ABSTRACT

This experiment was conducted so as compare the theory and experiment data based on
the mechanical properties of mild steel The modulus of elasticity (= Young’s modulus)
E is a material property, that describes its stiffness and is therefore one of the most
important properties of solid materials. Mechanical deformation puts energy into a
material. The energy is stored elastically or dissipated plastically. The way a material
stores this energy is summarized in stress-strain curves. The objective of this experiment
is to investigate the mechanical properties of steel reinforcement under tensile test by
using universal testing machine and to To investigate the mechanical properties of steel
reinforcement under tensile test by using universal testing machine. The experiment
begin with setting up the cross section of thickness 25 mm and 500 mm gauge . Place
the mild steel under a Universal Tensile Machine (UTM INSTRON). The machine will
provide a threaded attachment to connect the Mild Steel. Turn on the machine, and it
will exert a tensile force on the Mild Steel causing it to extend. The force exerted to
create each increment of extension is displayed on the machine along with the total
extension. The data theory for Young Modulus 'E' of the bar is 205 GPa. Then subjected
to same amount of load. Changes in length indicate the ductility of the material when
loaded. After this experiment, it can be seen that Young Modulus 'E' compare data theory
and experiment.
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

In concrete construction, the use of steel reinforcement is important to be

rejected voltage action. It is mandatory to verify the true strength (yield strength,
fy) steel material through stress test before construction. The Universal Testing
Machine is widely used in identifying mechanical properties (such as Modulus of
Elasticity) of reinforced steel. Determination of yield strength will lead to elastic
and plastic welding area, where the elongation of the material is measured by the
extensometer equipment attached to the specimen.

The tensile test is the most commonly performed and is the simplest among of
all the mechanical tests. In this experiment, a specimen is subjected to a gradually
increasing uni axial load until failure occurs. The typical testing procedure is to
deform or stretch the material at a constant speed. A circular and rectangular cross
section will be use as tested specimen which is made of steel and copper or
aluminum. The load-deformation data is recorded during the experiment so this
data can be plotted once the procedure is complete. The student will learn how to
properly conduct a tensile test and obtain the relevant material properties from the
results. Further, the student will discover how different materials as well as
different cross section behave under similar loading conditions
1.2 MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THIS LABORATORY ARE AS FOLLOW:

I. To investigate the mechanical properties in terms of tensile strengths and

MOE of aluminum strut under tensile test by using Universal Testing
Machine.

II. To adapt the application of Hooke’s law and characterize the behavior of a
material under stress and strain action.

1.3 LABORATORY SCOPE

Tensile testing is a way of determining how something will react when it is

pulled apart - when a force is applied to it in tension. Tensile testing is an important
part of design as well as quality control, avoid mode of failure , and is an essential
part of testing consistency in manufacture and construction. This project about the
tensile test, the shapes of the specimen have to standard in accordance with BS EN
ISO 6892-1:2016 (UTM INSTRON) for standardization. During testing,
deformation is confined to the narrow centre region of the sample, which has a
uniform cross section along its length.

My team choose one mild steel strut after buckling test that is length 600 mm
with diameter 25 mm. Next, identify the relationship between modulus of material
elasticity (E), which is used for buckling test. The mechanical properties of the
metals determine the kind of engineering application to be used for. Experiments
on tensile tests can be used to predict the tensile properties and they are conducted
by application of axial or longitudinal forces to a specimen with known dimensions.
 These forces are applied on the specimen until deformation causes failure. The
tensile load and corresponding extensions are then recorded for calculations and
determination of stress- strain relationship of the material specimen. The tensile test
experiment can be used to determine other mechanical characteristics of the
specimen life yield strength, percentage elongation, and ultimate strength among
others. The original gauge length, diameter or cross sectional area also used in
calculations hence should be recorded.

