Gas Tables For Compressible Flow Calculations

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NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS

New Delhi · Bangalore · Chennai · Cochin · Guwahati · Hyderabad
Jalandhar · Kolkata · Lucknow · Mumbai · Ranchi
PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com

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Copyright © 2006, 2004, 1990, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
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No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm,
xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval
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system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the
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ISBN (10) : 81-224-2322-1
ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2322-8
et
PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS
4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002
Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com

Preface to the Fifth Edition
The data given in the previous edition has been thoroughly checked. Errors occurring in some
pages have been corrected.
This little book has been the companion volume of the author’s book—Fundamentals of Com-
pressible Flow. They together will continue to serve the needs of students, scientists and engineers
in areas of aerospace, mechanical, chemical and gas engineering.
wwIt is hoped that the new format of this edition will be more convenient to use.
New Delhi
w.E S.M. YAHYA
July, 2006
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Preface to the First Edition
There was a long-felt need for gas tables to support the courses in Gas Dynamics, Turbomachinery
and Aerodynamics taught at different levels.
These tables have been prepared for compressible fluids of common use. Long and detailed
tables in a wide range covering a number of values of γ = cp /cv besides being expensive are not
fully used by a majority of students.
ww Various formulas which form the basis of the tables are also included which will be useful for
ready reference.
w.E
With numerical work of this magnitude it is highly probable that some errors may have crept
in; reference to these errors and suggestions for improvement will be highly appreciated.
asy
The ranges of various tables have been chosen according to their importance and frequency
in use.
New Delhi
E ngi S.M. YAHYA
July, 1978
nee
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et

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Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition v
Preface to the First Edition vii
Notation 1
Introduction 2
1.
ww
Gas Dynamic Properties of Some Gases and Vapours
1.1 Air 14
1.2
1.3
1.4
w.E
Hydrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Steam
15
16
17
1.5 Freon–21
asy 18
2.
3.
E
Properties of Standard Atmosphere
Isentropic Flow of Perfect Gases

ngi
19
3.1 γ = 1.3
3.2 γ = 1.4
3.3 γ = 1.67
nee 21
28
rin 40
4. Normal Shocks in Perfect Gases

4.1 γ = 1.3 g.n 47
5.
4.2 γ = 1.4
4.3 γ = 1.67
Oblique Shocks in Perfect Gases

et 52
57
5.1 Wave Angles for Given Deflections, γ = 1.4 62

5.2 Upstream and Downstream Mach Numbers and Deflections from
Normal Shock Relations, γ = 1.4 71
6. Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction (Fanno Flow)

6.1 γ = 1.3 75
6.2 γ = 1.4 81
6.3 γ = 1.67 87
7. Isothermal Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction

7.1 γ = 1.3 93
7.2 γ = 1.4 99

x Contents
8. Flow of Perfect Gases with Heat Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)

8.1 γ = 1.3 105
8.2 γ = 1.4 111
8.3 γ = 1.67 117
8.4 Maximum Heat Transfer in Perfect Gases 123
9. Prandtl-Meyer Function with Mach Angles

9.1 α and ω (M) as functions of M 125
9.2 M and α as functions of ω (M) 130
10. Approximate Velocities and Mach Numbers of Air

Corresponding to Dynamic Heads, and Pressure Ratios
ww
10.1 Air velocities and Mach numbers as functions of
dynamic heads in mm W.G. 134
w.E
10.2 Air velocities and Mach numbers as functions of
dynamic heads in mm Hg. 135
10.3 Mach Numbers as functions of pressure ratios (γ = 1.4) 136
11.
asy
Manometer Inclinations Required for the Desired Magnification
of the Deflection 138
12. E
Static Pressure Drop in Gas Pipe Lines
ngi 139
13.
14.
Isentropic Compressor Power
Pumping Power for Fans and Blowers nee 141
143
15. S.I, Metric and British Units rin

15.1 Principal dimensions and units
15.2 Conversion of Units g.n 147
148
et

Introduction 1
Notation
a Velocity of sound A area of cross-section
c fluid velocity
cp specific heat at constant pressure
cv specific heat at constant volume D hydraulic mean diameter
f mean coefficient of friction F impulse function

h enthalpy, actual deflection k constant
L length of the pipe line
ww 1
Lmax
magnified value of manometer deflection
maximum pipe length required for choking conditions

m
P
w.E
mass flow rate
power
M
p
Mach number
pressure
∆p
asy
pressure rise or drop pr pressure ratio
Qmax
R
t
Gas constant
temperature in °C
E
maximum heat transfer
ngi
Q
s
T
volume flow rate
entropy
temperature in K
v
Z
specific volume
altitude nee w
∆s
mass flow rate
change of entropy
α Mach angle, manometer inclination
rin
γ
δ
= cp /cv
deflection or half wedge angle g.n σ
µ
wave angle
coefficient of viscosity
ρ
η
density
efficiency et
ω(M) Prandtl-Meyer function
Subscripts
o Stagnation state x upstream of normal shock
y downstream of normal shock l upstream of oblique shock
2 downstream of oblique shock s isentropic
Superscript
* corresponding to choking conditions (M = 1)
1
*t corresponding to M = (isothermal flow)
γ

2 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations
Introduction
This section is designed to help the user to make the best use of the data given in the tables.
Detailed explanation of the various theories behind the formulae mentioned in this section are not
included; the user is expected to be aware of these while using the tables. However, some explana-
tory notes and figures have been included.
1. Gas dynamic properties of some vapours and gases

It is well known that the specific heats (cp and cv) of gases and vapours vary with temperature.
Therefore, the values of the ratio of specific heats, Gas constant and the maximum mass flow
parameter also vary with temperature. These have been tabulated for a range of temperatures at
ww
given values of pressure.
Only some of the commonly used gases and vapours have been chosen for these tables.
Formulae
w.E γ = cp cv
asy
R = cp − cv
...(1.1)
...(1.2)
a = γRT E ngi ...(1.3)
w T0 Lγ F 2 I
=M G
MN R H γ + 1JK
γ +1
γ −1
OP12
PQ
nee
A * P0
rin ...(1.4)
2. Properties of the standard atmosphere g.n

lated against altitude in the range of 0 to 20,000 meters. et
Values of temperature, velocity of sound, pressure, density and dynamic viscosity of air are tabu-
The lapse rate in temperature is 0.65°C for each 100 meters of altitude upto an altitude of
11000 metres.
Kinematic viscosity (µ/ρ) can be determined with the help of the last two columns.
3. Isentropic flow of perfect gases

Subsonic and supersonic isentropic flows in nozzles and diffusers are shown in figures 1 and 2
respectively. Pressures corresponding to the choking and stagnation states in both the cases are
also shown.
Assumptions
(a) One dimensional isentropic flow
(b) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight.

Introduction 3
p0
M=0
M<1 p*
ww M = M* = 1
w.E p
asy M>1
E
S
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Fig. 1. Isentropic Accelerating Flow
h
nee
rin p0
M=0
g.n
M<1
et p
p*
M = M* = 1
p
M>1
Fig. 2. Isentropic Decelerating Flow

Formulas
T0 = T0* = constant ...(3.1)
T 1
=
T0 γ −1 2 ...(3.2)
1+ M
2
γ
p T FG IJ γ −1 F γ − 1 M IJ
= G1 +
1−
γ
γ
=
H 2 K
2
p0 T0 H K ...(3.3)
ww FG IJ F γ − 1 M IJ
1 1
ρ
= G1 +
γ −1
T 2 1− γ
ρ0
=
T0 H K H 2 K ...(3.4)
w.E γ +1 2
asy
M
2c
M* = * = ...(3.5)
c γ −1 2
1+ M
2
E ngi γ +1
LMF 2 I FG1 + γ − 1 M IJ OP b g
A
A *
=
1
M NGH γ + 1JK H 2 K Q
2
nee
2 γ −1
...(3.6)
F
=
1 + γM 2
F γ −1 M IJ
rin ...(3.7)
F*
M 2 b γ + 1g G1 +
H 2
2
K g.n
FG 2 IJ
γ +1
b g
2 γ −1
et
A
×
p
=
H γ + 1K ...(3.8)
A * p0
M1+
γ −1 2
M
2
4. Normal shocks in perfect gases

A normal shock from state X to state Y is shown in figure 3.
Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with normal shocks
(b) Constant area duct
(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight
(d) Adiabatic flow

Introduction 5
Formulas
T0 x = T0 y ...(4.1)
LM 2 + M OP 2
12
=M
MM 2 γ M − 1PPP
x
γ −1 ...(4.2)
My
2
N γ −1 Q x
py 1 + γM 2x 2γ γ −1
= = M 2x − ...(4.3)
1+ γM 2y γ +1 γ +1
ww
px
γ −1 2 2γ FG IJ FG IJ
w.E
Ty
=
γ −1 2
1+
2
M
γ −1 2
x
=
1+
2
Mx
γ +1
2
γ − 1 H
M 2x − 1
b g
KH K ...(4.4)
asy
Tx
1+ My M 2x
2 2 γ −1 b g
ay FT I
=G J
HT K
y
12 E ngi ...(4.5)
ax
ρy p y Tx
x
nee
ρx
=
p x Ty rin ...(4.6)
FG
γ −1 2 IJ
γ
g.n
px
p0x
= 1+
2HMx
K
1− γ
γ
et ...(4.7)
p0y F γ − 1 M IJ
= G1 +
γ −1
H 2 K
2
y ...(4.8)
py
p0y p0y p y p x
= ...(4.9)
p0x p y p x p0x
∆s p
= ln 0 x ...(4.10)
R p0y
p0y p0y p y
= ...(4.11)
px py px

py M = 1/ g
Fanno line Y M<1 p*
M<1
M=1
p* p = constant
l shock M=1
Rayleigh line
Norma
M>1
ww M>1
w.E X
px
asy s
E
Fig. 3. Normal Shock, Fanno and Rayleigh Lines
5. Oblique shocks in perfect gases ngi

nee
An oblique shock wave is inclined at an angle to the direction of upstream flow. Figure 4 shows an
oblique shock wave at the corner of a wall. Supersonic flow passing through an oblique shock
rin
(wave angle = σ) is deflected through an angle (δ). The same picture is obtained when a supersonic
flow is deflected through an angle (δ) either over a wedge or a wall corner.
g.n
Oblique
shock et My
M1 = c1/a1
M2 = c2 /a2
s
Mx
Fig. 4. Flow Through Oblique Shock Wave
Figure 4 shows the upstream and downstream Mach numbers corresponding to a normal shock.

Introduction 7
Assumptions
(a) Perfect gas, with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(b) adiabatic flow,
(c) absence of body forces,
(d) absence of external work.
Formulas
M12 sin 2 σ − 2 cot σ

tan δ =
b
2 + M12 γ + cos 2 σ g ...(5.1)
M x = M1 sin σ
ww M y = M 2 sin σ − δ b g
...(5.2)
...(5.3)
w.E
Table 5.1 is used to determine the wave angle for given values of upstream Mach numbers and
deflection.
asy
Table 5.2 enables calculations of properties downstream of the oblique shock through normal
shock tables. The gas property ratios corresponding to Mach number Mx can be found from Table
4.2.
E
6. Flow of perfect gases with friction (Fanno Flow)
ngi
A Fanno line is shown on h-s co-ordinates in figure 3.
nee
Friction in the passage leads to increase in entropy and takes the process towards the choking
conditions (M = M* = 1).
rin
Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with friction, g.n
(b)
(c)
(d)
Constant area duct,
perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
adiabatic flow.
et
Formulas
T0 = T0* = constant ...(6.1)
p 1 γ +1
=
p *
M FG γ −1 2 IJ
H
2 1+
2
M
K ...(6.2)
c ρ* γ +1
= =M
c *
ρ FG
γ −1 2 IJ
2 1+
H 2
M
K ...(6.3)

T γ +1
=
T *
FG γ −1 2 IJ
H
2 1+
2
M
K ...(6.4)
γ +1
LM 2 FG1 + γ − 1 M IJ OP b 2 γ −1 g
H 2 KP
2
= M
p0 1
MM
MN bγ + 1g PPQ
p *0 ...(6.5)
ww F
F*
=
LM b g FG
1 + γM 2
γ −1 2 IJ OP 12
w.E H
M 2 γ +1 1 +
N 2
M
KQ
...(6.6)
4f
γM 2
asy FG b g IJ
L max 1 − M 2 γ + 1
= +
2γ
ln
γ + 1 M2
γ −1 2
D
EnH K 2 1+
2
M ...(6.7)
gin γ+1
s − s*
cp
⎡
= ln M2 ⎢
⎛
γ +1
⎢ 2 M2 ⎜ 1 + eer
γ −1 2 ⎞⎥
M ⎟⎥
⎤ 2γ
...(6.8)
⎣⎢ ⎝ 2
ing
⎠ ⎦⎥
7. Isothermal flow of perfect gases with friction

.ne
t
The combined effect of friction and heat transfer in long ducts can be considered to produce an
isothermal flow model.
e *t
j
Here the reference values of the properties p , ρ , c , T0 , p 0 and L max are taken at the
*t *t *t *t
Mach number
1
M*t =
γ
Assumptions
(a) One dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer,
(b) Constant area duct,
(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(d) Isothermal flow.

Introduction 9
Formulas
p 1
*t
= ...(7.1)
p M
γ
c ρ*t M
= = γ ...(7.2)
c *t ρ
T0 2γ FG
γ −1 2 IJ
T0* t
=
3γ − 1
1+
H2
M
K ...(7.3)
ww p0
=
1 LM 2 γ FG1 + γ − 1 M IJ OP
N 3γ − 1 H 2 K Q
2
γ
γ −1
...(7.4)
w.E
p *0t γ
M
L max 1 − γM 2
4f
D
=
γM 2 asye j
+ ln γM 2 ...(7.5)
En
8. Flow of perfect gases with heat transfer (Rayleigh flow)
gin
A Rayleight line is shown in figure 3. Heat addition increases the entropy and takes the process
towards the choking conditions, (M = M* = 1). This behaviour imposes a limit to heat addition;
eer
therefore for a given initial Mach Number there is a fixed value of the maximum possible heat
transfer (Qmax). This has been tabulated in Table 8.4.
Assumptions
ing
(a) One dimensional flow with heat transfer,
(b) Constant area frictionless duct, .ne
t
(c) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight.
Formulas
p 1+ γ
= ...(8.1)
p *
1 + γM 2
γ
⎡ ⎛ γ − 1 2 ⎞ ⎤ γ−1
⎢ 2 ⎜1 + M ⎟⎥
p0 1+ γ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎥
= ⎢ ...(8.2)
p0 1 + γM ⎣⎢
* 2
γ +1 ⎦⎥
F 1+ γ I 2
T
T
*
= GH 1 + γM JK 2
M2 ...(8.3)

T0
b g FGH γ 2− 1 M IJK
2 1 + γ M2 1 + 2
= ...(8.4)
T0*
e1 + γM j
2
2
ρ c* 1 + γM 2
= =
ρ* c b g
1 + γ M2
...(8.5)
γ +1
s − s* F1+ γ I γ
= ln M 2 GH JK ...(8.6)
ww cp 1 + γM 2
w.Ee
F = F * = constant
M2 − 1 j 2
...(8.7)
Q max
=
b g
cpT 2 γ + 1 M2 asy ...(8.8)
E
9. Prandtl-Meyer functions with Mach angles
ngi
Supersonic flow of a gas along a wall turning in the clock-wise direction is shown in figure 5.
Mach wave and the Mach angle (α) are also shown.
nee
rin Mach wave
g.n
M>1
a
et
M
+d
M
Wall
Fig. 5. Prandtl-Meyer Expansion
Assumptions
(a) Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight,
(b) Isentropic flow.

Introduction 11
Formulas
1
sin α = ...(9.1)
M
b g
ω M =
γ +1
γ −1
tan −1
γ −1 2
γ +1
e j
M − 1 − tan −1 M 2 − 1 ...(9.2)
10. Approximate velocities and Mach numbers of air

At low velocities (M < 0.30) correct values of the velocity of a gas can be determined by measur-
FG 1 2 IJ
H
ing the dynamic head p 0 − p =
K
ρc . Conversely the value of the dynamic head required for
ww 2
obtaining a given velocity can also be determined.
w.Eb
Knowledge of the temperature of the gas along with the dynamic head gives the value of Mach
Number.
c=
2
ρ asg y
RT p 0 − p ...(10.1)
M=
c
bγRTg 12 E ngi ...(10.2)
nee
For lower velocities dynamic head is measured in millimetres of water (mmW.G) on a vertical
or inclined tube manometer. At higher velocities dynamic head is more conveniently measured in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
rin
Tables 10.1 and 10.2 give approximate velocities and Mach numbers at the prescribed values
g.n
of pressure and temperature; the approximation is less realistic at higher Mach numbers on ac-
count of increasing deviation of the actual flow from incompressible flow conditions. Therefore,
et
at higher Mach numbers Table 10.2 gives only rough estimates of the velocity and Mach number.
On account of this discrepancy the use of Table 10.3 is recommended at higher Mach numbers.
11. Measurement of low pressures on inclined manometers.

Low pressures and velocities of gases can be measured by magnifying the actual manometer
deflection (h) many times. This is done by inclining the manometer tube/tubes by angles shown in
table 11.
Actual (h) and magnified (A) values of the deflection are shown in figure 6.
Plane of the manometer tubes
h
a Horizontal plane
Fig. 6. Actual (h) & Magnified (A) Values of Deflections in Inclined Tube Manometer

12. Static pressure drop (pr = outlet pressure/inlet pressure) in gas pipe lines
Compressors are required to raise the pressure of gases to compensate for the pressure drop in long
pipe lines. In these tables values of static pressure drop in the pipe lines have been tabulated with
the assumption of isothermal flow. The flow has been further assumed to start with a low Mach
number of M1 = 0.02. Pressure drop has been expressed as pressure ratio
p r = p 2 p1 .
Following relations have been used to compute the values of the pressure ratio:
p r = φ M1 , γ , f , L D ...(12.1)
p r = 0.02 2500 − 4 γ f L D ...(12.2)
wwFollowing values of the parameters have been covered:
w.E γ = 1.3, 1, 4
f = 0.002, 0.0025, 0.0030, 0.0035, 0.0040, 0.0050
asy
L D = 10 − 2 × 105
power. E
These values of the pressure drop can be employed to obtain the magnitudes of the compressor
ngi
13. Isentropic compressor power
nee
The ideal power required to drive a compressor is given by:
P′ = m c h rin
c ′p T2 s − T1′ = Isentropic power
P′ = m
b γ −1g γ − 1
c ′p T1′ p r g.n ...(13.1)
The pressure ratio is given by
b g
et
p r = exit pressure entry pressure p 2 p1 = T2 s T1
b g
γ γ −1
...(13.2)
For the sake of generality following values have been used in the calculations:
c ′p = 1.0 kJ kg K
T1′ = 300 K
The actual power (for a given pressure ratio) can be calculated by multiplying the values in the
table by the factor k given by:
k = c p × T1 η0 T1′ = c p × T1 300 η0 ...(13.3)

where T1 = actual temperature of the gas at entry
η0 = overall efficiency of the compressor and motor (prime mover) together.

