne circuit, an eight-tube receiver that dramatically improves the
reception of radio signals by reducing static and increasing selectivity and amplification. He files
for a patent the following year.

1920 First scheduled commercial radio programmer

Station KDKA in Pittsburgh becomes radio’s first scheduled commercial programmer with its
broadcast of the Harding-Cox presidential election returns, transmitted at 100 watts from a
wooden shack atop the Westinghouse Company’s East Pittsburgh plant. Throughout the
broadcast KDKA intersperses the election returns and occasional music with a message: "Will
anyone hearing this broadcast please communicate with us, as we are anxious to know how far
the broadcast is reaching and how it is being received?"

1925 Televisor

Scottish inventor John Logie Baird successfully transmits the first recognizable image—the
head of a ventriloquist’s dummy—at a London department store, using a device he calls a
Televisor. A mechanical system based on the spinning disk scanner developed in the 1880s by
German scientist Paul Nipkow, it requires synchronization of the transmitter and receiver disks.
The Televisor images, composed of 30 lines flashing 10 times per second, are so hard to watch
they give viewers a headache.

Charles F. Jenkins pioneers his mechanical wireless television system, radiovision, with a public
transmission sent from a navy radio station across the Anacostia River to his office in downtown
Washington, D.C. Jenkins’s radiovisor is a multitube radio set with a special scanning-drum
attachment for receiving pictures—cloudy 40- to 48-line images projected on a six-inch-square
mirror. Jenkins’s system, like Baird’s, broadcasts and receives sound and visual images
separately. Three years later the Federal Radio Commission grants Charles Jenkins
Laboratories the first license for an experimental television station.

1927 All-electronic television system

Using his all-electronic television system, 21-year-old Utah farm boy and electronic prodigy
Philo T. Farnsworth transmits images of a piece of glass painted black, with a center line
scratched into the paint. The glass is positioned between a blindingly bright carbon arc lamp

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and Farnsworth’s "image dissector" cathode-ray camera tube. As viewers in the next room
watch a cathode-ray tube receiver, someone turns the glass slide 90 degrees—and the line
moves. The use of cathode-ray tubes to transmit and receive pictures—a concept first promoted
by British lighting engineer A. Campbell Swinton—is the death knell for the mechanical rotating-
disk scanner system.

1928 Televisor system produces images in crude color

John Logie Baird demonstrates, with the aid of two ventriloquist’s dummies, that his Televisor
system can produce images in crude color by covering three sets of holes in his mechanical
scanning disks with gels of the three primary colors. The results, as reported in 1929 following
an experimental BBC broadcast, appear "as a soft-tone photograph illuminated by a reddish-
orange light."

1929 Television camera and a cathode-ray tube receiver

Vladimir Zworykin, who came to the United States from Russia in 1919, demonstrates the
newest version of his iconoscope, a cathode-ray-based television camera that scans images
electronically, and a cathode-ray tube receiver called the kinescope. The iconoscope, first
developed in 1923, is similar to Philo Farnsworth’s "image dissector" camera tube invention,
fueling the growing rivalry between the two inventors for the eventual title of "father of modern
television."

1933 FM radio

Edwin Howard Armstrong develops frequency modulation, or FM, radio as a solution to the
static interference problem that plagues AM radio transmission, especially in summer when
electrical storms are prevalent. Rather than increasing the strength or amplitude of his radio
waves, Armstrong changes only the frequency on which they are transmitted. However, it will be
several years before FM receivers come on the market.

1947 Transistor is invented

The future of radio and television is forever changed when John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and
William Shockley of Bell Laboratories co-invent the transistor.

1950s Cathode-ray tube (CRT) for television monitors improved

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Engineers improve the rectangular cathode-ray tube (CRT) for television monitors, eliminating
the need for rectangular "masks" over the round picture tubes of earlier monitors. The average
price of a television set drops from $500 to $200.

