CHAPTER 2

Tabular and
graphical
presentation of
data
 OBJECTIVES . . .
When you have completed the
chapter, you will be able to :
1. Identify the different types of graphs
that are used to represent organized
data.
2. Draw the graph corresponding to each
type.
3. Determine which to use each
particular type of graph.
4. Appreciate the advantage of using
graphs to analyse data.
 TYPES OF GRAPHS
A large amount of data are being
collected everyday by private business,
government agencies and non-
governmental organizations (NGO’s).
Such data are a vast potential source of
vital information for decision making.
However, the data are practically
useless, unless they are properly
organized and then presented in
simple, easy-to-understand form.
 Properly presented, they
provide meaningful insights into
corporate and government
activities.
Such insights, in turn, can
yield conclusions that can greatly
influence both day-to-day
decisions and policies which may
have long-term effects
 There are several
ways or forms of
presenting organized
data.
These are:
•Textual form
•Tabular form
•Graphical form
There are several ways of
presenting data in
graphical form.

These are:
1. Line Graph
2. Bar Graph
•Vertical Bar Graph
•Horizontal Bar Graph.
3. Pictograph
•Vertical Pictograph
•Horizontal
Pictograph
4. Divided Bar Graph
5. Group-of-Bars Graph
6. Combination Graph
(Divided and
Group-of-Bars)
7. Pie Chart
A standard presentation usually
consists of the following:

TITLE
Tabular
Presentation of
Data
Graph or
Chart

SOURCE:
The Title includes information on the following:
• What the data is about
• Location
(agency/company/region/
country)
• Time Period
• Units of currency used
(this maybe shown either
in the title on below of
particular column
heading)
 The Line Graph

Annual Sales of XYZ Corporation, Yr. 1 to Yr. 6

Year Annual Sales
(Million Pesos)
1 P 10 M
2 11
3 16
4 18
5 17
6 20
Annual Sales of XYZ Corporation, Yr 1 to Yr 6

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
 ANNUAL SALES OF XYZ CORPORATION, YR 1 TO YR 6
SALES ( PM )
25

20

15 Annual Sales
(Million Pesos)
10 P 10 M

0
YEAR
1 2 3 4 5
The Vertical Bar Graph

We shall illustrate this type of graph by

using again the data of the line graph. In
practice, the same data may be illustrated
either by a Line Graph or by a Vertical Bar
Graph. The Line Graph’s advantage is to
show more clearly the trend. The Bar Graph
shows both the trend and a better picture of
volume sales.
Annual Sales of XYZ Corporation, Yr. 1 to Yr. 6

Year Annual Sales

(Million Pesos)
1 P 10 M
2 11
3 16
4 18
5 17
6 20
 The Horizontal Bar Graph

Generally, a Vertical Bar Graph is used in

relation to time while a Horizontal Bar Graph is
used in relation to space or locaton. There is no
hard and fast rule in this regard and sometimes
they are interchangeable. Let us illustrate the
horizontal bar graph with the following data:
Number of Housing Units in
Selected Asian Cities

City Number of Housing Units

(Millions)
A 4
B 6
C 3
D 5
E 3.5
 Number of Housing units (Millions )
CITY

B
Number of
C Housing units
(Millions )
D

E
MILLION UNITS
0 2 4 6 8
 The Vertical Pictograph

A pictograph presents
statistical data in pictures
although it might as well
be a simple vertical or
horizontal bar graph. Let
us illustrate the Vertical
Pictograph with the
following data:
Money Supply, Year 1 to Year 4

Year Money Supply

(Billion Pesos)
1 100
2 120
3 115
4 130
 Money Supply, Year 1 to Year 4

200

100

0
1 2 3 4
 Horizontal Pictograph

Let us illustrate
this type of graph by
using the same data
that we used in
constructing a
Horizontal Bar Graph.
Number of Housing Units in Selected Asian
Cities

City Number of Housing Units

(Millions)
A 4
B 6
C 3
D 5
E 3.5
A

E
Divided Bar Graph

In a Vertical Bar Graph the bar

length (or height) represents total
quantity or magnitude. In a graph
of divided bars, each vertical bar
is divided into several sections or
categories. To illustrate this graph,
we shall refer to data on the
government’s annual budget that
is divided into five major
categories.
 Annual Budget of the Government by
Major Category, Year 1 Year 3
(Billion Pesos)
Major Category Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Economic Development (ED) 50 90 110

Social Development (SD) 40 70 80
Education(Ed) 60 100 130
National Defense(ND) 30 25 40
Others(Oth) 10 15 20
----- ----- -----
190 300 380
( P BILLION )

400

350

300 Oth
ND
250
Ed
200
SD
150
ED
100

50

0
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3
 Group-of-Bars Graph

In a Divided Bar Graph, the

categories are shown as sub-
bars or as divisions within a
vertical bar. In the Group-of-
Bars Graph, the Categories
are shown as separate
Vertical bars but these are
grouped together. Let us
illustrate this type of graph
with the following Data:
 Total Assets of Business Firms By Type of
Business, Year 1 to Year 3
(Billion Pesos)

Type of Business Firm Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Single Proprietorship(SP) 100 150 200
Partnership(Part) 50 100 250
Corporation(Corp) 300 400 500
500
450
400
350
300
year 1
250
200 year 2
150
year 3
100
50
0
SP Part Corp
 The Pie Graph

This graphical device is used to show

the percentage shares of the various
categories of a whole as “cuts of
varying sizes of a pie”. To illustrate
this chart , we use the data from Year
1 of the Annual Budget of the
Government by Major Category.
Together with amounts by category,
the corresponding percentage shares
are indicated below:
 Annual Budget of the Government by Major
Category, Year 1

Major Category Amount Percent Share

(Billion Pesos) (Rounded % figure)
Economic Development(ED) 50 26%
Social Development (SD) 40 21%
Education(Ed) 60 32%
National Defense (ND) 30 16%
Others (Oth) 10 5%
______ ______
190 100%
 Pie chart

10
30 50

ED

SD

60 40 Ed

ND

OTH