Introduction 13
14. Approximate values of pumping power for fans and blowers

Fans and blower of various sizes are required to raise the pressure of a gas from a few millimetres
of W.G. to large values. Table 14 presents approximate values of the power requirement of fans
and blowers in a wide range.
Power requirement for a specific application corresponding to values of Q and ∆p which do
not appear in the tables can also be found with the help of available data.
Following formulas have been used:
ν
Q=m ...(14.1)
P = Q ⋅ ∆p η 0 ...(14.2)
Overall all efficiency η0 = 0.65 (assumed)
ww P = Q ⋅ ∆p 66.261 kW ...(14.3)
Q is in
w.E
m3/s ; ∆p is in mm W.G.
15. Dimensions and units
asy
Principal dimensions and units occurring in gas dynamics are given in Table 15.1. Table 15.2 gives
the conversion of some units.
E ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

TABLE 1.1
Gas dynamic properties of air at various temperatures
T cp cv γ R a w T0 A∗ p0
K kJ/kg K kJ/kg K kJ/kg K m/s
273 1.004 0.716 1.402 0.288 332.0 0.0404

373 1.010 0.723 1.397 0.288 387.4 0.0403
473 1.025 0.737 1.390 0.288 435.3 0.0402
573 1.045 0.758 1.379 0.287 476.2 0.0400
ww
673 1.069 0.782 1.367 0.287 513.8 0.0400
773
873 w.E
1.092
1.115
0.806
0.828
1.355
1.347
0.286
0.287
547.3
580.9
0.0400
0.0398
973
1073
1.136
1.154 asy
0.849
0.867
1.338
1.331
0.287
0.287
611.3
640.2
0.0396
0.0396
1173 1.170
E
0.884 1.324
ngi
0.286 666.3 0.0397
1273
1373
1.185
1.197
0.898
0.910
1.320
1.315nee 0.287
0.287
694.3
719.9
0.0395
0.0395
1473
1573
1.208
1.218
0.920
0.930
1.313
1.309 rin 0.288
0.288
746.3
770.3
0.0394
0.0393
1673 1.227 0.940 1.305
g.n
0.287 791.7 0.0394
et

Gas Dynamic Properties of Some Gases and Vapours 15
TABLE 1.2
Gas dynamic properties of hydrogen at various temperatures
273 14.195 10.071 1.409 4.124 1260.0 0.01068

373 14.448 10.324 1.399 4.124 1467.2 0.01066
473 14.503 10.380 1.397 4.123 1650.7 0.1065
573 14.534 10.409 1.396 4.125 1816.7 0.01065
ww
673 14.581 10.456 1.395 4.125 1967.9 0.01065
773
873 w.E
14.663
14.779
10.538
10.654
1.391
1.387
4.125
4.125
2106.4
2235.0
0.01064
0.01059
973 14.930
asy
10.805 1.381 4.125 2355.0 0.0106
1073
1173
15.115
15.313 E
10.991
11.188
1.375
ngi
1.368
4.124
4.125
2466.8
2573.4
0.01059
0.01058
1273
1373
15.518
15.736
11.393
11.611 nee
1.362
1.355
4.125
4.125
2674.4
2770.5
0.01055
0.01053
1473 15.950 11.825 1.349 rin 4.125 2862.8 0.01052

1573 16.166 12.040 1.342
g.n 4.126 2952.0 0.0105
1673
1773
16.370
16.565
12.245
12.440
1.337
1.331 et
4.125
4.125
3037.4
3120.7
0.0105
0.01047

TABLE 1.3
Gas dynamic properties of carbon dioxide at various temperatures
273 0.815 0.626 1.302 0.189 259.2 0.0485

373 0.914 0.725 1.261 0.189 298.1 0.0481
473 0.993 0.804 1.237 0.189 332.6 0.0476
573 1.057 0.868 1.218 0.189 363.1 0.0473
ww
673 1.110 0.921 1.205 0.189 391.5 0.0472
773
873 w.E
1.155
1.192
0.966
1.003
1.195
1.188
0.189
0.189
417.9
442.8
0.0470
0.0469
973 1.223
asy
1.034 1.182 0.189 466.4 0.0469
1073
1173
1.249
1.272 E
1.060
1.082
1.178
ngi
1.176
0.189
0.190
488.8
511.8
0.0467
0.0466
1273
1373
1.290
1.306
1.101
1.117 nee
1.172
1.169
0.189
0.189
530.9
550.8
0.0467
0.0466
1473 1.319 1.130 1.167 rin 0.189 570.1 0.0466

1573 1.332 1.142 1.166
g.n 0.190 590.4 0.0465
1673
1773
1.342
1.350
1.152
1.161
1.164
1.162 et
0.190
0.189
608.5
624.2
0.0465
0.0465
1873 1.357 1.168 1.162 0.189 641.3 0.0465

1973 1.364 1.175 1.161 0.189 657.9 0.0466
2073 1.369 1.181 1.159 0.188 672.1 0.0465
2173 1.374 1.185 1.159 0.189 690.0 0.0464

Gas Dynamic Properties of Some Gases and Vapours 17
TABLE 1.4
Gas dynamic properties of superheated steam at p = 0.981 bar
413 1.997 1.482 1.347 0.515 535.0 0.0297

433 1.985 1.485 1.336 0.500 537.8 0.0300
453 1.975 1.490 1.325 0.485 539.6 0.0305
473 1.980 1.500 1.320 0.480 547.4 0.0306
493 1.985 1.505 1.318 0.480 558.5 0.0306
ww
513 1.990 1.515 1.313 0.475 565.6 0.0307
533
553 w.E
1.997
2.000
1.525
1.536
1.310
1.302
0.472
0.464
574.0
578.0
‘0.0308
0.0311
573
593
2.013
2.025 asy
1.548
1.556
1.300
1.300
0.465
0.469
588.6
601.6
0.0310
0.0308
613
633
2.040
2.045
E
1.571
1.584 ngi
1.298
1.291
0.469
0.461
611.0
613.8
0.0308
0.0310
653
673
2.050
2.071
1.594
1.607 nee
1.286
1.288
0.456
0.464
618.8
634.4
0.0311
0.0308
693 2.085 1.619 1.287
rin 0.466 644.9 0.0308
At p = 9.81 bar
g.n
453
493
533
2.500
2.278
2.190
1.738
1.658
1.624
1.438
1.374
1.348
et
0.762
0.620
0.566
704.6
648.0
637.8
0.0250
0.0273
0.0283
573 2.152 1.616 1.332 0.536 639.5 0.0291
613 2.139 1.620 1.320 0.519 648.1 0.0294
653 2.135 1.633 1.307 0.502 654.6 0.0298

693 2.144 1.650 1.299 0.494 667.0 0.0299
733 2.156 1.671 1.290 0.485 677.2 0.0302
773 2.173 1.691 1.285 0.482 691.9 0.0302
813 2.194 1.717 1.278 0.477 703.9 0.0303
853 2.215 1.742 1.271 0.473 716.3 0.0304

893 2.240 1.767 1.267 0.473 731.7 0.0304
933 2.265 1.792 1.264 0.473 746.8 0.0304

TABLE 1.5
Gas dynamic properties of superheated Freon-21 at various temperatures
At p = 0.10 bar
243 0.531 0.447 1.187 0.084 155.7 0.0705
283 0.578 0.496 1.165 0.082 164.4 0.0713
323 0.622 0.540 1.152 0.082 174.7 0.0733
ww
363
403
0.661
0.695
0.579
0.615
1.142
1.130
0.082
0.080
184.3
190.9
0.0698
0.0705
293 w.E
At p = 1.0 bar
0.616 0.521 1.182 0.095 181.4 0.0662
313
333
0.630
0.646 asy
0.539
0.557
1.168
1.159
0.091
0.089
182.5
185.4
0.0673
0.0679
353
373
0.662
0.678 E
0.575
0.593
1.151
ngi
1.143
0.087
0.085
188.0
190.4
0.0685
0.0691
At p = 10.0 bar
333 0.812 0.644 nee
1.261 0.168 265.6 0.0508
383
393
0.799
0.792
0.645
0.647
1.239
1.224 rin 0.154
0.145
270.3
264.1
0.0527
0.0541
403
413
0.786
0.783
0.651
0.655
1.207
1.195 g.n0.135
0.128
256.3
251.4
0.0558
0.0566
423
433
443
0.782
0.782
0.782
0.658
0.663
0.667
1.188
1.179
1.172
et
0.124
0.119
0.115
249.7
246.5
244.4
0.0580
0.0590
0.0599
453 0.783 0.672 1.165 0.111 242.1 0.0608
463 0.785 0.676 1.161 0.109 242.1 0.0614
473 0.786 0.681 1.154 0.105 239.4 0.0624
At p = 20.0 bar
403 0.984 0.703 1.396 0.281 397.6 0.0408
423 0.909 0.697 1.304 0.212 342.0 0.0458
443 0.872 0.696 1.252 0.176 312.5 0.0459
463 0.852 0.699 1.219 0.153 293.8 0.0527
473 0.846 0.701 1.207 0.145 287.7 0.0538

Properties of Standard Atmosphere 19
TABLE 2
Properties of standard atmosphere
Z t T a p ρ µ
m °C K m/s bar kg/m3 Ns
2
× 10 6
m
0 15.00 288.15 340.5 1.0133 1.225 17.93

100 14.35 287.50 340.0 1.000 1.213 17.90
200 13.70 286.85 339.7 0.989 1.202 17.88
ww
300 13.05 286.20 339.5 0.978 1.190 17.84
400 12.40 285.55 338.9 0.966 1.178 17.80
500
600
w.E
11.75
11.10
284.90
284.25
338.5
338.0
0.955
0.943
1.167
1.156
17.77
17.74
700 10.45
asy
283.60 337.6 0.932 1.145 17.70
800
900
1000
9.80
9.15
8.50
E
282.95
282.30
281.65
337.3
ngi
337.0
336.6
0.921
0.909
0.898
1.134
1.123
1.111
17.66
17.64
17.61
1100 7.85 281.00

nee
336.1 0.888 1.100 17.58
1200 7.20 280.35 335.7
rin 0.877 1.090 17.55
1300
1400
6.55
5.90
279.70
279.05
335.4
335.0 g.n 0.866
0.856
1.079
1.070
17.50
17.48
1500 5.25 278.40 334.5
et
0.845 1.058 17.45
1600 4.60 277.75 334.1 0.835 1.048 17.40

1700 3.95 277.10 333.7 0.825 1.037 17.38
1800 3.30 276.45 333.4 0.815 1.027 17.35
1900 2.65 275.80 333.0 0.805 1.017 17.31
2000 2.00 275.15 332.6 0.795 1.006 17.28
2100 1.35 274.50 332.2 0.785 0.996 17.25

2200 0.70 273.85 332.0 0.775 0.986 17.22
2300 0.05 273.20 331.5 0.766 0.976 17.17
2400 −0.60 272.55 331.0 0.756 0.967 17.14
2500 −1.25 271.90 330.6 0.747 0.957 17.12

TABLE 2
Properties of standard atmosphere
Z t T a p ρ µ
m °C K m/s bar kg/m3 Ns
2
× 10 6
m
2600 -1.90 271.25 330.2 0.737 0.948 17.09

2700 -2.55 270.60 329.7 0.727 0.938 17.05
2800 -3.20 269.95 329.4 0.719 0.929 17.01
2900 -3.85 269.30 329.0 0.710 0.920 16.98
ww
3000 -4.50 268.65 328.7 0.701 0.909 16.95
3500
4000
4500
w.E
-7.75
-11.00
-14.25
265.40
262.15
258.90
326.7
324.7
322.7
0.657
0.616
0.577
0.863
0.819
0.777
16.80
16.62
16.45
5000 -17.50
asy
255.65 320.7 0.540 0.736 16.27
5500
6000
6500
-20.75
-24.00
-27.25
E
252.40
249.15
245.90
318.7
ngi
316.5
314.5
0.505
0.472
0.440
0.697
0.660
0.624
16.10
15.94
15.76
7000 -30.50 242.65
nee
312.4 0.411 0.589 15.60
7500
8000
-33.75
-37.00
239.40
236.15
310.03
308.2 rin 0.383
0.356
0.557
0.525
15.42
15.24
8500
9000
-40.25
-43.50
232.90
229.65
306.0
304.0 g.n 0.331
0.307
0.495
0.466
15.06
14.89
9500
10000
-46.75
-50.00
226.40
223.15
301.8
299.6
et
0.285
0.264
0.439
0.413
14.72
14.54
11000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.226 0.364 14.17
12000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.193 0.311 14.17
13000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.165 0.266 14.17

14000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.141 0.227 14.17
15000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.120 0.194 14.17
16000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.103 0.165 14.17
17000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.0878 0.141 14.17

18000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.0751 0.121 14.17
19000 -56.50 216.65 295.2 0.0641 0.103 14.17
20000 -56.60 216.65 295.2 0.0548 0.088 14.17

Isentropic Flow of Perfect Gases 21
TABLE 3.1
Isentropic flow of perfect gases (γγ = 1.3)
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
p0
A
0.00 0.000 1.000 1.000 ∞ ∞ ∞

0.02 0.0214 0.999 0.999 29.268 23.324 29.261
0.04 0.0429 0.999 0.998 14.644 11.679 14.629
0.06 0.064 0.999 0.997 9.774 7.805 9.751
0.08 0.086 0.999 0.995 7.342 5.874 7.312
ww
0.10 0.107 0.998 0.994 5.885 4.720 5.848
0.12
0.14
0.16
w.E
0.1285
0.150
0.171
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.991
0.987
0.984
4.917
4.228
3.712
3.954
3.410
3.005
4.872
4.174
3.651
0.18
0.20
0.193
0.214 asy 0.995
0.994
0.979
0.975
3.312
2.994
2.693
2.445
3.243
2.917
0.22
0.24
0.235
0.256
E0.993
0.991 ngi
0.969
0.963
2.735
2.520
2.245
2.079
2.651
2.428
0.26
0.28
0.277
0.298
0.989
0.988 nee
0.957
0.951
2.340
2.186
1.941
1.824
2.239
2.078
0.30 0.319 0.987 0.944
rin 2.054 1.724 1.938
0.32
0.34
0.341
0.362
0.985
0.983
0.936
0.928 g.n 1.939
1.838
1.638
1.564
1.874
1.759
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.383
0.403
0.424
0.981
0.979
0.977
0.920
0.911
0.902
et
1.750
1.672
1.602
1.498
1.442
1.391
1.610
1.523
1.446
0.42 0.444 0.974 0.893 1.540 1.347 1.343

0.44 0.465 0.972 0.883 1.484 1.308 1.281
0.46 0.486 0.969 0.873 1.434 1.273 1.225
0.48 0.506 0.967 0.863 1.388 1.241 1.173
0.50 0.526 0.964 0.853 1.348 1.213 1.149
0.52 0.547 0.961 0.842 1.310 1.188 1.103

0.54 0.567 0.958 0.831 1.277 1.165 1.061
0.56 0.587 0.955 0.819 1.246 1.145 1.021
0.58 0.607 0.952 0.807 1.218 1.127 0.984
0.60 0.627 0.948 0.796 1.193 1.111 0.950

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
p0
A
0.62 0.646 0.945 0.784 1.170 1.097 0.918

0.64 0.666 0.942 0.772 1.149 1.084 0.887
0.66 0.686 0.938 0.760 1.130 1.072 0.859
0.68 0.705 0.935 0.748 1.113 1.062 0.832
0.70 0.725 0.932 0.735 1.097 1.052 0.807
ww
0.72 0.744 0.928 0.723 1.083 1.044 0.783
0.74
0.76
0.78
w.E
0.763
0.782
0.800
0.924
0.920
0.916
0.710
0.697
0.685
1.070
1.059
1.048
1.037
1.030
1.025
0.760
0.738
0.718
0.80 0.820
asy
0.912 0.673 1.039 1.020 0.698
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.838
0.857
0.875
E
0.908
0.904
0.900
0.659
ngi
0.647
0.634
1.032
1.025
1.018
1.015
1.012
1.009
0.680
0.663
0.645
0.88
0.90
0.893
0.911
0.896
0.892 nee
0.621
0.608
1.013
1.009
1.006
1.004
0.629
0.614
rin
0.92
0.94
0.929
0.947
0.887
0.883
0.596
0.583
g.n 1.006
1.003
1.003
1.002
0.599
0.585
0.96
0.98
1.00
0.965
0.983
1.000
0.878
0.874
0.870
0.571
0.558
0.546
et
1.001
1.0004
1.000
1.0006
1.0002
1.000
0.571
0.558
0.546
1.02 1.017 0.865 0.533 1.0003 1.0001 0.534

1.04 1.035 0.860 0.521 1.001 1.0006 0.522
1.06 1.052 0.856 0.509 1.003 1.001 0.511
1.08 1.068 0.851 0.497 1.005 1.002 0.500
1.10 1.085 0.846 0.485 1.008 1.003 0.489
1.12 1.102 0.842 0.474 1.012 1.005 0.479

1.14 1.118 0.837 0.462 1.016 1.006 0.469
1.16 1.135 0.832 0.451 1.021 1.008 0.460
1.18 1.151 0.827 0.439 1.026 1.010 0.450
1.20 1.167 0.822 0.428 1.032 1.012 0.442

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
p0
A
1.22 1.183 0.817 0.418 1.038 1.014 0.434