Figure 1.1 Stress-strain curve

Figure 1.2 Machined Test Pieces of Round Cross-Section

 1.3.1 INSTRUMENT

1. Universal Tensile Machine (UTM INSTRON)

2. Mild Steel Strut

Figure 1.3 - Universal Tensile Machine (UTM INSTRON)

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF LABORATORY TESTING

For safe design of structural components in bridges, railway lines, marines

ships, air crafts, pressure vessels etc, the tensile properties of materials used should
be analyzed. Hence the tensile strength of the materials should meet the strength
requirements of the structural applications. The mechanical properties of the metals
determine the kind of engineering application to be used for. Therefore, we can
compare the results of theoretical data with the results of the experimental data. In
this case, we can use lecture knowledge to solve this problem. Then we know about
the type of trial of the shear pressure and the safety measures should be considered
during the trial. In addition, to able to learn on relationship between the stress, strain
and modulus under elastic and plastic region. Next, able to use Hooke law in
construction to able determine right strength to make sure the structure safe. Lastly
we to able to construct the structure with lower cost and have a strength that can be
support the building.
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Mechanical testing play an important role in evaluating fundamental properties

of engineering materials (i.e: modulus of elasticity, Poisson`s ratio, ultimate
strength, yield strength, fracture strength, resilience, toughness, % reduction in
area, and % elongation) as well as in developing new materials and in controlling
the quality of materials for use in design and construction. Tensile test is one of the
basic mechanical tests performed on a steel material. The pull force applied on the
material causes the material to elongate. When the material can not longer
withstand tensile applied on it, it will causes failure or fracture.

Studied by J.R. Davis, Book : ‘Tensile Testing Edition 2nd’, tensile test were
performed for several reasons. The result of tensile test were used in selecting
materials for engineering applications. Tensile properties frequently were included
in material specifications to ensure quality. Tensile properties often were measured
during development of new materials and processes. Finally, tensile properties
often were used to predict the behavior of a material under forms of loading other
than uni-axial tension. A more generally useful experiment involves measuring the
load needed to increase the displacement continuously, so that a full stress-strain
curve is obtained as shown as Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Full stress-strain curve

 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 FLOWCHART / FRAMEWORK

START

MEASURE THE SECOND MOMENT OF AREA

MILD STEEL

CHECK THE DIGITAL MAXIMUM FORCE

DISPLAY METER READS ZERO WITH NO
LOAD

PLACE WITH DIFFERENT LENGHT OF

STRUT

 STRUT 1


MAKE A CALCULATION FOR RESULT
3.2 EQUATION / THEORIES-DERIVATION

The data from experiment will be interpreted into stress - strain curve. By apply
Hooke’s law which is proportional limit, elastic limit, and yield stress point based
on this experimental data will be discussed in terms properties and behavior of
material. Specimen (Steel Bar) is set in one size diameter and length. Experiment
follow the standard code practice, Metallic materials-tensile test (BS EN ISO 6892-
1:2016). Young’s modulus was important where deflection of material was critical
for the required engineering application. Yield strength was considering stress –
strain curve beyond the elastic portion, if tensile loading continues, yielding occurs
at beginning of plastic deformation.

Most of these engineering values are found by graphing the stress and strain
values from testing. A number of experimental techniques are developed for
mechanical testing of engineering materials subjected to tension, compression,
bending and torsion loading. Ductile materials will neck down through the plastic
range before rupture (Figure 1a). Brittle materials do not neck down significantly
(Figure 1b). Instead they fail sharply and abruptly at the maximum load because
brittle materials do not exhibit much plasticity.

Figure 3.1 Typical of Failure of Materials

 When a specimen is loaded so that the resultant force passes through the
centroid of the specimen cross section, the loading is called as axial and can be either
tensile or compressive. The test measures force and change of length of the
specimen which are used to calculate nominal stress and nominal strain. The term
nominal (or engineering) is used to indicate that the stress is based on the original
test specimen cross section area and the strain is based on the original gage length.
Stress is a measure of the intensity of an internal force.