1953 RCA’s new system for commercial color adopted

RCA beats out rival CBS when the National Television System Committee adopts RCA’s new
system for commercial color TV broadcasting. CBS has pioneered color telecasting, but its
system is incompatible with existing black-and-white TV monitors throughout the country.

1954 First coast-to-coast color television transmission

The New Year’s Day Tournament of Roses in Pasadena, California, becomes the first coast-to-
coast color television transmission, or "colorcast." The parade is broadcast by RCA’s NBC
network to 21 specially equipped stations and is viewed on newly designed 12-inch RCA Victor
receivers set up in selected public venues. Six weeks later NBC’s Camel News Caravan
transmits in color, and the following summer the network launches its first color sitcom, The
Marriage, starring Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy.

1954 First all-transistor radio

Regency Electronics introduces the TR-1, the first all-transistor radio. It operates on a 22-volt
battery and works as soon as it is switched on, unlike tube radios, which take several minutes to
warm up. The TR-1 sells for $49.95; is available in six colors, including mandarin red, cloud gray
and olive green; and is no larger than a package of cigarettes.

1958 Integrated circuit

Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor, working
independently, create the integrated circuit, a composite semiconductor block in which
transistor, resistor, condenser, and other electrical components are manufactured together as
one unit. Initially, the revolutionary invention is seen primarily as an advancement for radio and
television, which together were then the nation’s largest electronics industry.

1962 Telstar 1

Communications satellite Telstar 1 is launched by a NASA Delta rocket on July 10, transmitting
the first live transatlantic telecast as well as telephone and data signals. At a cost of $6 million

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provided by AT&T, Bell Telephone Laboratories designs and builds Telstar, a faceted sphere 34
inches in diameter and weighing 171 pounds. The first international television broadcasts shows
images of the American flag flying over Andover, Maine to the sound of "The Star-Spangled
Banner." Later that day AT&T chairman Fred Kappel makes the first long-distance telephone
call via satellite to Vice President Lyndon Johnson. Telstar I remains in orbit for seven months,
relaying live baseball games, images from the Seattle World's Fair, and a presidential news
conference.

1968 200 million television sets

There are 200 million television sets in operation worldwide, up from 100 million in 1960. By
1979 the number reaches 300 million and by 1996 over a billion. In the United States the
number grows from 1 million in 1948 to 78 million in 1968. In 1950 only 9 percent of American
homes have a TV set; in 1962, 90 percent; and in 1978, 98 percent, with 78 percent owning a
color TV.

1988 Sony "Watchman"

Sony introduces the first in its "Watchman" series of handheld, battery-operated, transistorized
television sets. Model FD-210, with its 1.75-inch screen, is the latest entry in a 30-year
competition among manufacturers to produce tiny micro-televisions. The first transistorized TV,
Philco’s 1959 Safari, stood 15 inches high and weighed 15 pounds.

1990 FCC sets a testing schedule for proposed all-digital HDTV system

Following a demonstration by Philips two years earlier of a high-definition TV (HDTV) system for
satellite transmission, the Federal Communications Commission sets a testing schedule for a
proposed all-digital HDTV system. Tests begin the next year, and in 1996 Zenith introduces the
first HDTV-compatible front-projection television. Also in 1996, broadcasters, TV manufacturers,
and PC makers set inter-industry standards for digital HDTV. By the end of the century, digital
HDTV, which produces better picture and sound than analog television and can transmit more
data faster, is on the verge of offering completely interactive TV.

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Type of television

 Direct View - Tube

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 Example of CRT television

Also known as direct view, a tube television is the closest thing to the one baby boomers
watched when they were kids. The picture device is a cathode ray tube, which is a specialized
vacuum tube. All science aside, CRTs come in all shapes and sizes up to about 40-inches.
They feature a good picture from all angles, the best black level, and are significantly lower in
price than other TVs. Despite their bulky and heavy build, tube televisions are long-lasting and
acclaimed for retaining a good picture throughout its lifespan, which can be decades.