1.24 1.198 0.813 0.407 1.045 1.016 0.425
1.26 1.214 0.807 0.396 1.053 1.019 0.417
1.28 1.230 0.803 0.386 1.062 1.022 0.409
1.30 1.245 0.798 0.376 1.070 1.024 0.402
ww
1.32 1.260 0.793 0.365 1.080 1.027 0.398
1.34
1.36 w.E
1.276
1.291
0.788
0.783
0.356
0.346
1.089
1.100
1.029
1.033
0.387
0.381
1.38
1.40
1.305
1.320 asy 0.778
0.773
0.337
0.327
1.111
1.123
1.036
1.039
0.374
0.367
1.42
1.44
1.334
1.348
E0.768
0.763 ngi
0.318
0.309
1.135
1.148
1.042
1.045
0.361
0.352
1.46
1.48
1.363
1.377
0.758
0.752 nee
0.300
0.292
1.161
1.175
1.048
1.051
0.346
0.340
1.50 1.391 0.748 0.284
rin 1.189 1.055 0.337
1.52
1.54
1.405
1.418
0.743
0.737
0.275
0.267 g.n 1.205
1.220
1.058
1.062
0.332
0.326
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.432
1.445
1.458
0.732
0.727
0.723
0.259
0.252
0.245
et
1.237
1.254
1.271
1.065
1.068
1.072
0.321
0.316
0.310
1.62 1.472 0.717 0.237 1.289 1.075 0.306

1.64 1.485 0.712 0.230 1.308 1.079 0.301
1.66 1.497 0.707 0.223 1.328 1.083 0.296
1.68 1.510 0.703 0.216 1.348 1.086 0.292
1.70 1.523 0.698 0.210 1.369 1.089 0.288
1.72 1.535 0.693 0.203 1.391 1.093 0.283

1.74 1.547 0.687 0.197 1.413 1.097 0.279
1.76 1.559 0.683 0.191 1.436 1.100 0.275
1.78 1.572 0.678 0.185 1.459 1.104 0.271
1.80 1.584 0.673 0.180 1.484 1.108 0.267

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.82 1.595 0.688 0.174 1.509 1.111 0.263

1.84 1.607 0.663 0.168 1.535 1.115 0.259
1.86 1.618 0.658 0.163 1.562 1.118 0.255
1.88 1.629 0.654 0.158 1.589 1.122 0.252
1.90 1.641 0.648 0.153 1.618 1.125 0.248
ww
1.92 1.652 0.644 0.148 1.647 1.128 0.245
1.94
1.96
1.98
w.E
1.663
1.674
1.685
0.639
0.634
0.629
0.144
0.139
0.135
1.678
1.708
1.740
1.132
1.136
1.139
0.241
0.238
0.235
2.00 1.696
asy
0.625 0.131 1.773 1.143 0.231
2.02
2.04
1.706
1.717 E
0.620
0.616
0.127
ngi
0.122
1.807
1.842
1.146
1.150
0.228
0.225
2.06
2.08
2.10
1.727
1.737
1.747
0.611
0.606
0.602
nee
0.118
0.114
0.111
1.877
1.914
1.951
1.153
1.156
1.160
0.222
0.219
0.216
rin
2.12
2.14
1.757
1.767
0.597
0.593
0.107
0.104 g.n 1.990
2.029
1.163
1.166
0.213
0.211
2.16
2.18
2.20
1.776
1.786
1.796
0.588
0.583
0.579
0.100
0.097
0.094
et
2.071
2.133
2.156
1.169
1.173
1.175
0.208
0.205
0.203
2.22 1.805 0.575 0.091 2.199 1.179 0.200

2.24 1.815 0.571 0.088 2.245 1.183 0.197
2.26 1.824 0.566 0.085 2.292 1.186 0.195
2.28 1.833 0.562 0.082 2.339 1.189 0.192
2.30 1.842 0.558 0.080 2.388 1.192 0.190
2.32 1.851 0.553 0.077 2.439 1.196 0.187

2.34 1.859 0.549 0.074 2.490 1.198 0.185
2.36 1.868 0.545 0.072 2.543 1.202 0.183
2.38 1.877 0.541 0.069 2.598 1.205 0.180
2.40 1.885 0.537 0.067 2.654 1.208 0.178

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.42 1.894 0.532 0.065 2.711 1.211 0.176

2.44 1.902 0.528 0.063 2.769 1.214 0.174
2.46 1.910 0.524 0.061 2.829 1.217 0.172
2.48 1.918 0.520 0.059 2.891 1.219 0.170
2.50 1.926 0.516 0.057 2.954 1.223 0.168
ww
2.52 1.934 0.512 0.055 3.019 1.226 0.166
2.54
2.56 w.E
1.942
1.950
0.508
0.504
0.053
0.051
3.086
3.154
1.228
1.231
0.164
0.162
2.58
2.60
1.957
1.965
asy 0.500
0.496
0.049
0.048
3.224
3.295
1.234
1.237
0.160
0.158
2.62
2.64
1.972
1.980
E0.493
0.489 ngi
0.046
0.045
3.370
3.444
1.240
1.242
0.157
0.155
2.66
2.68
1.987
1.994
0.485
0.481 nee
0.043
0.042
3.521
3.600
1.245
1.248
0.153
0.151
2.70 2.001 0.478 0.041
rin 3.681 1.250 0.150
2.72
2.74
2.008
2.015
0.474
0.470
0.039
0.038 g.n 3.764
3.849
1.253
1.256
0.148
0.146
2.76
2.78
2.80
2.022
2.029
2.036
0.467
0.463
0.460
0.037
0.036
0.034
et
3.936
4.025
4.116
1.258
1.261
1.264
0.145
0.143
0.142
2.82 2.042 0.456 0.033 4.210 1.266 0.140

2.84 2.048 0.453 0.032 4.306 1.268 0.138
2.86 2.055 0.449 0.031 4.404 1.271 0.137
2.88 2.062 0.446 0.030 4.504 1.273 0.135
2.90 2.068 0.442 0.029 4.607 1.275 0.134
2.92 2.074 0.439 0.028 4.713 1.278 0.133

2.94 2.081 0.435 0.027 4.821 1.281 0.131
2.96 2.087 0.432 0.026 4.931 1.283 0.129
2.98 2.093 0.429 0.0256 5.044 1.285 0.128
3.00 2.099 0.426 0.025 5.160 1.288 0.127

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
3.05 2.113 0.417 0.0227 5.461 1.293 0.124

3.10 2.127 0.409 0.0209 5.781 1.298 0.121
3.15 2.141 0.402 0.0193 6.119 1.304 0.118
3.20 2.155 0.394 0.0177 6.477 1.309 0.115
3.25 2.168 0.387 0.0163 6.857 1.315 0.112
ww
3.30 2.181 0.379 0.0151 7.258 1.319 0.109
3.35
3.40 w.E
2.193
2.205
0.373
0.366
0.0139
0.0128
7.684
8.133
1.325
1.329
0.107
0.104
3.45
3.50
2.217
2.228
asy
0.359
0.352
0.0118
0.011
8.608
9.110
1.334
1.338
0.101
0.099
3.55
3.60
2.239
2.250
E
0.346
0.339
ngi
0.010
0.0093
9.640
10.200
1.343
1.347
0.097
0.095
3.65
3.70
2.261
2.271
0.334
0.327
nee
0.0086
0.0079
10.792
11.416
1.351
1.356
0.093
0.092
rin
3.75 2.281 0.322 0.0073 12.075 1.360 0.088
3.80
3.85
2.290
2.299
0.316
0.310
0.0068
0.0063 g.n 12.769
13.502
1.363
1.367
0.086
0.085
3.90
3.95
4.00
2.308
2.318
2.326
0.305
0.299
0.294
0.0058
0.0054
0.005
et14.274
15.087
15.940
1.371
1.375
1.378
0.083
0.081
0.079
4.05 2.335 0.289 4.6 × 10−3 16.846 1.382 0.077

4.10 2.343 0.284 4.27 × 10−3 17.796 1.385 0.076
4.15 2.351 0.279 3.9 × 10−3 18.796 1.388 0.075
4.20 2.359 0.274 3.68 × 10−3 19.850 1.391 0.073
4.25 2.367 0.270 3.41 × 10−3 20.953 1.395 0.072
4.30 2.374 0.265 3.17 × 10−3 22.116 1.397 0.070

4.35 2.381 0.261 2.94 × 10−3 23.338 1.400 0.068
4.40 2.383 0.256 2.73 × 10−3 24.622 1.403 0.067
4.45 2.395 0.252 2.54 × 10−3 25.971 1.406 0.066
4.50 2.402 0.248 2.36 × 10−3 27.390 1.408 0.065

TABLE 3.1
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
4.55 2.408 0.243 2.2 × 10−3 28.874 1.412 0.063

4.60 2.415 0.240 2.05 × 10−3 30.434 1.414 0.062
4.65 2.421 0.235 1.91 × 10−3 32.070 1.417 0.061
4.70 2.427 0.232 1.77 × 10−3 33.786 1.420 0.060
1.65 × 10−3
ww
4.75 2.433 0.228 35.585 1.422 0.059
4.80
4.85 w.E
2.438
2.444
0.224
0.221
1.54 × 10−3
1.44 × 10−3
1.34 × 10−3
37.472
39.448
1.424
1.427
0.058
0.057
4.90
4.95
2.450
2.455 asy 0.217
0.214 1.25 × 10−3
41.518
43.687
1.429
1.431
0.055
0.0547
5.00
6.00
2.460
2.543
E0.211
0.156
1.17 × 10−3
ngi
32.0 × 10−5
45.950
120.100
1.433
1.468
0.054
0.038
7.00 2.598 0.119
nee
10.0 × 10−5
3.6 × 10−5
285.300 1.491 0.029
8.00
9.00
2.635
2.662
0.094
0.076 rin
1.4 × 10−5
625.000
1275.000
1.508
1.520
0.023
0.018
10.00
∞
2.680
2.769
0.063
0
0.6 × 10−5
0 g.n 2438.000
∞
1.527
1.565
0.015
0
et

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.00 0.000 1.000 1.000 ∞ ∞ ∞

0.01 0.011 0.999 0.999 57.874 45.65 57.869
0.02 0.022 0.999 0.999 28.942 22.834 28.934
0.03 0.033 0.999 0.999 19.300 15.232 19.288
0.04 0.044 0.999 0.998 14.482 11.435 14.465
ww
0.05 0.0548 0.999 0.998 11.592 9.158 11.571
0.06
0.07
0.08
w.E
0.0657
0.0766
0.0876
0.999
0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995
9.666
8.292
7.262
7.643
6.562
5.753
9.642
8.263
7.229
0.09
0.10
0.0985
0.1094 asy
0.998
0.998
0.994
0.993
6.461
5.822
5.125
4.624
6.425
5.781
0.11
0.12
0.1204
0.1313
E
0.9976
0.9971 ngi
0.992
0.989
5.299
4.864
4.215
3.875
5.255
4.815
0.13
0.14
0.1422
0.1531
0.9966
0.996 nee
0.988
0.986
4.497
4.182
3.588
3.343
4.445
4.126
0.15 0.1640 0.995 0.984
rin 3.910 3.132 3.849
0.16 0.1750 0.9949 0.982

g.n 3.673 2.947 3.607
et
0.17 0.186 0.9943 0.980 3.464 2.786 3.394
0.18 0.1965 0.994 0.978 3.278 2.642 3.205
0.19 0.207 0.993 0.975 3.112 2.515 3.035
0.20 0.218 0.992 0.973 2.964 2.400 2.882
0.21 0.229 0.991 0.9697 2.829 2.297 2.744

0.22 0.239 0.990 0.967 2.707 2.205 2.618
0.23 0.251 0.989 0.964 2.597 2.120 2.503
0.24 0.261 0.988 0.961 2.495 2.043 2.398
0.25 0.272 0.987 0.957 2.403 1.973 2.300
0.26 0.283 0.986 0.954 2.317 1.909 2.211

0.27 0.294 0.9855 0.951 2.238 1.849 2.128
0.28 0.304 0.985 0.947 2.166 1.795 2.051
0.29 0.315 0.983 0.943 2.098 1.745 1.979
0.30 0.325 0.982 0.939 2.035 1.698 1.912

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.31 0.336 0.981 0.936 1.976 1.655 1.849

0.32 0.347 0.979 0.932 1.922 1.614 1.790
0.33 0.357 0.978 0.927 1.871 1.577 1.735
0.34 0.368 0.977 0.923 1.823 1.542 1.683
ww
0.35 0.378 0.976 0.918 1.778 1.509 1.634
0.36
0.37
0.38
w.E
0.389
0.400
0.410
0.975
0.973
0.972
0.914
0.909
0.905
1.735
1.696
1.658
1.479
1.450
1.424
1.587
1.543
1.501
0.39
0.40
0.421
0.431 asy 0.970
0.969
0.900
0.895
1.623
1.590
1.398
1.375
1.462
1.424
0.41
0.42
0.442
0.452
E0.967
0.966 ngi
0.891
0.886
1.558
1.529
1.353
1.332
1.388
1.354
0.43
0.44
0.463
0.473
0.964
0.963 nee
0.881
0.876
1.500
1.474
1.312
1.294
1.322
1.290
0.45 0.483 0.961 0.870
rin 1.448 1.276 1.261
0.46
0.47
0.494
0.504
0.959
0.958
0.865
0.859 g.n 1.425
1.402
1.259
1.244
1.232
1.205
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.514
0.524
0.534
0.956
0.954
0.952
0.854
0.848
0.843
et
1.380
1.360
1.340
1.230
1.216
1.203
1.178
1.154
1.129
0.51 0.545 0.951 0.837 1.321 1.190 1.106

0.52 0.555 0.948 0.832 1.303 1.178 1.084
0.53 0.565 0.947 0.826 1.287 1.167 1.062
0.54 0.575 0.945 0.820 1.270 1.157 1.042
0.55 0.585 0.943 0.814 1.255 1.147 1.022
0.56 0.595 0.941 0.808 1.240 1.138 1.002

0.57 0.605 0.939 0.802 1.226 1.129 0.984
0.58 0.615 0.937 0.796 1.213 1.121 0.966
0.59 0.625 0.935 0.790 1.200 1.113 0.948
0.60 0.635 0.933 0.784 1.188 1.105 0.932

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.61 0.645 0.931 0.778 1.177 1.098 0.915

0.62 0.655 0.928 0.772 1.166 1.091 0.900
0.63 0.664 0.926 0.765 1.155 1.085 0.885
0.64 0.674 0.924 0.759 1.145 1.078 0.869
0.65 0.684 0.922 0.753 1.136 1.073 0.855
ww
0.66 0.693 0.919 0.746 1.126 1.068 0.841
0.67
0.68 w.E
0.703
0.713
0.917
0.915
0.740
0.734
1.118
1.109
1.063
1.058
0.827
0.814
0.69
0.70
0.722
0.732
asy
0.913
0.911
0.727
0.721
1.102
1.094
1.053
1.049
0.802
0.789
0.71
0.72
0.741
0.751
E
0.908
0.906
ngi
0.714
0.708
1.087
1.081
1.045
1.041
0.777
0.765
0.73
0.74
0.760
0.769
0.904
0.901
nee
0.701
0.695
1.074
1.068
1.038
1.035
0.753
0.742
rin
0.75 0.779 0.899 0.688 1.062 1.031 0.732
0.76
0.77
0.788
0.797
0.896
0.894
0.682
0.676 g.n 1.057
1.052
1.028
1.026
0.721
0.711
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.807
0.816
0.825
0.892
0.889
0.886
0.669
0.663
0.656
et
1.047
1.043
1.038
1.023
1.021
1.018
0.700
0.691
0.681
0.81 0.834 0.884 0.649 1.034 1.017 0.672

0.82 0.843 0.881 0.643 1.031 1.015 0.663
0.83 0.852 0.879 0.636 1.027 1.013 0.654
0.84 0.861 0.876 0.630 1.024 1.011 0.645
0.85 0.870 0.874 0.624 1.021 1.009 0.636
0.86 0.879 0.871 0.617 1.018 1.008 0.628

0.87 0.888 0.868 0.610 1.015 1.007 0.620
0.88 0.897 0.869 0.604 1.013 1.006 0.612
0.89 0.906 0.863 0.598 1.011 1.005 0.604
0.90 0.915 0.861 0.591 1.009 1.004 0.596

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.91 0.923 0.858 0.585 1.007 1.003 0.589

0.92 0.932 0.855 0.578 1.006 1.0025 0.582
0.93 0.941 0.853 0.572 1.004 1.002 0.575
0.94 0.949 0.849 0.566 1.003 1.0014 0.567
0.95 0.958 0.847 0.559 1.002 1.0009 0.561
ww
0.96 0.966 0.844 0.553 1.0014 1.0006 0.554
0.97
0.98 w.E
0.975
0.983
0.842
0.839
0.547
0.541
1.0008
1.0003
1.0003
1.0001
0.547
0.541
0.99
1.00
0.992
1.000
asy 0.836
0.834
0.534
0.528
1.0001
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.535
0.528
1.01
1.02
1.0083
1.017
E0.831
0.828 ngi
0.522
0.516
1.0001
1.0003
1.000
1.0001
0.522
0.516
1.03
1.04
1.025
1.033
0.825
0.822 nee
0.510
0.504
1.0007
1.0013
1.0003
1.0005
0.510
0.505
1.05 1.041 0.819 0.498
rin 1.002 1.0008 0.498
1.06
1.07
1.049
1.057
0.816
0.814
0.492
0.486 g.n 1.003
1.004
1.0012
1.0016
0.493
0.488
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.065
1.073
1.081
0.811
0.808
0.805
0.480
0.474
6.468
et
1.005
1.006
1.008
1.002
1.0025
1.003
0.483
0.477
0.472
1.11 1.089 0.802 0.463 1.009 1.0036 0.467

1.12 1.097 0.799 0.457 1.011 1.004 0.462
1.13 1.105 0.796 0.451 1.013 1.005 0.457
1.14 1.113 0.794 0.445 1.015 1.0057 0.452
1.15 1.120 0.791 0.439 1.017 1.006 0.447
1.16 1.128 0.788 0.434 1.019 1.007 0.443

1.17 1.136 0.785 0.428 1.022 1.008 0.438
1.18 1.143 0.782 0.423 1.025 1.009 0.434
1.19 1.151 0.779 0.418 1.028 1.010 0.429
1.20 1.158 0.776 0.412 1.030 1.011 0.425

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.21 1.166 0.774 0.407 1.034 1.012 0.421