 Stress is defined as the force P per unit area A:

P
Stress, 
A

 Strain is a measure of the deformation that has occurred in a material. In

the case where themagnitude of deformation is the same over the entire
length of a body, strain is defined as:


Strain 
Lo

where - Lo = the initial length

Young`s Modulus (Modulus of elasticity), Young`s Modulus is the ratio of

stress to strain for the initial straight line portion of the stress-strain curve
(slope of the straight line). Determined by:

 Proportional limit is the value of engineering stress (the load is divided

by the initial cross-sectional area) at the point where the straight-line
portion of the stress-strain curves ends.
 Yield point is a point on the stress-strain curve, after which there is a
significant increase in strain with little or no increase in stress. The
corresponding stress is called the Yield strength/Stress of the material. For
materials that do not possess well-defined yield point, “offset method”
(0.2%) is used to determine it.
 Elastic limit is the value of stress on the stress-strain curve after which the
material deforms plastically (maximum stress for which stress will be
directly proportional to strain).
 Ultimate strength is the highest value of apparent stress on the stress-
strain curve. It is also known as the tensile (or compressive) strength.
 Fracture strength is the value of stress at the point of final fracture on the
stress-strain curve.
 Percent elongation is the measure of the deformation at the point of final
fracture. Determined by:

 Percent reduction of area is the measure of the fracture ductility.

Determined by:

 Ductility is the characteristic of a material where the material can undergo

large plastic deformations before fracture, especially in tension. Ductility
of materials is measured by ductility ratio;
Figure 3.2 A Typical Stress-Strain Diagram For A Ductile Material
 3.3 PROCEDURE

1. Select the desired test specimen

2. Measure the diameter and the length of the test specimen

3. Install the test specimen in the testing machine with bottom

connection first.

4. Press the START but ton

5. Apply the load to the test specimen at a very slow rate

6. Record down the elongation of the material (mm) to the table until it
fracture.

7. Measure the length of the material

8. Repeat the step using other material

9. Take test data from computer

10. After finish the experiment, switch off the machine

Note:
Important!! Step by step procedure to run the machine and experiments should be
followed the instructions as stated on the machine.
 PICTURE AND DETAILS

Step 1: Step 2:

Measure the dimensions of mild steel test Install the test specimen in the testing
specimen before and after test and fill in the machine with bottom connection first
table 4.1 and press START.

Step 3: Step 4:

Mount the test specimen in the grips of the Apply and record load and the corresponding

machine. deformation. Repeat steps (1) to (4) for

various type of the test specimen and take test
data from computer
 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 DATA AND RESULTS

* Table 4.1 Data which is entered into the system

MEASUREMENT NO MILD STEEL

Diameter, d (mm) 50 mm

Length (mm) 600 mm

* Table 4.2 Results obtained from test data

DETAILS MILD STEEL

Spec Gauge Length (mm) 600 mm

Ext. Gauge Length (mm) 50 mm

Number of data points 130

Maximum Load (kN) 325.8390 kN (Point: 107)

Maximum Extension (mm) 10.73485 mm (Point: 128)

Cross section Area ( mm2 ) 491 mm

Young Modulus , E 228 MPa

Yield Strength y 569 N/mm2

 * Table 4.3 Comparison For Young Modulus (E) Between Theory and
Experiment

THEORY EXPERIEMENT

205 MPa 228MPa

Noted: For the whole data can be seen in the attachment.

Theory  Experiment
 x100%
Theory
228  205
 x100%
228
 11%

4.2 CALCULATION FOR TENSILE TEST

* Refer Data Point 2

1. Cross Section Area:

AreaΠr2
= π(12.52) (
= 490 mm2
2. Stress:

P
Stress, 

0.645

491
 1.314MPa

3. Strain:


Strain 

0.00072

0.600
 0.12%
 4. Young’s Modulus ‘E’