 Digital Light Processing (DLP)

Example of DLP television

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Digital Light Processing was invented in 1987 by Texas Instruments. It is named for its ability to
process light digitally with the aid of an optical semiconductor called a Digital Micromirror Device
or DMD chip. The DMD chip is comprised of over one million mirrors. The size of each mirror is
less than 1/5” the width of a human hair. Currently, over fifty manufacturers produce at least one
model of a DLP television. DLP's come in rear and front projection. They are not susceptible to
burn-in, but some people do notice a glitch called Rainbow Effect.

 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Example of LCD television

Whether it's flat panel or rear projection, there are a ton of choices on the market for LCD or
Liquid Crystal Display televisions. Flat panel displays are by far the most popular LCD television
because of their thin, iightweight construction, which is convenient for people who want to use
their LCD as a TV and computer monitor. LCDs are not susceptible to burn-in. LCDs with slow
response times can show a ghosting effect, while other LCDs can have a screen door effect.
This is why it is important to see the LCD monitor before buying to see if the screen meets your
needs.

 Plasma Display Panels (PDP)

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 Example of Plasma television

Plasma is the type of television most associated with high end home electronics. This is mainly
because they get a lot of marketing that tells us plasma has the best picture money can buy. All
plasma televisions come in a flat panel variety. Most are sized in the 40-49" range. They are
competitively priced against LCD flat panel televisions, and feature a stunning picture that puts
you in the middle of the action. Plasmas weigh more than LCD’s, but nothing additional supports
couldn’t handle. They are susceptible to burn-in, but despite rumors to the contrary, the gases
that power the picture can not be refilled. While they are too young to accurately measure,
plasma televisions should last anywhere from 10-20 years.

New technology (SDTV VS HDTV)

SDTV stands for Standard Digital Television which is a 480 lines of resolution format. While
TV's were small, SDTV worked very well. In fact, we were all quite amused for the better part of
50 years with this format. The problems began when tv's got larger and the lines of resolution
became visible. When there was motion on larger screens the translation from one line of
resolution to another could actually cause a jagged look to the difference between them. On a
screen large like a projector the scan lines and the jagged connections would make you nuts.
As a result, better was created.

High Definition TVs:

Consumer High Definition TVs are now available at up to 1920x1080 pixels in resolution. This is
about 5 times the resolution of an NTSC SDTV in the US, or 4 times the resolution of a PAL
SDTV in the UK. HDTV stands for High Definition Television which is up to 1080 lines of
resolution. The broadcast industry is working towards the conversion of our current system to
HDTV. 

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Screen Size:
As well as being a higher resolution than standard definition TVs, most HDTVs have a larger
screen size than most standard definition televisions.

Bandwidth:

High Definition Television signals generally take up quite a bit more bandwidth (data) than
digital standard definition signals.

Availability of TV Channels:

There are currently a lot more standard definition TV channels available than HDTV ones. In the
UK there are currently no HDTV channels that can be received through a TV aerial (through
Freeview) but many standard defiition digital channels are available.

Different between SDTV and HDTV

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 Another purpose for a television

Internet Television

Philips has recently announced its new 800 series and 9000 series HDTVs as well as Cinema
21:9 set which announced last month, will have built-in access to the Internet. The service will
be called as Net TV that allows users to browse the Internet using their remote control.

Philips has cooperated with several popular websites for custom-tailored the site to be viewable
through the TVs with larger text, simplified interface and layout. The websites include YouTube,
TomTom, eBay, MeteoGroup, Funspot, MyAlbum and Netlog. Beside these websites, other
websites also allow for viewing but the quality of layout may not compatible with the TV. Philips
also plans to add more compatible websites, including non-English speaking countries such as
France, Germany and the Netherlands.

This was a major changing of television from only broadcasting and now it’s evolving to the
internet era. So, the user of the internet television are easier to use internet because, they can
surf the internet while they watching television.