1.22 1.173 0.771 0.402 1.037 1.013 0.416
1.23 1.181 0.768 0.396 1.039 1.014 0.412
1.24 1.188 0.765 0.391 1.043 1.015 0.408
1.25 1.195 0.762 0.386 1.047 1.016 0.404
ww
1.26 1.203 0.759 0.381 1.050 1.017 0.400
1.27
1.28 w.E
1.210
1.217
0.756
0.753
0.376
0.371
1.054
1.058
1.018
1.019
0.396
0.392
1.29
1.30
1.224
1.231
asy
0.750
0.747
0.366
0.361
1.062
1.066
1.021
1.022
0.388
0.385
1.31
1.32
1.238
1.245
E
0.745
0.742 ngi
0.356
0.351
1.071
1.075
1.023
1.024
0.381
0.378
1.33
1.34
1.252
1.259
0.738
0.736 nee
0.346
0.342
1.079
1.084
1.025
1.027
0.374
0.370
1.35 1.266 0.733 0.337
rin 1.089 1.028 0.367
1.36
1.37
1.273
1.280
0.730
0.727
0.332
0.328 g.n 1.094
1.099
1.029
1.031
0.364
0.360
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.286
1.293
1.300
0.724
0.721
0.718
0.323
0.318
0.314
et
1.104
1.110
1.115
1.032
1.033
1.035
0.357
0.354
0.350
1.41 1.306 0.716 0.309 1.121 1.036 0.347

1.42 1.313 0.713 0.305 1.126 1.037 0.344
1.43 1.319 0.709 0.301 1.132 1.039 0.341
1.44 1.326 0.706 0.297 1.138 1.040 0.338
1.45 1.333 0.704 0.293 1.144 1.042 0.335
1.46 1.339 0.701 0.288 1.150 1.043 0.332

1.47 1.345 0.698 0.285 1.156 1.044 0.329
1.48 1.352 0.695 0.280 1.163 1.046 0.326
1.49 1.358 0.693 0.276 1.170 1.047 0.323
1.50 1.365 0.689 0.272 1.176 1.048 0.320

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.51 1.371 0.687 0.268 1.183 1.050 0.317

1.52 1.377 0.684 0.265 1.189 1.052 0.315
1.53 1.383 0.681 0.261 1.197 1.053 0.312
1.54 1.389 0.678 0.257 1.204 1.055 0.309
1.55 1.395 0.675 0.253 1.211 1.056 0.307
ww
1.56 1.402 0.673 0.249 1.219 1.057 0.304
1.57
1.58 w.E
1.408
1.414
0.670
0.667
0.246
0.242
1.227
1.234
1.059
1.061
0.302
0.300
1.59
1.60
1.419
1.425
asy 0.664
0.661
0.238
0.235
1.242
1.250
1.062
1.063
0.297
0.294
1.61
1.62
1.431
1.437
E0.658
0.656
ngi
0.232
0.228
1.258
1.267
1.065
1.067
0.292
0.289
1.63
1.64
1.443
1.448
0.653
0.650
nee
0.225
0.222
1.275
1.284
1.068
1.069
0.287
0.285
rin
1.65 1.454 0.647 0.218 1.292 1.071 0.282
1.66
1.67
1.460
1.466
0.645
0.642
0.215
0.212 g.n 1.301
1.310
1.073
1.074
0.280
0.278
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.471
1.477
1.483
0.639
0.636
0.634
0.208
0.206
0.203
et
1.319
1.328
1.337
1.076
l.077
1.078
0.275
0.273
0.271
1.71 1.485 0.631 0.200 1.347 1.080 0.269

1.72 1.494 0.628 0.196 1.357 1.082 0.267
1.73 1.499 0.626 0.194 1.367 1.083 0.265
1.74 1.504 0.623 0.191 1.376 1.085 0.262
1.75 1.509 0.620 0.187 1.387 1.086 0.260
1.76 1.515 0.617 0.185 1.397 1.087 0.258

1.77 1.520 0.615 0.182 1.407 1.089 0.256
1.78 1.526 0.612 0.179 1.418 1.091 0.254
1.79 1.531 0.609 0.177 1.428 1.092 0.252
1.80 1.536 0.607 0.174 1.439 1.094 0.250

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.81 1.541 0.604 0.171 1.450 1.095 0.248

1.82 1.546 0.602 0.168 1.461 1.096 0.247
1.83 1.551 0.598 0.166 1.472 1.098 0.245
1.84 1.556 0.596 0.164 1.484 1.099 0.243
1.85 1.561 0.594 0.161 1.495 1.100 0.241
ww
1.86 1.566 0.591 0.158 1.507 1.102 0.239
1.87
1.88 w.E
1.571
1.576
0.588
0.585
0.156
0.154
1.518
1.531
1.104
1.105
0.237
0.235
1.89
1.90
1.581
1.586
asy
0.583
0.581
0.152
0.149
1.543
1.555
1.107
1.108
0.234
0.232
1.91
1.92
1.591
1.596
E
0.578
0.575
ngi
0.147
0.145
1.568
1.580
1.110
1.111
0.230
0.228
1.93
1.94
1.600
1.605
0.573
0.570
nee
0.142
0.140
1.593
1.606
1.113
1.114
0.227
0.225
rin
1.95 1.609 0.568 0.138 1.619 1.116 0.223
1.96
1.97
1.615
1.619
0.566
0.563
0.136
0.134 g.n 1.633
1.646
1.117
1.118
0.222
0.220
1.98
1.99
2.00
1.624
1.628
1.633
0.561
0.558
0.555
0.132
0.129
0.128
et
1.659
1.674
1.687
1.120
1.121
1.123
0.219
0.217
0.216
2.01 1.638 0.553 0.126 1.702 1.124 0.214

2.02 1.642 0.551 0.114 1.716 1.126 0.213
2.03 1.646 0.548 0.122 1.731 1.127 0.211
2.04 1.651 0.546 0.120 1.745 1.128 0.209
2.05 1.655 0.543 0.118 1.760 1.130 0.208
2.06 1.660 0.541 0.116 1.775 1.131 0.207

2.07 1.664 0.538 0.115 1.790 1.133 0.205
2.08 1.668 0.536 0.113 1.805 1.134 0.204
2.09 1.673 0.534 0.111 1.821 1.135 0.202
2.10 1.677 0.531 0.109 1.837 1.137 0.200

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.11 1.681 0.529 0.108 1.853 1.138 0.199

2.12 1.685 0.527 0.106 1.869 1.139 0.198
2.13 1.689 0.524 0.1043 1.885 1.141 0.197
2.14 1.694 0.522 0.1027 1.902 1.142 0.195
2.15 1.698 0.519 0.1010 1.918 1.143 0.194
ww
2.16 1.702 0.517 0.0996 1.935 1.145 0.193
2.17
2.18 w.E
1.706
1.710
0.515
0.513
0.0980
0.0965
1.953
1.969
1.146
1.147
0.191
0.190
2.19
2.20
1.714
1.718
asy 0.510
0.508
0.095
0.0935
1.987
2.005
1.148
1.150
0.188
0.187
2.21
2.22
1.722
1.726
E0.506
0.504
ngi
0.0921
0.0906
2.023
2.041
1.151
1.153
0.186
0.185
2.23
2.24
1.730
1.734
0.501
0.499
nee
0.0892
0.0878
2.059
2.078
1.154
1.155
0.184
0.183
rin
2.25 1.737 0.497 0.0865 2.096 1.156 0.181
2.26
2.27
1.741
1.745
0.495
0.492
0.0851
0.0838 g.n 2.115
2.135
1.158
1.159
0.180
0.179
2.28
2.29
2.30
1.749
1.753
1.756
0.490
0.488
0.486
0.0825
0.0812
0.0800
et
2.154
2.173
2.193
1.160
1.162
1.163
0.178
0.1765
0.175
2.31 1.760 0.484 0.0787 2.213 1.164 0.174

2.32 1.764 0.482 0.0775 2.233 1.165 0.173
2.33 1.767 0.479 0.0763 2.254 1.167 0.172
2.34 1.771 0.477 0.0751 2.274 1.168 0.171
2.35 1.775 0.475 0.0740 2.295 1.169 0.169
2.36 1.778 0.473 0.0728 2.316 1.170 0.168

2.37 1.782 0.471 0.0717 2.338 1.172 0.167
2.38 1.785 0.469 0.0706 2.359 1.173 0.166
2.39 1.789 0.467 0.0695 2.381 1.174 0.165
2.40 1.792 0.464 0.0684 2.403 1.175 0.164

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.41 1.796 0.463 0.0673 2.425 1.176 0.163

2.42 1.799 0.461 0.0663 2.448 1.178 0.162
2.43 1.803 0.458 0.0653 2.471 1.179 0.161
2.44 1.806 0.456 0.0643 2.494 1.180 0.160
ww
2.45 1.809 0.454 0.0633 2.517 1.181 0.159
2.46 1.813 0.452 0.0623 2.540 1.182 0.158

2.47
2.48 w.E
1.816
1.819
0.450
0.448
0.0613
0.0604
2.564
2.588
1.183
1.184
0.157
0.156
2.49
2.50
1.823
1.826 asy
0.446
0.444
0.0595
0.0585
2.612
2.637
1.186
1.187
0.155
0.154
2.51
2.52
1.829
1.832
E
0.442
0.441 ngi
0.0576
0.0567
2.662
2.686
1.188
1.189
0.153
0.152
2.53
2.54
1.835
1.838
0.438
0.436 nee
0.0558
0.0550
2.712
2.737
1.190
1.191
0.151
0.150
2.55 1.842 0.434 0.0542
rin 2.763 1.192 0.149
2.56
2.57
1.845
1.848
0.433
0.431
0.0533
0.0525 g.n 2.789
2.815
1.193
1.195
0.1487
0.1475
2.58
2.59
2.60
1.851
1.854
1.857
0.429
0.427
0.425
0.0517
0.0509
0.0501
et
2.842
2.869
2.896
1.196
1.197
1.198
0.147
0.146
0.145
2.61 1.860 0.423 0.0494 2.923 1.199 0.144

2.62 1.863 0.421 0.0486 2.951 1.200 0.143
2.63 1.866 0.419 0.0478 2.980 1.201 0.1425
2.64 1.869 0.417 0.0471 3.007 1.202 0.142
2.65 1.872 0.415 0.0464 3.306 1.203 0.141
2.66 1.875 0.414 0.0457 3.065 1.204 0.140

2.67 1.878 0.412 0.0449 3.094 1.205 0.139
2.68 1.881 0.410 0.0443 3.123 1.206 0.138
2.69 1.884 0.408 0.0436 3.153 1.207 0.1375
2.70 1.886 0.407 0.043 3.183 1.208 0.137

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.71 1.889 0.405 0.0423 3.213 1.209 0.136

2.72 1.892 0.403 0.0417 3.244 1.210 0.135
2.73 1.895 0.402 0.0410 3.275 1.211 0.134
2.74 1.898 0.399 0.0404 3.306 1.212 0.1335
2.75 1.900 0.398 0.0398 3.337 1.213 0.133
ww
2.76 1.903 0.396 0.0392 3.369 1.214 0.132
2.77
2.78 w.E
1.906
1.908
0.395
0.393
0.0386
0.0379
3.402
3.434
1.215
1.216
0.131
0.130
2.79
2.80
1.911
1.914
asy 0.391
0.389
0.0374
0.0369
3.467
3.500
1.217
1.218
0.1297
0.129
2.81
2.82
1.915
1.919
E0.388
0.386
ngi
0.0363
0.0357
3.534
3.567
1.219
1.220
0.128
0.1275
2.83
2.84
1.922
1.925
0.384
0.382
nee
0.0352
0.0347
3.602
3.636
1.221
1.222
0.127
0.126
rin
2.85 1.927 0.381 0.0342 3.670 1.223 0.125
2.86
2.87
1.929
1.932
0.379
0.378
0.0336
0.0331 g.n 3.706
3.741
1.224
1.225
0.1245
0.124
2.88
2.89
2.90
1.935
1.937
1.940
0.376
0.375
0.373
0.0326
0.0321
0.0317
et
3.777
3.813
3.850
1.226
1.227
1.228
0.123
0.1225
0.122
2.91 1.942 0.371 0.0312 3.887 1.229 0.121

2.92 1.945 0.369 0.0307 3.924 1.230 0.120
2.93 1.947 0.368 0.0303 3.961 1.2305 0.1198
2.94 1.950 0.367 0.0298 4.000 1.231 0.119
2.95 1.952 0.365 0.0294 4.037 1.232 0.1185
2.96 1.955 0.363 0.0289 4.076 1.233 0.118

2.97 1.957 0.362 0.0285 4.115 1.234 0.117
2.98 1.959 0.360 0.0281 4.155 1.235 0.117
2.99 1.962 0.358 0.0276 4.195 1.236 0.116
3.00 1.964 0.357 0.0272 4.235 1.237 0.115

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
3.05 1.976 0.349 0.0253 4.441 1.241 0.112

3.10 1.987 0.342 0.0235 4.657 1.246 0.109
3.15 1.997 0.335 0.0218 4.884 1.249 0.106
3.20 2.008 0.328 0.0202 5.121 1.253 0.104
3.25 2.018 0.321 0.0188 5.369 1.257 0.101
ww
3.30 2.028 0.315 0.0175 5.628 1.260 0.098
3.35
3.40
3.45
w.E
2.037
2.047
2.056
0.308
0.302
0.296
0.0163
0.0151
0.0141
5.900
6.184
6.480
1.264
1.268
1.272
0.096
0.0935
0.091
3.50 2.064
asy
0.289 0.0131 6.789 1.274 0.089
3.55
3.60
3.65
2.073
2.081
2.089
E
0.284
0.278
0.273
12.2 × 10−3
ngi
11.38 × 10−3
10.62 × 10−3
7.113
7.450
7.802
1.278
1.281
1.284
0.087
0.085
0.083
3.70
3.75
2.095
2.104
0.268
0.262 nee
9.9 × 10−3
9.24 × 10−3
8.169
8.552
1.287
1.289
0.081
0.079
3.80 2.111 0.257 rin

8.63 × 10−3 8.950 1.292 0.077
3.85 2.118 0.252 8.06 × 10−3
7.53 × 10−3 g.n 9.366 1.295 0.075
et
3.90 2.125 0.247 9.800 1.298 0.0738
3.95 2.132 0.243 7.04 × 10−3 10.249 1.300 0.072
4.00 2.138 0.238 6.592 × 10−3 10.719 1.303 0.071
4.05 2.145 0.234 6.16 × 10−3 11.207 1.305 0.069

4.10 2.151 0.229 5.77 × 10−3 11.715 1.308 0.0676
4.15 2.156 0.235 5.4 × 10−3 12.243 1.310 0.066
4.20 2.162 0.221 5.06 × 10−3 12.792 1.312 0.0648
4.25 2.168 0.217 4.74 × 10−3 13.362 1.315 0.0635
4.30 2.173 0.213 4.45 × 10−3 13.955 1.317 0.062

4.35 2.178 0.209 4.17 × 10−3 14.571 1.319 0.0608
4.40 2.184 0.205 3.92 × 10−3 15.210 1.321 0.060
4.45 2.188 0.202 3.68 × 10−3 15.872 1.323 0.058
4.50 2.194 0.198 3.46 × 10−3 16.562 1.325 0.057
5.00 2.236 0.167 1.89 × 10−3 25.000 1.341 0.047

TABLE 3.2
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
6.00 2.295 0.122 63.3 × 10-5 53.180 1.365 0.033

7.00 2.333 0.093 24.2 × 10−5 104.143 1.381 0.025
8.00 2.359 0.072 10.2 × 10−5 190.110 1.392 0.0195
9.00 2.377 0.058 4.74 × 10−5 327.189 1.399 0.0156
2.36 × 10−5
ww
10.00 2.390 0.047 536.00 1.404 0.0126
∞
w.E
2.45 0 0 ∞ 1.429 0
asy
E ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.00 0.000 1.000 1.000 ∞ ∞ ∞

0.02 0.023 0.999 0.999 28.132 21.662 28.113
0.04 0.046 0.999 0.998 14.078 10.851 14.054
0.06 0.069 0.998 0.997 9.397 7.255 9.366
0.08 0.092 0.997 0.995 7.061 5.464 7.021
ww
0.10 0.115 0.997 0.992 5.661 4.392 5.615
0.12
0.14
0.16
w.E
0.138
0.161
0.184
0.995
0.994
0.992
0.988
0.984
0.979
4.733
4.070
3.576
3.686
3.184
2.809
4.675
4.003
3.499
0.18
0.20
0.207
0.229 asy
0.989
0.987
0.973
0.967
3.193
2.886
2.522
2.293
3.107
2.793
0.22
0.24
0.252
0.275
E
0.984
0.981 ngi
0.961
0.954
2.640
2.435
2.110
1.958
2.535
2.320
0.26
0.28
0.297
0.319
0.978
0.975 nee
0.945
0.937
2.262
2.115
1.833
1.725
2.138
1.982
0.30 0.342 0.971 0.928
rin 1.989 1.635 1.848
0.32 0.363 0.967 0.919

g.n 1.880 1.558 1.728
et
0.34 0.385 0.963 0.909 1.784 1.491 1.623
0.36 0.407 0.958 0.899 1.700 1.432 1.529
0.38 0.428 0.954 0.889 1.626 1.381 1.445
0.40 0.450 0.949 0.878 1.560 1.336 1.370
0.42 0.471 0.945 0.867 1.502 1.297 1.300

0.44 0.493 0.939 0.855 1.448 1.262 1.238
0.46 0.513 0.934 0.843 1.401 1.231 1.181
0.48 0.534 0.928 0.831 1.358 1.203 1.128
0.50 0.555 0.923 0.818 1.320 1.178 1.080
0.52 0.575 0.917 0.806 1.286 1.157 1.035

0.54 0.595 0.911 0.793 1.254 1.137 0.994
0.56 0.615 0.905 0.780 1.225 1.120 0.955
0.58 0.635 0.899 0.767 1.200 1.105 0.919
0.60 0.655 0.893 0.753 1.176 1.091 0.885

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
0.62 0.674 0.886 0.739 1.154 1.085 0.854