160  0

0.7  0.5
 228MPa

Calculation for theory

LOAD STRESS
(kN) (MPa) Elongation ε
25.000 0.051 1.49024E-09 2.48373E-12
30.000 0.061 1.78829E-09 2.98048E-12
35.000 0.071 2.08633E-09 3.47722E-12
40.000 0.081 2.38438E-09 3.97397E-12
45.000 0.092 2.68243E-09 4.47072E-12
50.000 0.102 2.98048E-09 4.96746E-12
55.000 0.112 3.27853E-09 5.46421E-12
60.000 0.122 3.57657E-09 5.96096E-12
65.000 0.132 3.87462E-09 6.4577E-12
70.000 0.143 4.17267E-09 6.95445E-12
75.000 0.153 4.47072E-09 7.45119E-12
80.000 0.163 4.76876E-09 7.94794E-12
85.000 0.173 5.06681E-09 8.44469E-12
90.000 0.183 5.36486E-09 8.94143E-12
95.000 0.193 5.66291E-09 9.43818E-12
100.000 0.204 5.96096E-09 9.93493E-12
105.000 0.214 6.259E-09 1.04317E-11
110.000 0.224 6.55705E-09 1.09284E-11
115.000 0.234 6.8551E-09 1.14252E-11
120.000 0.244 7.15315E-09 1.19219E-11
125.000 0.255 7.45119E-09 1.24187E-11
130.000 0.265 7.74924E-09 1.29154E-11
135.000 0.275 8.04729E-09 1.34122E-11
140.000 0.285 8.34534E-09 1.39089E-11
145.000 0.295 8.64339E-09 1.44056E-11
150.000 0.305 8.94143E-09 1.49024E-11
155.000 0.316 9.23948E-09 1.53991E-11
160.000 0.326 9.53753E-09 1.58959E-11
165.000 0.336 9.83558E-09 1.63926E-11
170.000 0.346 1.01336E-08 1.68894E-11
175.000 0.356 1.04317E-08 1.73861E-11
180.000 0.367 1.07297E-08 1.78829E-11
185.000 0.377 1.10278E-08 1.83796E-11
190.000 0.387 1.13258E-08 1.88764E-11
195.000 0.397 1.16239E-08 1.93731E-11
200.000 0.407 1.19219E-08 1.98699E-11
205.000 0.418 1.222E-08 2.03666E-11
210.000 0.428 1.2518E-08 2.08633E-11
215.000 0.438 1.28161E-08 2.13601E-11
220.000 0.448 1.31141E-08 2.18568E-11
225.000 0.458 1.34122E-08 2.23536E-11
230.000 0.468 1.37102E-08 2.28503E-11
235.000 0.479 1.40082E-08 2.33471E-11
240.000 0.489 1.43063E-08 2.38438E-11
245.000 0.499 1.46043E-08 2.43406E-11
250.000 0.509 1.49024E-08 2.48373E-11
255.000 0.519 1.52004E-08 2.53341E-11
260.000 0.530 1.54985E-08 2.58308E-11
265.000 0.540 1.57965E-08 2.63276E-11
270.000 0.550 1.60946E-08 2.68243E-11
275.000 0.560 1.63926E-08 2.7321E-11
280.000 0.570 1.66907E-08 2.78178E-11
285.000 0.580 1.69887E-08 2.83145E-11
290.000 0.591 1.72868E-08 2.88113E-11
295.000 0.601 1.75848E-08 2.9308E-11
300.000 0.611 1.78829E-08 2.98048E-11
305.000 0.621 1.81809E-08 3.03015E-11
310.000 0.631 1.8479E-08 3.07983E-11
315.000 0.642 1.8777E-08 3.1295E-11
320.000 0.652 1.90751E-08 3.17918E-11
325.000 0.662 1.93731E-08 3.22885E-11
330.000 0.672 1.96712E-08 3.27853E-11
335.000 0.682 1.99692E-08 3.3282E-11
340.000 0.692 2.02672E-08 3.37787E-11
4.3 GRAPH FOR TENSILE TEST