Internet Television (WebTV) history

According to the About the Web website, WebTV was a system created in 1996 allowing access
to the Internet and interactive programs through a set-top box connected to a television.
Establishment
1. WebTV was introduced in September 1996 with the production of the first set-top boxes
and the founding of the WebTV Networks Inc. The About the Web website says that the first set-
top boxes were created by electronics manufacturers Sony and Philips.
Microsoft
2. In August 1997, WebTV Networks Inc. was bought by the Microsoft Corp. In July 2001,
the WebTV service was renamed MSN TV and became part of Microsoft's MSN Division.
Features
3. About the Web reports WebTV is compatible with broadband and wireless networks,
allowing the user access to online radio, and Windows Media Player compatible video and
audio. WebTV also allows the user to view digital pictures loaded onto the system on their TV.

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 Example of Television with internet access

Online Gaming television

The origins of today's virtual worlds and virtual communities lie in the interactive

fiction and adventure games of the 1970s. The first text-based computer-based interactive
fiction was Colossal Cave Adventure created by Will Crowther in 1975 (later extended by Don
Woods). In 1976, Dungeon was a version of Dungeons & Dragons, a role-playing game based
on a medieval fantasy scenario. This was followed in 1978 by Multi-User Dungeon, a text-based
multi-player on-line role playing game. However it took the advent of Usenet in 1980 as a
distributed community, to allow the idea to develop effectively. From these early beginnings
came several variants on the gaming theme: MUCK, MUSH and MOO (collectively MU* ), all
developed out of tinyMUD (1989) a social game variant of the original MUD. In the early 1990s
these became more sophisticated and found uses outside gaming, particularly in education.

In 1985 the Whole Earth electronic Link was founded as a virtual community. This was one of
the precursors to the Internet. Initially online games were primarily text-based; however, in 1994
WebWorlds (later called Active Worlds) was created as the first on-line 3D virtual reality
platform. This was quickly followed in 1996 by The Palace, which provided graphical chat
rooms with a flexible avatar system. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the development
of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games, growing out of initial offerings such
as MUD1(1978) which were text-based, but then developed through Rogue (1980) and other
similar games, such as Islands of Kesmai (1984), to using ASCII graphics. In the 1990s, games

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such as Never winter Nights (1991) and the later Ultimate Online (1997) were primarily visual-
graphics based.

Since 2000, Massively Multiplayer On-line Gaming has developed in various

directions. Computer simulations such as VATSIM and IVAO offer the user the ability to fly
virtual planes in a world wide air traffic control simulation. Virtual communities such
as MySpace (2003) use social software to facilitate social interaction and networking. Massively
Multiplayer Online Social Games such as The Sims Online (2002), Trhere (2003) and Second
Life (2003) which are virtual reality environments where the user is represented by
an avatar have developed from earlier offerings such as Habbo Hotel (2000). These focus on
socialization instead of objective-based game play, and might best be described as Multi-User
Virtual Environments. MMORPGs, such as World of WarCraft (2004) have also become
interactive communities but based more on fantasy worlds rather than real-world scenarios.
Such communities are sometimes called metversesr, a term taken from the 1992 novel Snow
Crash by Neal Stephenson.

Example of television online gaming system

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Reference

1. http://www.eurekacs.com/programs/ns/case_dtv.html

2. http://onlivreblog.org/index.php/2010/04/14/whats-microconsole/

3. http://www.xbox365.com/news.cgi?id=EplZVZVyEkbxbMHohU5612

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live

5. http://www.ehow.com/how_17005_access-internet-through.html

6. http://www.ehow.com/facts_6832122_webtv-history.html

7. http://tv.ign.com/email.html

8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_(standards)

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_television

10. http://www.helium.com/items/346047-the-difference-between-sdtv-and-hdtv

11. http://www.dvb.org/

12. http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/Television_Time.htm

13. http://www.projectorcentral.com/video_signals.htm

14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television

15. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=games+on+television

16. http://www.mydigitallife.info/2009/02/24/philips-announced-net-tv-with-built-in-internet-

access/

17. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5575403_difference-between-sdtv-hdtv.html

18. http://radiobuilder.blogspot.com/2010/02/ssb-modulation-and-demodulation.html

19. http://marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-swot.html

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