0.64 0.693 0.879 0.726 1.135 1.068 0.824
0.66 0.712 0.873 0.712 1.118 1.058 0.796
0.68 0.731 0.866 0.698 1.102 1.049 0.769
0.70 0.750 0.859 0.685 1.087 1.042 0.745
ww
0.72 0.768 0.853 0.671 1.075 1.035 0.721
0.74
0.76 w.E
0.786
0.804
0.845
0.838
0.657
0.644
1.063
1.053
1.029
1.024
0.698
0.677
0.78
0.80
0.821
0.839
asy 0.831
0.823
0.630
0.616
1.043
1.035
1.019
1.016
0.657
0.638
0.82
0.84
0.856
0.873
E0.817
0.809
ngi
0.603
0.589
1.028
1.022
1.012
1.009
0.619
0.602
0.86
0.88
0.889
0.906
0.802
0.795
nee
0.570
0.563
1.016
1.011
1.007
1.005
0.585
0.569
rin
0.90 0.922 0.787 0.550 1.008 1.003 0.555
0.92
0.94
0.938
0.954
0.779
0.772
0.537
0.524 g.n 1.005
1.003
1.002
1.001
0.539
0.525
0.96
0.98
1.00
0.969
0.985
1.000
0.765
0.757
0.749
0.511
0.499
0.487
et
1.001
1.0003
1.000
1.0005
1.0001
1.000
0.512
0.499
0.487
1.02 1.015 0.742 0.475 1.0003 1.0001 0.475

1.04 1.029 0.735 0.463 1.001 1.0004 0.463
1.06 1.044 0.727 0.451 1.003 1.001 0.452
1.08 1.058 0.720 0.440 1.005 1.0015 0.442
1.10 1.072 0.712 0.428 1.007 1.002 0.432
1.12 1.086 0.705 0.418 1.010 1.003 0.421

1.14 1.100 0.698 0.407 1.014 1.005 0.412
1.16 1.113 0.690 0.396 1.018 1.006 0.402
1.18 1.126 0.682 0.385 1.022 1.007 0.393
1.20 1.139 0.675 0.375 1.027 1.008 0.385

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.22 1.152 0.668 0.365 1.032 1.010 0.376

1.24 1.164 0.661 0.355 1.038 1.011 0.368
1.26 1.176 0.654 0.346 1.044 1.013 0.361
1.28 1.188 0.647 0.336 1.051 1.015 0.353
1.30 1.200 0.638 0.327 1.057 1.017 0.346
ww
1.32 1.212 0.632 0.318 1.065 1.018 0.338
1.24
1.36 w.E
1.224
1.235
0.625
0.618
0.309
0.300
1.073
1.081
1.021
1.022
0.332
0.325
1.38
1.40
1.246
1.257
asy
0.612
0.604
0.293
0.284
1.089
1.098
1.024
1.026
0.318
0.312
1.42
1.44
1.268
1.278
E
0.598
0.591
ngi
0.276
0.268
1.108
1.117
1.028
1.030
0.306
0.300
1.46
1.48
1.289
1.299
0.585
0.578
nee
0.261
0.253
1.127
1.138
1.032
1.035
0.294
0.289
rin
1.50 1.308 0.570 0.246 1.148 1.036 0.283
1.52
1.54
1.319
1.329
0.565
0.558
0.239
0.233 g.n 1.160
1.171
1.038
1.041
0.278
0.273
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.338
1.348
1.356
0.552
0.545
0.538
0.226
0.220
0.214
et
1.183
1.195
1.207
1.043
1.045
1.047
0.267
0.263
0.258
1.62 1.365 0.533 0.208 1.220 1.049 0.253

1.64 1.375 0.527 0.202 1.234 1.051 0.248
1.66 1.384 0.521 0.196 1.247 1.053 0.244
1.68 1.393 0.515 0.191 1.261 1.055 0.239
1.70 1.400 0.508 0.185 1.275 1.057 0.236
1.72 1.409 0.503 0.179 1.290 1.060 0.232

1.74 1.417 0.498 0.175 1.305 1.062 0.228
1.76 1.425 0.492 0.169 1.320 1.064 0.224
1.78 1.433 0.486 0.165 1.336 1.065 0.220
1.80 1.440 0.480 0.160 1.351 1.067 0.216

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
1.82 1.448 0.475 0.155 1.368 1.069 0.213

1.84 1.456 0.469 0.151 1.385 1.072 0.209
1.86 1.464 0.464 0.147 1.402 1.073 0.206
1.88 1.471 0.459 0.143 1.419 1.075 0.202
1.90 1.477 0.453 0.138 1.435 1.077 0.199
ww
1.92 1.485 0.448 0.135 1.455 1.079 0.196
1.94
1.96 w.E
1.492
1.498
0.443
0.438
0.131
0.127
1.474
1.493
1.081
1.083
0.193
0.189
1.98
2.00
1.505
1.511
asy 0.433
0.428
0.124
0.120
1.511
1.530
1.085
1.086
0.187
0.184
2.02
2.04
1.518
1.525
E0.424
0.418
ngi
0.117
0.114
1.551
1.571
1.088
1.090
0.181
0.178
2.06
2.08
1.531
1.537
0.414
0.405
nee
0.110
0.107
1.592
1.613
1.092
1.094
0.175
0.173
rin
2.10 1.542 0.404 0.104 1.632 1.095 0.170
2.12
2.14
1.548
1.554
0.400
0.396
0.101
0.098 g.n 1.656
1.678
1.097
1.099
0.168
0.165
2.16
2.18
2.20
1.560
1.566
1.570
0.391
0.387
0.380
0.096
0.093
0.091
et
1.700
1.723
1.745
1.101
1.102
1.104
0.163
0.160
0.158
2.22 1.577 0.378 0.088 1.769 1.106 0.156

2.24 1.582 0.374 0.085 1.793 1.107 0.153
2.26 1.587 0.370 0.083 1.817 1.108 0.151
2.28 1.592 0.366 0.081 1.842 1.110 0.149
2.30 1.596 0.361 0.078 1.865 1.111 0.147
2.32 1.603 0.358 0.077 1.893 1.113 0.145

2.34 1.607 0.354 0.075 1.918 1.115 0.143
2.36 1.612 0.350 0.073 1.945 1.116 0.141
2.38 1.617 0.346 0.071 1.971 1.118 0.139
2.40 1.620 0.341 0.068 1.995 1.120 0.137

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
2.42 1.626 0.338 0.067 2.025 1.121 0.135

2.44 1.631 0.335 0.065 2.053 1.122 0.133
2.46 1.635 0.331 0.063 2.081 1.123 0.131
2.48 1.639 0.328 0.062 2.109 1.124 0.129
2.50 1.642 0.323 0.060 2.135 1.125 0.128
ww
2.52 1.648 0.321 0.058 2.168 1.127 0.126
2.54
2.56 w.E
1.652
1.656
0.317
0.314
0.057
0.055
2.197
2.228
1.128
1.130
0.124
0.123
2.58
2.60
1.660
1.663
asy
0.311
0.306
0.053
0.052
2.258
2.285
1.131
1.132
0.121
0.120
2.62
2.64
1.668
1.672
E
0.304
0.301
ngi
0.051
0.049
2.321
2.353
1.134
1.135
0.118
0.117
2.66
2.68
1.676
1.680
0.298
0.295
nee
0.048
0.047
2.385
2.417
1.136
1.137
0.115
0.114
rin
2.70 1.682 0.291 0.046 2.445 1.138 0.112
2.72
2.74
1.687
1.690
0.288
0.285
0.045
0.044 g.n 2.484
2.518
1.139
1.141
0.111
0.109
2.76
2.78
2.80
1.694
1.697
1.700
0.282
0.279
0.276
0.042
0.041
0.040
et
2.552
2.587
2.615
1.142
1.143
1.145
0.108
0.107
0.106
2.82 1.704 0.274 0.039 2.660 1.146 0.104

2.84 1.707 0.271 0.038 2.694 1.147 0.103
2.86 1.710 0.268 0.037 2.731 1.148 0.101
2.88 1.713 0.265 0.036 2.768 1.149 0.100
2.90 1.714 0.262 0.035 2.800 1.150 0.099
2.92 1.720 0.260 0.034 2.843 1.151 0.098

2.94 1.723 0.258 0.0337 2.881 1.152 0.097
2.96 1.726 0.225 0.033 2.920 1.153 0.096
2.98 1.728 0.252 0.032 2.960 1.154 0.095
3.00 1.730 0.250 0.031 2.990 1.155 0.094

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
3.05 1.739 0.244 0.0294 3.100 1.157 0.0908

3.10 1.746 0.238 0.0276 3.205 1.159 0.088
3.15 1.752 0.232 0.0259 3.312 1.162 0.086
3.20 1.760 0.226 0.0245 3.423 1.164 0.083
3.25 1.765 0.221 0.0230 3.536 1.166 0.081
ww
3.30 1.771 0.216 0.0217 3.653 1.168 0.079
3.35
.3.40 w.E
1.776
1.782
0.211
0.206
0.0204
0.0193
3.772
3.895
1.169
1.172
0.077
0.075
3.45
3.50
1.787
1.790
asy 0.201
0.196
0.0182
0.0170
4.022
4.135
1.173
1.175
0.073
0.071
3.55
3.60
1.797
1.802
E0.192
0.188
16.21 × 10−3
ngi
15.32 × 10−3
14.5 × 10−3
4.284
4.421
1.177
1.178
0.0693
0.0676
3.65
3.70
1.807
1.811
0.184
0.179
nee
13.7 × 10−3
12.97 × 10−3
4.559
4.704
1.180
1.182
0.0659
0.0643
rin
3.75 1.815 0.176 4.849 1.183 0.063
3.80
3.85
1.819
1.824
0.172
0.168
12.28 × 10−3
11.6 × 10−3 g.n 5.000
5.154
1.185
1.186
0.061
0.0598
3.90
3.95
4.00
1.827
1.832
1.834
0.165
0.161
0.157
11.02 × 10−3
10.45 × 10−3
9.94 × 10−3
et
5.311
5.472
5.607
1.187
1.188
1.189
0.0584
0.057
0.056
4.05 1.838 0.154 9.4 × 10−3 5.806 1.191 0.054

4.10 1.842 0.151 8.93 × 10−3 5.978 1.193 0.053
4.15 1.845 0.148 8.48 × 10−3 6.155 1.194 0.052
4.20 1.848 0.145 8.06 × 10−3 6.336 1.195 0.051
4.25 1.852 0.142 7.66 × 10−3 6.519 1.196 0.049
4.30 1.855 0.139 7.28 × 10−3 6.708 1.197 0.0487

4.35 1.858 0.137 6.93 × 10−3 6.900 1.198 0.0477
4.40 1.861 0.134 6.6 × 10−3 7.097 1.199 0.0467
4.45 1.864 0.132 6.28 × 10−3 7.298 1.200 0.0457
4.50 1.865 0.128 6.00 × 10−3 7.455 1.201 0.045

TABLE 3.3
A p
M M* T/T0 p/p0 A/A* F/F* *
A p0
4.55 1.869 0.126 5.7 × 10−3 7.712 1.202 0.044

4.60 1.871 0.124 5.4 × 10−3 7.925 1.203 0.043
4.65 1.874 0.122 5.2 × 10−3 8.143 1.204 0.042
4.70 1.876 0.119 4.9 × 10−3 8.365 1.205 0.041
4.7 × 10−3
ww
4.75 1.878 0.117 8.591 1.206 0.040
4.80
4.85 w.E
1.881
1.883
0.115
0.113
4.5 × 10−3
4.3 × 10−3
4.1 × 10−3
8.822
9.058
1.206
1.207
0.039
0.0389
4.90
4.95
1.885
1.887 asy
0.111
0.109 3.9 × 10−3
9.298
9.543
1.208
1.208
0.0381
0.0374
5.00
6.00
1.888
1.918
E
0.107
0.076
3.7 × 10−3
ngi
165.0 × 10−5
9.720
15.680
1.209
1.220
0.037
0.026
7.00 1.937 0.057
nee
81.0 × 10−5
43.0 × 10−5
23.850 1.228 0.019
8.00
9.00
1.950
1.960
0.045
0.036 rin
24.5 × 10−5
34.600
48.250
1.232
1.234
0.015
0.012
10.00 1.965 0.029 14.5 × 10−5
g.n 65.200 1.238 0.009
∞ 1.995 0 0
et ∞ 1.248 0

Normal Shocks in Perfect Gases 47
TABLE 4.1
Normal shocks in perfect gases (γγ = 1.3)
Mx My py /px Ty /Tx p0y /p0x p0y /px
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.832

1.02 0.981 1.046 1.010 0.999 1.875
1.04 0.962 1.092 1.021 0.999 1.918
1.06 0.944 1.139 1.031 0.999 1.963
1.08 0.927 1.185 1.041 0.999 2.010
1.10 0.911 1.237 1.051 0.999 2.058
ww
1.12 0.896 1.287 1.061 0.998 2.107
1.14
1.16 w.E 0.881
0.867
1.338
1.391
1.070
1.080
0.997
0.995
2.157
2.209
1.18
1.20
0.853
0.840 asy 1.444
1.497
1.089
1.099
0.994
0.993
2.262
2.316
1.22
1.24
0.828
0.816
E 1.552
1.608 ngi 1.109
1.119
0.990
0.987
2.372
2.428
1.26
1.28
0.804
0.793
1.664
1.722 nee
1.128
1.138
0.985
0.982
2.486
2.545
1.30 0.783 1.780
rin
1.148 0.978 2.605
1.32
1.34
0.772
0.762
1.839
1.899
1.158
1.167 g.n 0.975
0.971
2.667
2.728
1.36
1.38
1.40
0.753
0.744
0.735
1.960
2.022
2.085
1.177
1.187
1.197
et 0.966
0.961
0.956
2.792
2.856
2.922
1.42 0.726 2.149 1.207 0.951 2.988

1.44 0.714 2.214 1.217 0.945 3.056
1.46 0.709 2.279 1.227 0.939 3.125
1.48 0.702 2.346 1.237 0.933 3.195
1.50 0.694 2.413 1.247 0.926 3.265
1.52 0.687 2.481 1.257 0.919 3.337

1.54 0.680 2.551 1.268 0.912 3.410
1.56 0.673 2.621 1.278 0.905 3.484
1.58 0.666 2.692 1.288 0.897 3.559
1.60 0.660 2.764 1.300 0.889 3.635

TABLE 4.1
1.62 0.654 2.836 1.310 0.881 3.712

1.64 0.647 2.910 1.320 0.873 3.791
1.66 0.642 2.985 1.331 0.864 3.870
1.68 0.636 3.060 1.342 0.856 3.991
1.70 0.630 3.137 1.353 0.847 4.031
ww
1.72
1.74
0.625
0.620
3.214
3.292
1.364
1.375
0.837
0.828
4.155
4.196
1.76
1.78
w.E
0.615
0.609
3.371
3.451
1.386
1.397
0.819
0.810
4.281
4.366
1.80 0.605
asy 3.532 1.407 0.800 4.452
1.82
1.84
1.86
0.600
0.596
0.591
E 3.614
3.697
3.780 ngi
1.420
1.432
1.443
0.790
0.781
0.771
4.539
4.628
4.717
1.88
1.90
0.587
0.583
3.865
3.950 nee
1.455
1.466
0.761
0.751
4.807
4.898
1.92 0.578 4.037 rin

1.479 0.741 4.991
1.94 0.574 4.124 1.491
g.n 0.731 5.084
et
1.96 0.570 4.212 1.503 0.721 5.178
1.98 0.567 4.301 1.515 0.711 5.274
2.00 0.563 4.390 1.527 0.700 5.370
2.02 0.559 4.482 1.539 0.690 5.467

2.04 0.556 4.574 1.552 0.680 5.565
2.06 0.552 4.667 1.565 0.670 5.665
2.08 0.548 4.760 1.578 0.660 5.765
2.10 0.546 4.856 1.590 0.650 5.867
2.12 0.542 4.950 1.600 0.639 5.968

2.14 0.539 5.046 1.617 0.629 6.071
2.16 0.536 5.144 1.630 0.619 6.176
2.18 0.533 5.242 1.643 0.609 6.281
2.20 0.530 5.341 1.656 0.600 6.387

TABLE 4.1
2.22 0.527 5.441 1.669 0.590 6.494

2.24 0.524 5.542 1.683 0.580 6.603
2.26 0.522 5.643 1.697 0.571 6.712
2.28 0.519 5.746 1.711 0.561 6.822
2.30 0.516 5.849 1.725 0.552 6.934
ww
2.32
2.34
0.514
0.511
5.954
6.059
1.738
1.753
0.542
0.533
7.045
7.158
2.36
2.38
w.E 0.508
0.506
6.166
6.273
1.767
1.781
0.523
0.515
7.272
7.387
2.40 0.505
asy 6.380 1.797 0.505 7.504
2.42
2.44
2.46
0.502
0.499
0.497
E 6.489
6.599
6.711 ngi
1.810
1.825
1.840
0.496
0.487
0.478
7.621
7.740
7.857
2.48
2.50
0.495
0.493
6.822
6.935 nee
1.854
1.869
0.469
0.460
7.977
8.098
rin
2.52
2.54
0.491
0.489
7.050
7.163
1.885
1.899
g.n 0.452
0.444
8.220
8.343
2.56
2.58
2.60
0.487
0.485
0.483
7.278
7.394
7.512
1.915
1.930
1.945
et 0.436
0.427
0.420
8.467
8.592
8.715
2.62 0.481 7.629 1.962 0.411 8.845

2.64 0.479 7.748 1.977 0.404 8.973
2.66 0.477 7.865 1.993 0.396 9.101
2.68 0.475 7.988 2.009 0.388 9.231
2.70 0.474 8.770 2.025 0.381 9.361
2.72 0.472 8.233 2.042 0.374 9.494

2.74 0.470 8.351 2.058 0.366 9.626
2.76 0.468 8.481 2.074 0.359 9.760
2.78 0.467 8.606 2.091 0.352 9.895
2.80 0.466 8.733 2.107 0.345 10.031

TABLE 4.1
2.82 0.464 8.859 2.124 0.338 10.167

2.84 0.462 8.987 2.141 0.332 10.305
2.86 0.461 9.116 2.158 0.325 10.444
2.88 0.459 9.246 2.175 0.318 10.583
2.90 0.458 9.380 2.194 0.313 10.725
ww
2.92
2.94
0.456
0.455
9.508
9.641
2.210
2.227
0.306
0.300
16.865
11.008
2.96
2.98
w.E
0.454
0.452
9.774
9.908
2.245
2.263
0.294
0.288
11.151
11.295
3.00 0.451
asy 10.041 2.280 0.282 11.450
3.05
3.10
3.15
0.448
0.445
0.442
E 10.385
10.733
11.086 ngi
2.325
2.371
2.418
0.268
0.255
0.242
11.735
12.183
12.563
3.20
3.25
0.439
0.436
11.445
11.809 nee
2.465
2.513
0.229
0.218
13.027
13.421
rin
3.30
3.35
0.434
0.431
12.180
12.556
2.561
2.611
g.n 0.207
0.196
13.740
14.145
3.40
3.45
3.50
0.428
0.426
0.424
12.937
13.325
13.720
2.661
2.711
2.762
et 0.186
0.178
0.168
14.556
14.972
15.391
3.55 0.422 14.116 2.815 0.159 15.823