Figure 4.1 Graph Based On Data Universal Tensile Machine

Figure 4.2 Stress-Strain Diagram

 Figure 4.4 Stress-Strain Diagram for theory calculation

DISCUSSION

The data obtained from the universal testing machine shows the difference in
rates theory and experiment of extensions in mild steel samples. From data on cross-
sectional area, length, extension and axial loads, the strains and stress for sample
specimens were calculated. The changes encountered in cross sectional area cannot be
influenced by engineering stress-strain relationship: the changes can only be posibble
for true stress-strain curves. Normally, true strains are of higher values than those of
engineering strains. In the graph, it can be seen that for engineering stree-strain curves,
the curves drop downwards after necking has occured. However, this phenomenon
cannot be seen in normal true stress-strain curves, the curves would reach the higher
region of fracture.
 Engineering stress and strains were calculated after the extensometers on the
universal testing machine measured the strain that was applied on sample specimen.
The data on strain was obtained on the cross head after necking had occured. The
engineering stress was then calculated by dividing the applied load by original cross-
sectional area. For engineering strain, the changes in length (extensions) were divided
by the original length. In calculations of true stress, the load applied could be divided
by the instantaneous area. True strain is calculated by dividing the change in length
by the instantaneous final length. Mild Steel often does not have a well-defined yield
point but define a yield strength using a graphical procedure called the offset method
(0.2% or 0.002mm/mm).

Based on theoretical and experimental comparisons are far different because the
value of Young Modulus (E) for the theory (205GPa) Error which may be occurred
during this experiment includes parallax error during reading of measurement. We are
advice to measure the test specimen parameters more than twice using vernier caliper
to ascertain the reading. Besides, zero error may also occur due to the lack of vernier
caliper calibration. In order to avoid this to happens, we are advice to check the
vernier caliper before measuring. If the vernier caliper is not showing absolute zero
reading when it is totally closed, we have to minus or add the particular value in each
of the measurements. Moreover, the consideration of putting the test specimen on
the universal testing machine is also important. We have to make sure the test
specimen is tied orderly at grips for holding test specimen firmly at fixed head in
order to avoid the specimen became loosen from that machine during the experiment.
CONCLUSION

Tensile testing is a way of determining how something will react when it is pulled
apart when a force is applied to it in tension. Tensile testing is one of the simplest and
most widely used mechanical test. By measuring the force required to elongate a
specimen to breaking point, material properties can be determined that will allow
designers and quality managers to predict how materials and products will behave in
their intended applications.

In this experiment we intended to assess the stress-strain behaviour in mild and high
yield steels. Hooke’s law can define the characteristic the behavior of material based on
data of stress and strain curve by using universal testing machine. Mild Steel however
has found many uses in designs that require low density materials like in aerodynamics
and some motor vehicles. Mild Steel experiences high ductility rates compared to mild
steel and have therefore low level values of Young’s Modulus, a factor that determines
deflections in structural components. This experiment therefore gives close relationship
of tensile strength to the theoretical data and experiment buckling test.

The changes encountered in cross sectional area cannot be influenced by

engineering stress- strain relationships; the changes can only be possible for true stress-
strain curves. Normally, true strains are of higher values than those of engineering
strains. This can be explained by the fact that true strains take place in transverse
directions of the gage length. High values of stress and strains in mild steel are attributed
to strain hardening. Strain hardening or work hardening in mild steel occurs at higher
values of stress. In the graph, it can be seen that for engineering stress- strain curves,
the curves drop downwards after necking has occurred. However, this phenomenon
cannot be seen in normal true stress- strain curves, the curves would reach the highest
region of fracture.

From our data that we got from experiment and theory that have been calculate we
find that is hard to compare since data for stress and strain is too small. We can conclude
that data from experiment is more accurate since we do the test directly on lab.
REFERENCES

Arni Rahida binti Abd Rafal, Siti Zawiyah binti Husain, Jusmine Valerie (Jun
2001). Mechanics of Structure: Civil Engineering Department,
Politeknik Melaka.

