Local Exhaust Hoods

Local Exhaust Hoods

Introduction:
 Designed to capture and remove harmful emissions from various
processes prior to their escape into the workplace.
 Hood is the place where the process emission enters the
exhaust system.
 Main function of the hood is to capture the contaminants and
transport them into the hood.
 An air field is created in the hood for the above function.
 Fig.3-1, page 3-3, ACGIH manual shows nomenclature
associated with local exhaust hoods.

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Contaminant Characteristics
 Inertial effects: movement with respect to air
depends on their inertia.
 Effective specific gravity: specific gravity affects the
density which in turn effects the motion of particles
with the air.
 Wake effects: A turbulent wake is created due to air
flow around an object.

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Hood Types
Enclosing hoods:
 Hoods which completely or partially enclose the contaminant
generation point these are preferred wherever the process
configuration and operation will permit.
Exterior hoods:
 Hoods located adjacent to the source. Examples are slots along
the edge of the tank or a rectangular opening on a welding
table.
Criteria for hood selection:
- Physical characteristics of the equipment.
- Contaminant generation mechanism.
- Equipment surface.
Fig 3-3, page 3-5, ACGIH manual shows different types of hoods.

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Factors Affecting Hood Design
 Capture velocity
 Hood flow rate determination
 Effect of flanges and baffles
 Air distribution
 Rectangular and round hoods
 Worker position effect

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Capture Velocity
 It is the minimum hood induced air velocity necessary to capture and
convey the contaminants into the hood
 It is the result of hood air flow rate and hood configuration
Factors affecting selection of values of capture velocity
 Lower end of range-
 Room air currents minimal or favorable to capture

 Contaminants of low toxicity or of nuisance value only

 Intermittent, low production

 Large hood – large air mass in motion

 Upper end of range-

 Distributing room air currents

 Contaminants of high toxicity

 High production, heavy use

 Small hood - local control only

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Hood Flow Rate Determination
 For an enclosure capture velocity at the enclosed opening is the
exhaust flow rate divided by opening area
 The capture velocity at a given point in front of the exterior
hood will be established by the hood air flow through the
geometric surface which contains the point
 For a theoretical unbounded point suction source

Q = v * a = v * 4 * π * x2 = 12.57 * v * x2
Where
Q = air flow into suction point, cfm
V = velocity at distance X, fpm
A = 4 * Π * X2 = area of sphere, ft2
X = radius of sphere, ft

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Hood Flow Rate Determination
 For an unbounded line source
Q = v *2 * π * x * l = 6.28 * v * x * l
Where
L = length of line source, ft
 In general the equation used is
Q = v * (10 * x2 + a)
Where
Q = air flow, cfm
V = center line velocity at X distance from hood, fpm
X = distance outward along axis of flow in ft
A = area of hood opening, ft2
D = diameter of round hoods or side of essentially square hoods, ft

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Effect Of Flanges And Baffles
Flange:
 It is a surface at and parallel to the hood face which provides a
barrier to unwanted air flow from behind the hood.
Baffle:
 It is a surface which provides a barrier to unwanted air flow
from the front or sides of the hood..
Functions of flanges and baffles:
 Reducing the flow area which in turn reduces the flow rate
required to achieve a given capture velocity.
 Flow rate is approximately reduced by 25% in practice.
 For most applications the flange width should be equal to the
square root of the hood area (√ A ).

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Air Distribution
 Slots are generally used for uniform air distribution.
 Hoods with an opening width - to - length ratio of 0.2 or less
are slot hoods.
 They provide uniform exhaust air flow and adequate capture
velocity over a finite length of contaminant generation.
 Slot velocity does not contribute toward capture velocity.
 Slot length and exhaust volume effect the capture velocity.

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Rectangular And Round Hoods
 Air distribution for rectangular and round hoods is achieved by
air flow within the hood rather than by pressure drop as for the
slot hood.
 The area of the hood changes with the shape of the hood.
 The effect of slot is different in both cases.
 Different kind of distribution techniques can be used.

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Worker Position Effect
 Workers position considerably effects the exposure.
 Local exhaust ventilation is designed to be near the point of
contaminant generation.
 The worker should be such oriented that contaminants flow with
air flow.
 The contaminants should not enter the breathing zone.

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Hood Losses
 Entry losses occur due to formation of venacontracta at the
entrance of duct.
 The hood entry loss represents the energy necessary to
overcome the loss as the air enters the duct.
 The losses increase with increase in flow area.
 Hoods with two or more points of loss are compound hoods.

The basic equations used are (for simple hood)

SPh = hed + VPd
Where
SPh = hood static pressure, “wg
hed = entry loss transition (Fh * VPd )
VPd = duct velocity pressure

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Hood Losses
For compound hoods:
SPh = (FS) (VPS) + (FD) (VPD) + VPD
This is when duct velocity is greater than slot velocity.
Where:
SPh = hood static pressure, “wg
FS = entry loss factor for slot
VPS = slot velocity pressure, “wg
FD = entry loss factor for duct
VPD = duct velocity pressure, “wg

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Minimum Duct Velocity
 Depends on type of material being transported.
 Used to calculate duct velocity pressure and hood losses.
Factors affecting minimum duct velocity:
 Plugging or closing of branch.
 Damage to ducts (e.G. Denting).
 Leakage of ducts.
 Corrosion or erosion of fan wheel.
 Slipping of fan drive belt.
 Velocities should be able to pick up dust particles which may
have settled due to improper operation.
Table 3-2, page 3-19, ACGIH manual shows values of typical duct
velocities.

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Special Hood Requirements
Ventilation of high toxicity and radioactive processes:
 Extraordinarily effective control methods are to be used.
 Knowledge of hazards and adequate maintenance required that
includes monitoring.
 Enclosing type of hood preferred.
 Replacement air should be introduced at low velocity and in a
direction so that it does not produce disruptive cross drafts at
the hood opening.
Laboratory operations:
 Glove boxes should be used.
 For low activity radioactive laboratory work, a laboratory fume
hood may be acceptable.

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Push - Pull Ventilation
 It is a kind of variation to exterior hoods.
 A jet of air is pushed across contaminant source into the flow
field of hood.
 Contaminant control is primarily achieved by the jet.
 Exhaust receives the jet and removes it.
 Advantage is that jet can travel greater distance in a controlled
manner.
 The system is harmful if not properly designed, installed or
operated.

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Hot Process
 Designed differently than normal hoods.
 Thermal draft created due to convection and conduction.
 Draft causes upward air current with high velocities.
Equation used to find flow rate for rectangular and circular high canopy
hoods
Dc = 0.5 * xc0.88
Where:
DC = column diameter at hood face.
XC = y +z = the distance from the hypothetical point source to the
hood face, ft
Y = distance from the process surface to the hood face, ft
Z = distance from the process surface to the hypothetical point source,
ft
Z = (2 * DS)1.138
Where:
DS = diameter of hot source, ft
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 Hot Process
Qt = Vf * Ac + Vr * (Af - Ac)
Where:
Qt = total volume entering hood, cfm
Vf = velocity of hot air column at the hood face, fpm
Ac = area of the hot air column at the hood face, ft2
Vr = the required velocity through the remaining hood area, fpm
Af = total area of hood face, ft2
For low canopy hoods:
Qt = 4.7 * ( Df )233 * (Δt)0.42
Where:
Qt = total hood air flow, cfm
Df = diameter of hood, ft
Δt = difference between temperature of the hot source, and the
ambient, F.

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