3.60 0.420 14.520 2.868 0.151 16.259
3.65 0.418 14.930 2.922 0.143 16.700
3.70 0.416 15.345 2.976 0.136 17.147
3.75 0.414 15.766 3.031 0.129 17.600
3.80 0.412 16.193 3.087 0.122 18.060

3.85 0.411 16.625 3.144 0.116 18.526
3.90 0.409 17.063 3.201 0.110 18.997
3.95 0.407 17.507 3.259 0.105 19.475
4.00 0.406 17.960 3.317 0.099 19.961

TABLE 4.1
4.05 0.404 18.411 3.378 0.094 20.449

4.10 0.403 18.872 3.438 0.089 20.945
4.15 0.401 19.338 3.498 0.085 21.447
4.20 0.400 19.810 3.561 0.081 21.956
4.25 0.398 20.288 3.623 0.077 22.470
ww
4.30
4.35
0.397
0.396
20.771
21.260
3.686
3.750
0.073
0.069
22.999
23.516
4.40
4.45 w.E 0.395
0.394
21.755
22.255
3.815
3.880
0.066
0.062
24.049
24.588
4.50 0.393
asy 22.760 3.945 0.0594 25.181
4.55
4.60
4.65
0.392
0.391
0.389
E 23.272
23.789
24.312 ngi
4.013
4.081
4.149
0.056
0.054
0.051
25.683
26.241
26.804
4.70
4.75
0.388
0.387
24.841
25.375 nee
4.218
4.287
0.048
0.046
27.373
27.948
4.80 0.387 25.915 rin

4.358 0.044 28.529
4.85
4.90
0.386
0.385
26.460
27.011
4.429
4.502 g.n 0.042
0.039
29.117
29.710
4.95
5.00
0.384
0.383
27.568
28.130
4.574
4.646 et 0.038
0.036
30.309
30.901
6.00 0.370 40.570 6.271 0.014 44.320

7.00 0.363 55.261 8.189 0.0061 60.140
8.00 0.357 72.220 10.401 0.00283 78.400
9.00 0.354 91.430 12.907 0.0014 99.101
10.00 0.351 112.911 15.710 0.00074 122.25
∞ 0.340 ∞ ∞ 0 ∞

TABLE 4.2
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.893

1.02 0.981 1.047 1.013 0.999 1.938
1.04 0.962 1.095 1.026 0.999 1.984
1.06 0.945 1.144 1.039 0.999 2.032
1.08 0.928 1.194 1.052 0.999 2.082
1.10 0.911 1.245 1.065 0.998 2.133
ww
1.12 0.897 1.297 1.078 0.998 2.185
1.14
1.16 w.E
0.882
0.868
1.349
1.403
1.090
1.103
0..997
0.996
2.238
2.294
1.18
1.20
0.855
0.842 asy 1.458
1.513
1.115
1.128
0.994
0.993
2.350
2.407
1.22
1.24
0.830
0.818
E 1.570
1.627 ngi 1.141
1.153
0.991
0.988
2.466
2.526
1.26
1.28
0.807
0.796
1.685
1.745 nee
1.166
1.178
0.985
0.983
2.587
2.650
1.30 0.786 1.805
rin
1.191 0.979 2.714
1.32
1.34
0.776
0.766
1.866
1.928
1.204
1.216 g.n 0.976
0.972
2.778
2.845
1.36
1.38
1.40
0.757
0.748
0.740
1.991
2.055
2.120
1.229
1.242
1.255
et 0.967
0.963
0.958
2.911
2.979
3.049
1.42 0.731 2.186 1.267 0.953 3.120

1.44 0.723 2.253 1.281 0.947 3.192
1.46 0.716 2.320 1.294 0.942 3.265
1.48 0.708 2.389 1.307 0.936 3.338
1.50 0.701 2.458 1.320 0.930 3.413
1.52 0.694 2.529 1.334 0.923 3.489

1.54 0.687 2.600 1.347 0.917 3.567
1.56 0.681 2.673 1.361 0.909 3.645
1.58 0.675 2.746 1.374 0.903 3.725
1.60 0.668 2.820 1.388 0.895 3.805

TABLE 4.2
1.62 0.663 2.895 1.402 0.887 3.886

1.64 0.657 2.971 1.416 0.880 3.969
1.66 0.651 3.048 1.430 0.872 4.053
1.68 0.646 3.126 1.444 0.864 4.138
1.70 0.641 3.205 1.458 0.856 4.224
ww
1.72
1.74
0.635
0.631
3.285
3.336
1.473
1.487
0.847
0.839
4.315
4.443
1.76
1.78
w.E 0.626
0.621
3.447
3.530
1.502
1.517
0.830
0.822
4.533
4.578
1.80 0.616
asy 3.613 1.532 0.813 4.670
1.82
1.84
1.86
0.612
0.608
0.604
E 3.698
3.781
3.870 ngi
1.547
1.562
1.578
0.804
0.795
0.786
4.762
4.855
4.947
1.88
1.90
0.599
0.596
3.957
4.045 nee
1.593
1.608
0.776
0.767
5.043
5.142
rin
1.92
1.94
0.592
0.588
4.134
4.224
1.624
1.639
g.n 0.758
0.749
5.239
5.338
1.96
1.98
2.00
0.584
0.581
0.577
4.315
4.407
4.500
1.656
1.671
1.687
et 0.739
0.730
0.721
5.438
5.538
5.641
2.02 0.574 4.594 1.704 0.712 5.743

2.04 0.571 4.688 1.720 0.702 5.847
2.06 0.567 4.784 1.737 0.693 5.953
2.08 0.564 4.881 1.754 0.684 6.058
2.10 0.561 4.978 1.770 0.674 6.166
2.12 0.558 5.077 1.787 0.665 6.274

2.14 0.556 5.176 1.805 0.656 6.383
2.16 0.553 5.276 1.822 0.646 6.493
2.18 0.550 5.378 1.839 0.637 6.604
2.20 0.547 5.480 1.857 0.628 6.716

TABLE 4.2
2.22 0.545 5.583 1.875 0.619 6.829

2.24 0.542 5.687 1.892 0.610 6.945
2.26 0.539 5.792 1.910 0.601 7.060
2.28 0.537 5.898 1.928 0.592 7.176
2.30 0.534 6.005 1.947 0.583 7.294
ww
2.32 0.532 6.113 1.965 0.574 7.412
w.E
2.34 0.529 6.222 1.984 0.566 7.532
2.36 0.527 6.331 2.003 0.557 7.653
2.38 0.525 6.442 2.021 0.548 7.775
2.40 0.523
asy 6.553 2.040 0.540 7.897
2.42
2.44
2.46
0.521
0.519
0.517
E 6.666
6.780
6.894 ngi
2.059
2.079
2.098
0.532
0.523
0.515
8.027
8.145
8.271
2.48
2.50
0.515
0.513
7.008
7.125 nee
2.118
2.138
0.507
0.499
8.398
8.526
rin
2.52
2.54
0.511
0.509
7.242
7.360
2.157
2.177 g.n 0.491
0.483
8.655
8.785
2.56
2.58
2.60
0.507
0.506
0.504
7.479
7.599
7.720
2.197
2.218
2.238
et 0.475
0.467
0.460
8.916
9.145
9.181
2.62 0.502 7.842 2.259 0.453 9.315

2.64 0.500 7.965 2.279 0.445 9.451
2.66 0.498 8.088 2.300 0.438 9.587
2.68 0.497 8.213 2.322 0.431 9.724
2.70 0.496 8.338 2.343 0.423 9.863
2.72 0.494 8.465 2.364 0.416 10.002

2.74 0.493 8.592 2.386 0.409 10.142
2.76 0.491 8.721 2.407 0.403 10.283
2.78 0.490 8.849 2.429 0.396 10.426
2.80 0.488 8.980 2.451 0.389 10.569

TABLE 4.2
2.82 0.487 9.111 2.473 0.383 10.714

2.84 0.485 9.243 2.495 0.376 10.859
2.86 0.484 9.376 2.518 0.370 11.006
2.88 0.483 9.510 2.540 0.364 11.154
2.90 0.481 9.645 2.563 0.358 11.302
ww
2.92 0.480 9.781 2.586 0.352 11.452
w.E
2.94 0.478 9.917 2.609 0.346 11.603
2.96 0.477 10.055 2.632 0.339 11.754
2.98 0.476 10.194 2.656 0.334 11.907
3.00 0.475
asy 10.333 2.679 0.328 12.061
3.05
3.10
3.15
0.472
0.469
0.467
E 10.686
11.045
11.409 ngi
2.738
2.798
2.860
0.315
0.301
0.288
12.450
12.846
13.247
3.20
3.25
0.464
0.462
11.780
12.156 nee
2.922
2.985
0.276
0.264
13.656
14.071
rin
3.30
3.35
0.459
0.457
12.538
12.926
3.049
3.114 g.n 0.253
0.243
14.492
14.920
3.40
3.54
3.50
0.455
0.453
0.451
13.320
13.791
14.125
3.180
3.247
3.315
et 0.232
0.222
0.213
15.354
15.795
16.242
3.55 0.449 14.536 3.384 0.204 16.700

3.60 0.447 14.953 3.454 0.195 17.156
3.65 0.445 15.376 3.525 0.187 17.715
3.70 0.444 15.805 3.596 0.179 18.095
3.75 0.442 16.239 3.669 0.172 18.575
3.80 0.441 16.680 3.743 0.164 19.060

3.85 0.439 17.126 3.817 0.157 19.553
3.90 0.438 17.578 3.893 0.151 20.051
3.95 0.436 18.036 3.969 0.145 20.556
4.00 0.435 18.500 4.047 0.138 21.068

TABLE 4.2
4.05 0.434 18.969 4.125 0.133 21.586

4.10 0.432 19.445 4.205 0.127 22.111
4.15 0.431 19.926 4.285 0.122 22.642
4.20 0.430 20.413 4.367 0.117 23.179
4.25 0.429 20.906 4.449 0.113 23.723
ww
4.30
4.35
0.428
0.427
21.405
21.909
4.532
4.616
0.108
0.104
24.273
24.829
4.40
4.45 w.E
0.426
0.425
22.420
22.936
4.702
4.788
0.099
0.095
25.393
26.078
4.50 0.424
asy 23.458 4.875 0.0917 26.539
4.55
4.60
4.65
0.423
0.422
0.421
E 23.986
24.520
25.059 ngi
4.963
5.052
5.142
0.088
0.085
0.081
27.120
27.710
28.305
4.70
4.75
0.420
0.419
25.605
26.156 nee
5.233
5.325
0.078
0.075
28.907
29.516
4.80 0.418 26.713 rin

5.418 0.072 30.130
4.85
4.90
0.417
0.4167
27.276
27.845
5.512
5.607 g.n 0.069
0.067
30.751
31.379
4.95
5.00
0.416
0.415
28.419
29.000
5.703
5.800 et 0.0642
0.0617
32.013
32.654
6.00 0.404 41.833 7.941 0.0296 46.815

7.00 0.397 57.000 10.469 0.0154 63.552
8.00 0.393 74.500 13.387 0.0085 82.865
9.00 0.389 94.333 16.693 0.005 104.753
10.000 0.388 116.500 20.388 0.003 129.217
∞ 0.378 ∞ ∞ 0 ∞

TABLE 4.3
1.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 2.055

1.02 0.981 1.051 1.020 0.999 2.107
1.04 0.962 1.102 1.040 0.999 2.161
1.06 0.945 1.155 1.059 0.999 2.217
1.08 0.928 1.208 l.078 0.999 2.274
1.10 0.913 1.262 1.098 0.999 2.333
ww
1.12 0.898 1.318 1.118 0.998 2.393
1.14
1.16 w.E 0.884
0.871
1.375
1.432
1.137
1.157
0.997
0.996
2.455
2.518
1.18
1.20
0.858
0.846 asy 1.490
1.551
1.176
1.195
0.995
0.993
2.584
2.649
1.22
1.24
0.835
0.824
E 1.611
1.672 ngi 1.215
1.234
0.991
0.989
2.718
2.787
1.26
1.28
0.813
0.805
1.735
1.798 nee1.253
1.273
0.987
0.984
2.857
2.929
1.30 0.794 1.863
rin
1.293 0.981 3.002
1.32
1.34
0.784
0.775
1.928
1.995
1.312
1.332g.n 0.978
0.975
3.076
3.152
1.36
1.38
1.40
0.767
0.758
0.751
2.062
2.131
2.201
1.352
1.372
1.394
et 0.971
0.967
0.963
3.229
3.308
3.388
1.42 0.743 2.271 1.412 0.958 3.468

1.44 0.736 2.342 1.433 0.953 3.551
1.46 0.729 2.415 1.453 0.948 3.634
1.48 0.723 2.488 1.475 0.943 3.719
1.50 0.716 2.562 1.497 0.938 3.805
1.52 0.709 2.638 1.516 0.933 3.892

1.54 0.703 2.715 1.537 0.927 3.981
1.56 0.697 2.792 1.560 0.921 4.071
1.58 0.692 2.871 1.580 0.915 4.162
1.60 0.687 2.950 1.605 0.908 4.255

TABLE 4.3
1.62 0.681 3.031 1.624 0.902 4.347

1.64 0.676 3.112 1.646 0.896 4.442
1.66 0.671 3.195 1.668 0.889 4.538
1.68 0.667 3.278 1.691 0.882 4.635
1.70 0.662 3.365 1.715 0.875 4.734
ww
1.72 0.657 3.448 1.736 0.868 4.833
1.74
1.76
1.78
w.E
0.653
0.649
0.645
3.535
3.622
3.711
1.760
1.783
1.806
0.861
0.854
0.847
4.933
5.036
5.139
1.80 0.641
asy 3.800 1.832 0.840 5.244
1.82
1.84
1.86
0.637
0.633
0.630
E 3.891
3.982
4.075 ngi
1.853
1.878
1.903
0.832
0.824
0.817
5.349
5.456
5.564
1.88
1.90
0.626
0.623
4.168
4.266
nee
1.927
1.954
0.809
0.802
5.673
5.785
rin
1.92
1.94
0.619
0.616
4.358
4.454
1.976
2.002 g.n 0.794
0.786
5.895
6.008
1.96
1.98
2.00
0.613
0.610
0.607
4.552
4.651
4.753
2.027
2.053
2.080
et 0.778
0.771
0.763
6.122
6.237
6.355
2.02 0.604 4.851 2.105 0.756 6.472

2.-04 0.601 4.952 2.131 0.747 6.500
2.06 0.598 5.055 2.157 0.740 6.711
2.08 0.596 5.158 2.184 0.732 6.832
2.10 0.594 5.266 2.213 0.725 6.953
2.12 0.591 5.368 2.238 0.717 7.078

2.14 0.588 5.475 2.266 0.709 7.203
2.16 0.586 5.582 2.293 0.701 7.328
2.18 0.584 5.891 2.321 0.694 7.456
2.20 0.582 5.805 2.354 0.687 7.586

TABLE 4.3
2.22 0.579 5.911 2.378 0.678 7.714

2.24 0.577 6.022 2.405 0.671 7.845
2.26 0.575 6.135 2.435 0.664 7.977
2.28 0.573 6.248 2.464 0.656 8.110
2.30 0.571 6.367 2.500 0.649 8.245
ww
2.32 0.569 6.478 2.523 0.641 8.379
2.34
2.36
2.38
w.E 0.567
0.565
0.563
6.595
6.713
6.831
2.553
2.583
2.613
0.634
0.627
0.619
8.517
8.654
8.794
2.40 0.562
asy 6.953 2.651 0.614 8.935
2.42
2.44
2.46
0.560
0.558
0.556
E 7.071
7.193
7.315 ngi
2.674
2.705
2.736
0.605
0.598
0.591
9.004
9.218
9.362
2.48
2.50
0.555
0.554
7.438
7.567
nee
2.767
2.805
0.584
0.578
9.507
9.651
rin
2.52
2.54
0.552
0.550
7.689
7.815
2.831
2.863 g.n 0.571
0.564
9.800
9.949
2.56
2.58
2.60
0.548
0.547
0.546
7.943
8.071
8.205
2.895
2.928
2.968
et 0.557
0.551
0.545
10.098
10.249
10.401
2.62 0.544 8.333 2.994 0.538 10.556

2.64 0.543 8.463 3.027 0.531 10.709
2.66 0.541 8.595 3.061 0.525 10.865
2.68 0.540 8.729 3.094 0.518 11.022
2.70 0.539 8.870 3.138 0.514 11.180
2.72 0.538 8.995 3.163 0.506 11.339

2.74 0.536 9.135 3.197 0.500 11.500
2.76 0.535 9.273 3.232 0.494 11.662
2.78 0.534 9.411 3.267 0.488 11.824
2.80 0.533 9.557 3.311 0.483 12.000

TABLE 4.3
2.82 0.532 9.691 3.337 0.476 12.153

2.84 0.531 9.833 3.373 0.471 12.319
2.86 0.529 9.976 3.409 0.465 12.487
2.88 0.528 10.118 3.445 0.459 12.656
2.90 0.527 10.270 3.492 0.455 12.831
ww
2.92 0.526 10.408 3.518 0.448 12.997
2.94
2.96
2.98
w.E
0.525
0.524
0.523
10.555
10.703
10.851
3.555
3.593
3.630
0.443
0.438
0.433
13.169
13.342
13.517
3.00 0.523
asy 11.010 3.680 0.428 13.690
3.05
3.10
3.15
0.520
0.518
0.516
E 11.379
11.763
12.154 ngi
3.763
3.860
3.958
0.415
0.402
0.390
14.137
14.589
15.048
3.20
3.25
0.514
0.511
12.551
12.954
nee
4.053
4.160
0.378
0.367
15.515
15.989
rin
3.30
3.35
0.509
0.508
13.363
13.779
4.262
4.367 g.n 0.357
0.346
16.471
16.960
3.40
3.45
3.50
0.506
0.505
0.504
14.201
14.620
15.075
4.473
4.581
4.705
et 0.336
0.326
0.318
17.456
17.959
18.471
3.55 0.502 15.504 4.800 0.309 18.988

3.60 0.500 15.951 4.912 0.298 19.514
3.65 0.498 16.404 5.026 0.290 20.047
3.70 0.497 16.864 5.141 0.282 20.588
3.75 0.496 17.330 5.258 0.274 21.135
3.80 0.495 17.801 5.376 0.266 21.691