David Roylance (1993). Mechanics of Material. By John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hazriel (20 Jan 2015). Experiment 1-Tensile Test. Retrieved from

https://www.scribd.com/document/253129861/Experiment-1-Tensile-Test

Mechigan Tech. Tensile Test Experiment, Department of Materials Science and

Engineering. Retrieved from
https://www.mtu.edu/materials/k12/experiments/tensile/

R.C. Hibbler (2018). Mechanic of Materials ,Tenth Edition in SI Units

ATTACHMENT

Stress Stroke
Load(kgf) Load (N) Load (kN) Strain (%)
(Mpa) (mm)
50.814 498.315 0.498 1.015 0.00000 0.000
66.499 652.132 0.652 1.328 -0.00006 0.000
65.776 645.042 0.645 1.314 0.00072 0.001
68.080 667.637 0.668 1.360 0.00037 0.001
61.877 606.806 0.607 1.236 0.00042 0.001
82.152 805.636 0.806 1.641 0.00036 0.001
56.563 554.694 0.555 1.130 -0.00063 -0.001
58.532 574.003 0.574 1.169 -0.00091 -0.002
65.822 645.493 0.645 1.315 -0.00091 -0.002
69.853 685.024 0.685 1.395 -0.00090 -0.002
60.106 589.439 0.589 1.200 -0.00087 -0.001
84.981 833.379 0.833 1.697 -0.00087 -0.001
91.368 896.014 0.896 1.825 -0.00088 -0.001
75.532 740.716 0.741 1.509 -0.00086 -0.001
91.752 899.780 0.900 1.833 -0.00083 -0.001
81.755 801.743 0.802 1.633 -0.00081 -0.001
78.169 766.576 0.767 1.561 -0.00078 -0.001
94.837 930.033 0.930 1.894 -0.00075 -0.001
110.250 1081.183 1.081 2.202 -0.00071 -0.001
94.581 927.523 0.928 1.889 -0.00068 -0.001
97.680 957.914 0.958 1.951 0.00085 0.001
130.212 1276.944 1.277 2.601 0.00130 0.002
144.393 1416.012 1.416 2.884 0.00182 0.003
146.194 1433.673 1.434 2.920 0.00235 0.004
165.064 1618.725 1.619 3.297 0.00289 0.005
192.019 1883.063 1.883 3.835 0.00342 0.006
251.720 2468.530 2.469 5.028 0.00372 0.006
351.093 3443.046 3.443 7.012 0.00388 0.006
447.227 4385.799 4.386 8.932 0.00410 0.007
564.104 5531.970 5.532 11.267 0.00461 0.008
747.944 7334.825 7.335 14.939 0.00532 0.009
974.267 9554.295 9.554 19.459 0.00630 0.011
1200.465 11772.540 11.773 23.977 0.00794 0.013
1491.637 14627.962 14.628 29.792 0.01002 0.017
1837.846 18023.112 18.023 36.707 0.01022 0.017
2254.366 22107.778 22.108 45.026 0.01037 0.017
2689.036 26370.435 26.370 53.708 0.01050 0.018
3152.346 30913.954 30.914 62.961 0.01053 0.018
3702.438 36308.514 36.309 73.948 0.01070 0.018
 4282.842 42000.332 42.000 85.540 0.01078 0.018
4924.962 48297.379 48.297 98.365 0.01078 0.018
5705.894 55955.705 55.956 113.963 0.01081 0.018
6566.997 64400.241 64.400 131.161 0.01365 0.023
7485.530 73407.973 73.408 149.507 0.01848 0.031
8579.496 84136.114 84.136 171.357 0.02356 0.039
9779.968 95908.723 95.909 195.333 0.02967 0.049
11069.274 108552.496 108.552 221.085 0.03547 0.059
12489.100 122476.233 122.476 249.442 0.04216 0.070
14075.132 138029.893 138.030 281.120 0.04930 0.082
15805.168 154995.751 154.996 315.674 0.05620 0.094
17668.619 173269.963 173.270 352.892 0.06524 0.109
19749.982 193681.161 193.681 394.463 0.07506 0.125
21962.984 215383.297 215.383 438.663 0.08588 0.143
24208.184 237401.188 237.401 483.505 0.09634 0.161
26112.945 256080.512 256.081 521.549 0.11996 0.200
27641.932 271074.752 271.075 552.087 0.13518 0.225
28569.637 280172.431 280.172 570.616 0.15045 0.251
28559.500 280073.021 280.073 570.413 0.15793 0.263
28488.668 279378.396 279.378 568.999 0.16608 0.277
28408.949 278596.620 278.597 567.407 0.64694 1.078
28951.287 283915.139 283.915 578.239 0.93867 1.564