3.85 0.494 18.279 5.496 0.258 22.253
3.90 0.493 18.764 5.618 0.251 22.823
3.95 0.492 19.255 5.741 0.244 23.400
4.00 0.491 19.761 5.886 0.239 23.990

TABLE 4.3
4.05 0.489 20.255 5.992 0.231 24.577

4.10 0.488 20.764 6.119 0.225 25.175
4.15 0.487 21.280 6.249 0.218 25.783
4.20 0.486 24.802 6.379 0.213 26.397
4.25 0.485 22.330 6.511 0.207 27.018
ww
4.30 0.485 22.864 6.645 0.201 27.647
4.35
4.40
4.45
w.E 0.484
0.483
0.482
23.405
23.952
24.505
6.781
6.918
7.057
0.196
0.191
0.186
28.283
28.926
29.578
4.50 0.482
asy 25.081 7.222 0.181 30.250
4.55
4.60
4.65
0.481
0.480
0.479
E 25.630
26.202
26.780 ngi
7.338
7.482
7.626
0.176
0.171
0.167
30.901
31.574
32.254
4.70
4.75
0.479
0.478
27.365
27.955 nee
7.773
7.921
0.163
0.158
32.942
33.637
4.80 0.478 28.552 rin

8.070 0.155 34.340
4.85 0.477 29.155 8.221
g.n 0.151 35.049
et
4.90 0.476 29.765 8.373 0.147 35.766
4.95 0.476 30.380 8.528 0.143 36.491
5.00 0.476 31.021 8.700 0.140 37.230
6.00 0.467 44.780 12.165 0.089 53.400

7.00 0.462 61.050 16.250 0.058 72.530
8.00 0.459 79.810 20.960 0.041 94.600
9.00 0.457 101.080 26.300 0.029 119.600
10.00 0.456 124.85 32.260 0.022 147.50
∞ 0.448 ∞ ∞ 0 ∞

TABLE 5.1
Oblique shocks in perfect gases
Wave angles for given deflection (γγ = 1.4, δ = 2°)
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
1.02 83.49 1.62 40.15 2.22 28.32

1.04 80.93 1.64 39.50 2.24 28.05
1.06 79.05 1.66 39.00 2.26 27.80
1.08 77.56 1.68 38.45 2.28 27.54
ww
1.10 76.30 1.70 37.93 2.30 27.30
1.12
1.14
1.16
w.E
75.22
68.71
65.55
1.72
1.74
1.76
37.45
36.93
36.45
2.32
2.34
2.36
27.05
26.81
26.51
1.18
1.20
63.10
61.10 asy 1.78
1.80
36.00
35.50
2.38
2.40
26.35
26.12
1.22
1.24
59.24
57.50
E 1.82
1.84 ngi 35.10
34.70
2.42
2.44
25.90
25.70
1.26
1.28
56.15
54.75
1.86
1.88 nee34.25
33.85
2.46
2.48
25.50
25.25
1.30 53.50 1.90
rin
33.45 2.50 25.05
1.32
1.34
52.30
51.15
1.92
1.94
33.05
32.70g.n 2.52
2.54
24.85
24.65
1.36
1.38
1.40
50.10
49.12
48.15
1.96
1.98
2.00
32.35
32.00
31.65
et 2.56
2.58
2.60
24.45
24.25
24.06
1.42 47.27 2.02 31.30 2.62 23.90

1.44 46.42 2.04 30.95 2.64 23.70
1.46 45.60 2.06 30.65 2.66 23.52
1.48 44.82 2.08 30.35 2.68 23.35
1.50 44.05 2.10 30.03 2.70 23.15
1.52 43.35 2.12 29.74 2.72 23.00

1.54 42.65 2.14 29.40 2.74 22.83
1.56 42.00 2.16 29.15 2.76 22.65
1.58 41.35 2.18 28.85 2.78 22.50
1.60 40.75 2.20 28.59 2.80 22.35

Oblique Shocks in Perfect Gases 63
TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
2.82 22.20 4.05 15.63

2.84 22.05 4.10 15.45
2.86 21.88 4.15 15.25
2.88 21.74 4.20 15.10
ww
2.90 21.58 4.25 14.94
w.E
2.92 21.45 4.30 14.75
2.94 21.30 4.35 14.62
2.96 21.15 4.40 14.45
2.98
3.00
21.00
20.85 asy 4.45
4.50
14.30
14.15
3.05
3.10
20.53
20.20
E 4.55
4.60 ngi 14.03
13.88
3.15
3.20
19.90
19.60
4.65
4.70 nee13.75
13.60
3.25 19.29 4.75
rin
13.48
3.30
3.35
19.00
18.75
4.80
4.85
13.35
13.23g.n
3.40
3.45
3.50
18.45
18.21
17.95
4.90
4.95
5.00
13.10
12.98
12.85
et
3.55 17.70 5.50 11.80
3.60 17.50 6.00 10.91
3.65 17.25 6.50 10.16
3.70 17.05 7.00 9.55
3.75 16.81 7.50 9.00
3.80 16.60 8.00 8.50

3.85 16.40 8.50 8.08
3.90 16.20 9.00 7.70
3.95 16.00 9.50 7.35
4.00 15.81 10.00 7.00

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
1.02 1.62 44.65 2.22 31.70

1.04 1.64 44.00 2.24 31.42
1.06 1.66 43.36 2.26 31.15
1.08 1.68 42.75 2.28 30.85
ww
1.10 1.70 42.15 2.30 30.60
1.12
1.14
1.16
w.E 1.72
1.74
1.76
41.56
41.02
40.50
2.32
2.34
2.36
30.35
30.10
29.84
1.18
1.20 asy 1.78
1.80
40.00
39.47
2.38
2.40
29.60
29.38
1.22
1.24
71.35
70.80
E 1.82
1.84 ngi 39.00
38.55
2.42
2.44
29.15
28.92
1.26
1.28
70.30
67.38
1.86
1.88 nee38.05
37.65
2.46
2.48
28.70
28.47
1.30 63.50 1.90
rin
37.22 2.50 28.25
1.32
1.34
61.05
59.08
1.92
1.94
36.80
36.40g.n 2.52
2.54
28.05
27.85
1.36
1.38
1.40
57.45
55.96
54.65
1.96
1.98
2.00
36.00
35.62
35.24
et 2.56
2.58
2.60
27.64
27.45
27.25
1.42 53.42 2.02 34.90 2.62 27.05

1.44 52.30 2.04 34.50 2.64 26.85
1.46 51.24 2.06 34.16 2.66 26.66
1.48 50.25 2.08 33.83 2.68 26.50
1.50 49.35 2.10 33.50 2.70 26.30
1.52 48.45 2.12 33.20 2.72 26.13

1.54 47.62 2.14 32.88 2.74 25.95
1.56 46.81 2.16 32.60 2.76 25.80
1.58 46.05 2.18 32.28 2.78 25.61
1.60 45.35 2.20 31.97 2.80 25.46

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
2.82 25.30 4.05 18.60

2.84 25.15 4.10 18.45
2.86 25.00 4.15 18.27
2.88 24.81 4.20 18.10
ww
2.90 24.67 4.25 17.95
w.E
2.92 24.32 4.30 17.78
2.94 24.38 4.35 17.65
2.96 24.21 4.40 17.45
2.98
3.00
24.05
23.95 asy 4.45
4.50
17.30
17.17
3.05
3.10
23.60
23.30
E 4.55
4.60 ngi 17.00
16.90
3.15
3.20
22.95
22.63
4.65
4.70 nee16.75
16.62
3.25 22.32 4.75
rin
16.50
3.30
3.35
22.05
21.76
4.80
4.85
16.36
16.25g.n
3.40
3.45
3.50
21.50
21.23
21.00
4.90
4.95
5.00
16.10
16.00
15.89
et
3.55 20.73 5.50 14.84
3.60 20.50 6.00 14.00
3.65 20.25 6.50 13.27
3.70 20.00 7.00 12.70
3.75 19.80 7.50 12.16
3.80 19.60 8.00 11.70

3.85 19.40 8.50 11.34
3.90 19.20 9.00 11.00
3.95 19.00 9.50 10.70
4.00 18.80 10.00 10.45

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
1.02 1.62 50.20 2.22 35.45

1.04 1.64 49.40 2.24 35.15
1.06 1.66 48.63 2.26 34.90
1.08 1.68 47.90 2.28 34.60
ww
1.10 1.70 47.15 2.30 34.34
w.E
1.12 1.72 46.50 2.32 34.00
1.14 1.74 45.83 2.34 33.80
1.16 1.76 45.22 2.36 33.53
1.18
1.20 asy 1.78
1.80
44.65
44.06
2.38
2.40
33.30
33.00
1.22
1.24
E 1.82
1.84 ngi 43.50
43.00
2.42
2.44
32.80
32.54
1..26
1.28
1.86
1.88 nee42.47
42.00
2.46
2.48
32.30
32.00
1.30 1.90
rin
41.50 2.50 31.85
1.32
1.34
1.92
1.94
41.00
40.60g.n 2.52
2.54
31.65
31.40
1.36
1.38
1.40
68.30
68.00
67.75
1.96
1.98
2.00
40.15
39.73
39.30
et 2.56
2.58
2.60
31.20
31.00
30.80
1.42 67.50 2.02 38.91 2.62 30.60

1.44 62.30 2.04 38.50 2.64 30.40
1.46 60.00 2.06 38.15 2.66 30.20
1.48 58.20 2.08 37.80 2.68 30.00
1.50 56.71 2.10 37.43 2.70 29.82
1.52 55.34 2.12 37.10 2.72 29.65

1.54 54.16 2.14 36.76 2.74 29.45
1.56 53.05 2.16 36.43 2.76 29.27
1.58 52.10 2.18 36.10 2.78 29.11
1.60 51.10 2.20 35.80 2.80 28.95

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
2.82 28.78 4.05 22.04

2.84 28.60 4.10 21.90
2.86 28.44 4.15 21.70
2.88 28.30 4.20 21.54
ww
2.90
2.92
28.15
28.00
4.25
4.30
21.36
21.25
2.94
2.96 w.E 27.81
27.70
4.35
4.40
21.05
20.90
2.98
3.00
27.55
27.35 asy 4.45
4.50
20.78
20.61
3.05
3.10
27.00
26.70
E 4.55
4.60 ngi 20.50
20.35
3.15
3.20
26.36
26.10
4.65
4.70 nee20.21
20.10
3.25 25.80 4.75
rin
19.95
3.30
3.35
25.45
25.16
4.80
4.85
19.85
19.72g.n
3.40
3.45
3.50
24.90
24.65
24.38
4.90
4.95
5.00
19.60
19.50
19.40
et
3.55 24.14 5.50 18.40
3.60 23.90 6.00 17.60
3.65 23.66 6.50 16.95
3.70 23.45 7.00 16.40
3.75 23.25 7.50 15.93
3.80 23.00 8.00 15.53

3.85 22.80 8.50 15.20
3.90 22.60 9.00 14.90
3.95 22.42 9.50 14.65
4.00 22.25 10.00 14.45

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
1.62 2.22 47.50 2.82 39.30

1.64 2.24 47.14 2.84 39.12
1.66 2.26 46.74 2.86 38.95
1.68 2.28 46.37 2.88 38.76
ww
1.70 2.30 46.00 2.90 38.57
w.E
1.72 2.32 45.65 2.92 38.40
1.74 2.34 45.30 2.94 38.25
1.76 65.08 2.36 44.98 2.96 38.10
1.78
1.80
65.00
64.95 asy 2.38
2.40
44.65
44.35
2.98
3.00
37.90
37.75
1.82
1.84
64.94
64.90
E 2.42
2.44 ngi 44.04
43.75
3.05
3.10
37.37
37.00
1.86
1.88
60.90
59.20
2.46
2.48 nee43.45
43.16
3.15
3.20
36.70
36.35
1.90 57.90 2.50
rin
42.90 3.25 36.00
1.92
1.94
56.80
55.83
2.52
2.54
42.60
42.35g.n 3.30
3.35
35.70
35.41
1.96
1.98
2.00
54.95
54.15
53.40
2.56
2.58
2.60
42.10
41.85
41.60
et 3.40
3.45
3.50
35.15
34.86
34.60
2.02 52.75 2.62 41.40 3.55 34.35

2.04 52.10 2.64 41.15 3.60 34.10
2.06 51.50 2.66 40.93 3.65 33.90
2.08 50.90 2.68 40.70 3.70 33.65
2.10 50.35 2.70 40.50 3.75 33.45
2.12 49.84 2.72 40.30 3.80 33.25

2.14 49.35 2.74 40.10 3.85 33.05
2.16 48.88 2.76 39.90 3.90 32.85
2.18 48.40 2.78 39.70 3.95 32.65
2.20 48.00 2.80 39.50 4.00 32.45

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
4.05 32.30
4.10 32.12
4.15 31.96
4.20 31.80
ww
4.25 31.64
w.E
4.30 31.50
4.35 31.35
4.40 31.20
4.45
4.50
31.05
30.95 asy
4.55
4.60
30.80
30.70
E ngi
4.65
4.70
30.56
30.45 nee
4.75 30.33
rin
4.80
4.85
30.22
30.11 g.n
4.90
4.95
5.00
30.00
29.90
29.80
et
5.50 28.93
6.00 28.25
6.50 27.70
7.00 27.29
7.50 26.92
8.00 26.62
8.50 26.36
9.00 26.15
9.50 25.98
10.00 25.80

TABLE 5.1
M1 σ M1 σ M1 σ
2.22 2.82 54.50 4.05 45.05

2.24 2.84 54.15 4.10 44.85
2.26 2.86 53.85 4.15 44.64
2.28 2.88 53.55 4.20 44.46
ww
2.30 2.90 53.30 4.25 44.30
w.E
2.32 2.92 53.00 4.30 44.13
2.34 2.94 52.73 4.35 44.00
2.36 64.69 2.96 52.50 4.40 43.83
2.38
2.40
64.70
64.71 asy 2.98
3.00
52.25
52.00
4.45
4.50
43.70
43.55
2.42
2.44
64.72
64.73
E 3.05
3.10 ngi 51.50
50.80
4.55
4.60
43.40
43.30
2.46
2.48
64.75
64.77
3.15
3.20 nee50.50
50.00
4.65
4.70
43.15
43.00
2.50 64.78 3.25
rin
49.60 4.75 42.90
2.52
2.54
64.30
62.00
3.30
3.35
49.15
48.80g.n 4.80
4.85
42.75
42.67
2.56
2.58
2.60
60.95
60.10
59.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
48.40
48.10
47.75
et 4.90
4.95
5.00
42.50
42.45
42.35
2.62 58.70 3.55 47.45 5.50 41.47

2.64 58.15 3.60 47.15 6.00 40.80
2.66 57.62 3.65 46.90 6.50 40.30
2.68 57.15 3.70 46.60 7.00 39.85
2.70 56.70 3.75 46.35 7.50 39.50
2.72 56.26 3.80 46.10 8.00 39.23

2.74 55.88 3.85 45.87 8.50 39.00
2.76 55.50 3.90 45.65 9.00 38.80
2.78 55.10 3.95 45.40 9.50 38.67
2.80 54.80 4.00 45.21 10.00 38.50

TABLE 5.2
Oblique shocks in perfect gases (γγ = 1.4)
Upstream and downstream Mach numbers and deflection from
normal shock relations
Mx σ M1 δ My M2
1.05 60 1.212 2.039 0.953 1.124

1.10 60 1.270 4.018 0.912 1.100
1.15 60 1.328 5.927 0.875 1.081
1.20 60 1.385 7.761 0.842 1.065
ww
1.25 60 1.443 9.515 0.812 1.053
1.30
1.35 w.E 60
60
1.501
1.559
11.189
12.780
0.786
0.762
1.044
1.038
1.40
1.45
60
60
asy 1.616
1.674
14.290
15.720
0.739
0.719
1.033
1.031
1.50
1.55
60
60
E 1.732
1.789
ngi
17.072
18.348
0.701
0.684
1.029
1.0293
1.60
1.65
1.70
60
60
60
1.847
1.905
1.963
nee
19.553
20.688
21.758
0.668
0.654
0.641
1.030
1.032
1.035
1.75 60 2.021
rin
22.766 0.628 1.038
1.80 60 2.078 23.715

g.n 0.616 1.042
1.85
1.90
1.95
60
60
60
2.136
2.194
2.252
24.609
25.453
26.246
et 0.605
0.596
0.586
1.045
1.050
1.055
2.00 60 2.309 26.995 0.577 1.060
2.10 60 2.425 28.368 0.561 1.070

2.20 60 2.540 29.591 0.547 1.081
2.30 60 2.656 30.685 0.534 1.091
2.40 60 2.771 31.664 0.523 1.102
2.50 60 2.887 32.543 0.513 1.112
2.60 60 3.002 33.334 0.504 1.123

2.70 60 3.117 34.049 0.495 1.133
2.80 60 3.233 34.696 0.488 1.142
2.90 60 3.348 35.283 0.481 1.151
3.00 60 3.464 35.817 0.475 1.160

TABLE 5.2
Mx σ M1 δ My M2
3.10 60 3.579 36.305 0.469 1.168

3.20 60 3.695 36.750 0.464 1.176
3.30 60 3.811 37.158 0.459 1.184
3.40 60 3.926 37.533 0.455 1.191
3.50 60 4.041 37.878 0.451 1.198
ww
3.60
3.70
60
60
4.157
4.272
38.196
38.490
0.447
0.444
1.205
1.211
3.80
3.90
w.E
60
60
4.387
4.503
38.762
39.015
0.441
0.438
1.217
1.222
4.00 60
asy 4.618 39.249 0.435 1.227
1.05
1.10
1.15
70
70
70
E 1.117
1.171
1.224 ngi
1.531
3.050
4.551
0.953
0.912
0.875
1.025
0.991
0.962
1.20
1.25
70
70
1.277
1.330 nee6.027
7.473
0.842
0.813
0.937
0.916
rin
1.30
1.35
70
70
1.383
1.437
8.884
10.258
g.n 0.786
0.762
0.897
0.882
1.40
1.45
1.50
70
70
70
1.489
1.543
1.596
11.591
12.881
14.127
et 0.739
0.719
0.701
0.868
0.857
0.847
1.55 70 1.649 15.328 0.684 0.838