29376.805 288088.045 288.088 586.737 1.11213 1.854
29846.689 292696.033 292.696 596.122 1.25329 2.089
30193.818 296100.205 296.100 603.055 1.39076 2.318
29865.826 292883.703 292.884 596.504 1.42058 2.368
30250.129 296652.428 296.652 604.180 1.45244 2.421
30431.736 298433.384 298.433 607.807 1.50412 2.507
30577.865 299866.420 299.866 610.726 1.56601 2.610
30745.867 301513.957 301.514 614.081 1.63173 2.720
30873.346 302764.099 302.764 616.627 1.69399 2.823
31047.027 304467.327 304.467 620.096 1.75685 2.928
31132.564 305306.159 305.306 621.805 1.82521 3.042
31233.432 306295.336 306.295 623.819 1.89473 3.158
31408.129 308008.528 308.009 627.309 1.96405 3.273
31531.227 309215.707 309.216 629.767 2.03314 3.389
31633.541 310219.065 310.219 631.811 2.10240 3.504
31776.475 311620.769 311.621 634.666 2.17248 3.621
31904.342 312874.715 312.875 637.219 2.24348 3.739
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32152.277 315306.127 315.306 642.171 2.46215 4.104
32242.684 316192.717 316.193 643.977 2.53668 4.228
32340.820 317155.102 317.155 645.937 2.61204 4.353
32400.887 317744.158 317.744 647.137 2.69027 4.484
32483.029 318549.696 318.550 648.777 2.76749 4.612
32519.053 318902.971 318.903 649.497 2.84366 4.739
32621.303 319905.701 319.906 651.539 2.92551 4.876
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32733.695 321007.890 321.008 653.784 3.08539 5.142
32815.355 321808.701 321.809 655.415 3.16789 5.280
32821.488 321868.845 321.869 655.537 3.25389 5.423
32917.953 322814.844 322.815 657.464 3.34132 5.569
32946.156 323091.421 323.091 658.027 3.43094 5.718
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33011.930 323736.443 323.736 659.341 3.79587 6.326
33095.672 324557.672 324.558 661.014 3.89444 6.491
33062.117 324228.610 324.229 660.343 3.99464 6.658
33134.637 324939.788 324.940 661.792 4.09554 6.826
33133.008 324923.813 324.924 661.759 4.20069 7.001
33163.457 325222.416 325.222 662.367 4.30870 7.181
33171.480 325301.094 325.301 662.528 4.42154 7.369
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33149.148 325082.092 325.082 662.082 4.65899 7.765
33212.250 325700.911 325.701 663.342 4.78544 7.976
33209.746 325676.356 325.676 663.292 4.92305 8.205
33226.332 325839.009 325.839 663.623 5.06354 8.439
33200.293 325583.653 325.584 663.103 5.21414 8.690
33217.258 325750.023 325.750 663.442 5.37464 8.958
33172.160 325307.763 325.308 662.541 5.54968 9.249
33182.258 325406.790 325.407 662.743 5.73915 9.565
33145.695 325048.230 325.048 662.013 5.94665 9.911
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33102.473 324624.367 324.624 661.149 6.43050 10.718
33053.246 324141.615 324.142 660.166 6.71302 11.188
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32875.633 322399.826 322.400 656.619 7.39589 12.326
32742.541 321094.640 321.095 653.961 7.78732 12.979
32585.242 319552.063 319.552 650.819 8.21220 13.687
32404.213 317776.775 317.777 647.203 8.66113 14.435
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31951.557 313337.736 313.338 638.162 9.58606 15.977
31654.383 310423.455 310.423 632.227 10.05325 16.755
31317.896 307123.645 307.124 625.506 10.48481 17.475
30965.021 303663.123 303.663 618.458 10.69785 17.830
30554.754 299639.778 299.640 610.264 10.72467 17.874
30464.914 298758.749 298.759 608.470 10.73139 17.886
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