1.60 70 1.703 16.483 0.668 0.831
1.65 70 1.756 17.592 0.654 0.825
1.70 70 1.809 18.656 0.641 0.820
1.75 70 1.862 19.676 0.628 0.816
1.80 70 1.916 20.652 0.616 0.813

1.82 70 1.968 21.586 0.606 0.809
1.90 70 2.022 22.478 0.596 0.807
1.95 70 2.075 23.331 0.586 0.806
2.00 70 2.128 24.145 0.577 0.805

TABLE 5.2
Mx σ M1 δ My M2
2.10 70 2.235 25.664 0.561 0.8031

2.20 70 2.341 27.047 0.547 0.8028
2.30 70 2.447 28.308 0.534 0.8035
2.40 70 2.554 29.456 0.523 0.8047
2.50 70 2.660 30.503 0.513 0.806
ww
2.60 70 2.767 31.459 0.504 0.8087
w.E
2.70 70 2.873 32.332 0.496 0.811
2.80 70 2.979 33.132 0.488 0.814
2.90 70 3.086 33.865 0.481 0.816
3.00 70
asy 3.193 34.537 0.475 0.819
3.10
3.20
3.30
70
70
70
E 3.299
3.405
3.512 ngi
35.156
35.725
36.251
0.469
0.464
0.459
0.822
0.825
0.827
3.40
3.50
70
70
3.618
3.725 nee
36.736
37.185
0.455
0.451
0.830
0.833
rin
3.60
3.70
70
70
3.831
3.937
37.602
37.988g.n 0.447
0.444
0.835
0.837
3.80
3.90
4.00
70
70
70
4.044
4.150
4.257
38.347
38.682
38.993
et 0.441
0.438
0.435
0.839
0.842
0.844
1.05 80 1.066 0.821 0.953 0.970

1.10 80 1.117 1.648 0.912 0.931
1.15 80 1.168 2.478 0.875 0.896
1.20 80 1.218 3.309 0.842 0.865
1.25 80 1.269 4.138 0.812 0.838
1.30 80 1.320 4.963 0.786 0.813

1.35 80 1.371 5.781 0.762 0.791
1.40 80 1.422 6.591 0.739 0.772
1.45 80 1.472 7.390 0.719 0.754
1.50 80 1.523 8.177 0.701 0.738

TABLE 5.2
Mx σ M1 δ My M2
1.55 80 1.574 8.950 0.684 0.723

1.60 80 1.625 9.710 0.668 0.710
1.65 80 1.675 10.454 0.654 0.698
1.70 80 1.726 11.182 0.641 0.687
1.75 80 1.777 11.893 0.628 0.677
ww
1.80 80 1.828 12.587 0.616 0.668
w.E
1.85 80 1.878 13.263 0.605 0.659
1.90 80 1.929 13.921 0.595 0.652
1.95 80 1.980 14.561 0.586 0.644
2.00 80
asy 2.031 15.183 0.577 0.638
2.10
2.20
2.30
80
80
80
E 2.132
2.234
2.335 ngi
16.373
17.491
18.541
0.561
0.547
0.534
0.626
0.617
0.608
2.40
2.50
80
80
2.437
2.538 nee
19.525
20.445
0.523
0.513
0.601
0.595
rin
2.60
2.70
80
80
2.640
2.741
21.306
22.110g.n 0.504
0.496
0.589
0.585
2.80
2.90
3.00
80
80
80
2.843
2.945
3.046
22.862
23.564
24.220
et 0.488
0.481
0.475
0.581
0.578
0.575
3.10 80 3.147 24.834 0.469 0.572

3.20 80 3.249 25.408 0.464 0.569
3.30 80 3.351 25.945 0.459 0.567
3.40 80 3.452 26.447 0.455 0.565
3.50 80 3.554 26.918 0.451 0.564
3.60 80 3.656 27.359 0.447 0.563

3.70 80 3.757 27.773 0.444 0.561
3.80 80 3.858 28.162 0.441 0.560
3.90 80 3.960 28.527 0.438 0.559
4.00 80 4.062 28.871 0.435 0.558

Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction 75
TABLE 6.1
Flow of perfect gases with friction (Fanno flow, γ = 1.3)
M p/p* c/c* = ρ*/ρ T/T* p0 /p0* F/F* 4 f Lmax D
0.02 53.617 0.021 1.150 29.268 23.324 1915.510

0.04 26.806 0.043 1.150 14.644 11.679 474.428
0.06 17.868 0.064 1.150 9.775 7.805 208.052
0.08 13.398 0.086 1.149 7.342 5.874 115.078
0.10 10.716 0.107 1.148 5.885 4.720 72.200
ww
0.12 8.927 0.128 1.147 4.917 3.954 49.020
0.14
0.16 w.E
7.648
6.690
0.150
0.171
1.146
1.145
4.228
3.712
3.410
3.005
35.120
26.157
asy
0.18 5.943 0.193 1.144 3.312 2.693 20.058
0.20 5.346 0.214 1.143 2.994 2.445 15.730
0.22
0.24
4.856
4.450
E
0.235
0.256
ngi
1.142
1.140
2.735
2.520
2.245
2.071
12.562
10.176
0.26
0.28
0.30
4.104
3.807
3.551
0.277
0.298
0.319
nee
1.138
1.136
1.134
2.340
2.186
2.054
1.941
1.825
1.725
8.341
6.904
5.759
rin
0.32
0.34
3.326
3.127
0.341
0.362
1.132
1.130 g.n 1.939
1.839
1.639
1.564
4.837
4.085
0.36
0.38
0.40
2.950
2.792
2.649
0.382
0.403
0.424
1.128
1.126
1.123
et
1.750
1.672
1.602
1.499
1.442
1.391
3.465
2.950
2.520
0.42 2.520 0.445 1.120 1.540 1.347 2.157

0.44 2.403 0.465 1.118 1.484 1.308 1.850
0.46 2.295 0.485 1.115 1.434 1.272 1.588
0.48 2.196 0.506 1.111 1.389 1.241 1.364
0.50 2.106 0.526 1.108 1.348 1.213 1.172
0.52 2.022 0.547 1.105 1.311 1.188 1.007

0.54 1.944 0.567 1.102 1.277 1.166 0.864
0.56 1.872 0.587 1.098 1.246 1.145 0.741
0.58 1.804 0.607 1.095 1.219 1.127 0.634
0.60 1.741 0.627 1.091 1.193 1.111 0.541

TABLE 6.1
0.62 1.682 0.646 1.087 1.170 1.097 0.460

0.64 1.626 0.667 1.083 1.149 1.084 0.390
0.66 1.574 0.686 1.079 1.130 1.072 0.329
0.68 1.525 0.705 1.075 1.113 1.062 0.276
0.70 1.479 0.725 1.071 1.097 1.052 0.231
ww
0.72 1.435 0.744 1.067 1.083 1.044 0.191
0.74
0.76 w.E
1.393
1.354
0.763
0.782
1.063
1.058
1.070
1.059
1.037
1.030
0.157
0.127
0.78
0.80
1.316
1.280
asy
0.800
0.820
1.054
1.049
1.048
1.039
1.025
1.020
0.102
0.081
0.82
0.84
1.246
1.214
E
0.838
0.857
ngi
1.045
1.040
1.032
1.025
1.016
1.012
0.062
0.047
0.86
0.88
1.183
1.153
0.875
0.893
nee
1.035
1.030
1.019
1.013
1.009
1.006
0.035
0.024
rin
0.90 1.125 0.911 1.025 1.009 1.004 0.016
0.92
0.94
1.098
1.072
0.929
0.947
1.020
1.015 g.n 1.006
1.003
1.003
1.002
0.010
0.005
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.047
1.023
1.000
0.965
0.983
1.000
1.010
1.005
1.000
et
1.001
1.0004
1.000
1.001
1.0002
1.000
0.0023
0.0005
0.000
1.02 0.978 1.017 0.995 1.0003 1.0001 0.0005

1.04 0.956 1.035 0.989 1.0014 1.0006 0.0020
1.06 0.936 1.051 0.984 1.003 1.001 0.0043
1.08 0.916 1.068 0.978 1.005 1.002 0.0074
1.10 0.897 1.085 0.973 1.008 1.003 0.0112
1.12 0.878 1.102 0.968 1.012 1.005 0.015

1.14 0.861 1.118 0.962 1.016 1.006 0.020
1.16 0.843 1.135 0.957 1.021 1.008 0.026
1.18 0.827 1.151 0.951 1.026 1.010 0.032
1.20 0.810 1.167 0.946 1.032 1.012 0.0382

TABLE 6.1
1.22 0.795 1.183 0.940 1.038 1.014 0.045

1.24 0.780 1.198 0.934 1.046 1.017 0.052
1.26 0.765 1.214 0.928 1.053 1.019 0.059
1.28 0.751 1.230 0.923 1.062 1.022 0.066
1.30 0.737 1.245 0.917 1.070 1.024 0.074
ww
1.32 0.723 1.260 0.912 1.080 1.027 0.082
1.34
1.36 w.E
0.710
0.697
1.275
1.290
0.906
0.900
1.089
1.100
1.030
1.033
0.089
0.098
asy
1.38 0.685 1.305 0.894 1.111 1.036 0.106
1.40 0.673 1.320 0.889 1.123 1.039 0.114
1.42
1.44
0.662
0.650
E
1.334
1.349
ngi
0.883
0.877
1.135
1.147
1.042
1.045
0.123
0.131
1.46
1.48
1.50
0.639
0.629
0.618
1.363
1.377
1.391
nee
0.871
0.866
0.860
1.160
1.175
1.189
1.048
1.052
1.055
0.139
0.148
0.156
rin
1.52
1.54
0.608
0.598
1.404
1.418
0.854
0.848 g.n 1.205
1.220
1.058
1.062
0.165
0.173
1.56
1.58
1.60
0.588
0.579
0.569
1.432
1.445
1.458
0.842
0.837
0.831
et
1.237
1.254
1.271
1.065
1.068
1.072
0.182
0.190
0.199
1.62 0.561 1.472 0.825 1.290 1.076 0.207

1.64 0.552 1.485 0.819 1.308 1.079 0.216
1.66 0.543 1.497 0.814 1.328 1.083 0.224
1.68 0.535 1.510 0.808 1.348 1.086 0.233
1.70 0.527 1.523 0.802 1.369 1.089 0.241
1.72 0.519 1.535 0.796 1.391 1.093 0.249

1.74 0.511 1.547 0.791 1.413 1.097 0.257
1.76 0.503 1.559 0.785 1.436 1.100 0.265
1.78 0.496 1.572 0.780 1.459 1.104 0.273
1.80 0.488 1.584 0.774 l.484 1.108 0.281

TABLE 6.1
1.82 0.482 1.595 0.768 1.509 1.111 0.289

1.84 0.475 1.607 0.763 1.535 1.115 0.297
1.86 0.467 1.618 0.757 1.562 1.118 0.307
1.88 0.461 1.630 0.752 1.590 1.122 0.313
1.90 0.455 1.641 0.746 1.618 1.125 0.320
ww
1.92 0.448 1.652 0.741 1.647 1.129 0.328
1.94
1.96 w.E
0.442
0.436
1.663
1.674
0.735
0.729
1.678
1.708
1.132
1.136
0.335
0.343
asy
1.98 0.429 1.684 0.724 1.740 1.139 0.350
2.00 0.424 1.696 0.719 1.773 1.143 0.357
2.02
2.04
0.418
0.412
E
1.706
1.716
ngi
0.713
0.708
1.807
1.842
1.146
1.150
0.364
0.372
2.06
2.08
2.10
0.407
0.402
0.396
1.727
1.737
1.747
nee
0.703
0.697
0.692
1.878
1.914
1.951
1.153
1.156
1.160
0.378
0.386
0.393
rin
2.12
2.14
0.391
0.386
1.757
1.767
0.687
0.682 g.n 1.990
2.030
1.163
1.167
0.399
0.406
2.16
2.18
2.20
0.381
0.376
0.371
1.777
1.786
1.796
0.676
0.671
0.667
et
2.070
2.113
2.156
1.169
1.173
1.176
0.412
0.419
0.426
2.22 0.366 1.805 0.661 2.200 1.179 0.432

2.24 0.362 1.815 0.656 2.245 1.183 0.438
2.26 0.357 1.824 0.651 2.292 1.186 0.444
2.28 0.353 1.833 0.646 2.339 1.189 0.451
2.30 0.348 1.842 0.641 2.388 1.192 0.457
2.32 0.344 1.851 0.636 2.438 1.196 0.463

2.34 0.340 1.859 0.631 2.490 1.199 0.469
2.36 0.335 1.868 0.627 2.543 1.202 0.474
2.38 0.331 1.877 0.622 2.598 1.205 0.480
2.40 0.327 1.885 0.617 2.654 1.209 0.486

TABLE 6.1
2.42 0.323 1.893 0.612 2.710 1.211 0.492

2.44 0.319 1.902 0.608 2.770 1.214 0.497
2.46 0.316 1.910 0.603 2.829 1.217 0.503
2.48 0.312 1.918 0.598 2.891 1.220 0.508
2.50 0.308 1.926 0.594 2.954 1.223 0.514
ww
2.52 0.305 1.934 0.589 3.019 1.226 0.519
2.54
2.56 w.E
0.300
0.297
1.942
1.950
0.585
0.580
3.086
3.154
1.228
1.231
0.524
0.529
asy
2.58 0.294 1.957 0.575 3.224 1.234 0.534
2.60 0.291 1.965 0.571 3.295 1.237 0.539
2.62
2.64
0.287
0.284
E
1.972
1.980
ngi
0.567
0.562
3.369
3.443
1.240
1.243
0.544
0.549
2.66
2.68
2.70
0.280
0.278
0.275
1.987
1.994
2.001
nee
0.558
0.554
0.549
3.521
3.601
3.681
1.245
1.248
1.250
0.554
0.559
0.564
rin
2.72
2.74
0.271
0.268
2.008
2.015
0.545
0.541 g.n 3.765
3.849
1.253
1.256
0.568
0.573
2.76
2.78
2.80
0.265
0.263
0.260
2.022
2.029
2.036
0.537
0.533
0.529
et
3.936
4.025
4.116
1.258
1.261
1.263
0.578
0.582
0.586
2.82 0.257 2.042 0.525 4.210 1.266 0.591

2.84 0.254 2.048 0.520 4.306 1.268 0.595
2.86 0.251 2.055 0.516 4.404 1.271 0.599
2.88 0.248 2.062 0.512 4.505 1.273 0.604
2.90 0.246 2.068 0.508 4.607 1.276 0.608
2.90 0.243 2.074 0.505 4.713 1.278 0.611

2.94 0.241 2.080 0.500 4.820 1.281 0.616
2.96 0.238 2.097 0.497 4.931 1.283 0.619
2.98 0.235 2.093 0.493 5.045 1.285 0.624
3.00 0.233 2.099 0.489 5.160 1.288 0.628

TABLE 6.1
3.10 0.221 2.127 0.471 5.781 1.299 0.647

3.20 0.210 2.155 0.453 6.477 1.310 0.664
3.30 0.200 2.181 0.437 7.259 1.319 0.681
3.40 0.191 2.205 0.421 8.133 1.330 0.697
3.50 0.182 2.228 0.405 9.110 1.338 0.711
ww
3.60 0.174 2.250 0.391 10.200 1.347 0.725
3.70
3.80
w.E
0.166
0.159
2.271
2.290
0.377
0.363
11.420
12.790
1.356
1.363
0.738
0.751
3.90
4.00
0.152
0.145 asy
2.308
2.326
0.351
0.338
14.274
15.940
1.371
1.378
0.762
0.773
4.10
4.20
0.139
0.134
E
2.343
2.358 ngi
0.327
0.315
17.796
19.848
1.385
1.391
0.783
0.792
4.30
4.40
0.128
0.123
2.374
2.388
nee
0.305
0.294
22.116
24.622
1.398
1.403
0.802
0.811
4.50 0.118 2.402 0.285
rin 27.390 1.409 0.819
4.60 0.114 2.415 0.276 g.n30.433 1.414 0.827

4.70
4.80
4.90
0.110
0.105
0.102
2.427
2.438
2.449
0.267
0.258
0.250
et
33.786
37.472
41.520
1.420
1.424
1.429
0.834
0.841
0.848
5.00 0.098 2.460 0.242 45.950 1.433 0.854
6.00 0.071 2.543 0.179 120.1 1.468 0.904

7.00 0.053 2.598 0.138 285.3 1.491 0.936
8.00 0.041 2.635 0.108 625.2 1.507 0.957
9.00 0.033 2.662 0.088 1275.0 1.519 0.972
10.00 0.0277 2.681 0.072 2438.0 1.527 0.983

TABLE 6.2
0.02 54.770 0.022 1.199 28.942 22.834 1778.450

0.04 27.382 0.044 1.199 14.482 11.435 440.352
0.06 18.251 0.066 1.199 9.666 7.643 193.031
0.08 13.684 0.087 1.198 7.262 5.753 106.718
0.10 10.943 0.109 1.197 5.822 4.624 66.922
ww
0.12 9.116 0.131 1.196 4.864 3.875 45.407
0.14
0.16 w.E
7.809
6.830
0.153
0.175
1.195
1.194
4.183
3.673
3.343
2.950
32.511
24.197
0.18
0.20
6.067
5.455
asy
0.196
0.218
1.192
1.190
3.278
2.964
2.643
2.400
18.543
14.533
0.22
0.24
4.955
4.538
E
0.239
0.261
ngi
1.188
1.186
2.708
2.496
2.205
2.043
11.596
9.387
0.26
0.28
4.185
3.882
0.283
0.304
nee
1.184
1.181
2.317
2.166
1.909
1.795
7.687
6.357
rin
0.30 3.619 0.326 1.178 2.035 1.698 5.299
0.32
0.34
3.388
3.185
0.347
0.368
1.176
1.172 g.n 1.922
1.823
1.615
1.542
4.447
3.752
0.36
0.38
0.40
3.004
2.842
2.695
0.389
0.410
0.431
1.169
1.166
1.163
et
1.736
1.658
1.590
1.479
1.423
1.375
3.180
2.705
2.308
0.42 2.563 0.452 1.159 1.529 1.332 1.974

0.44 2.442 0.473 1.155 1.474 1.294 1.692
0.46 2.333 0.494 1.151 1.425 1.260 1.451
0.48 2.231 0.514 1.147 1.380 1.230 1.245
0.50 2.138 0.534 1.143 1.340 1.203 1.069
0.52 2.052 0.555 1.138 1.303 1.179 0.917

0.54 1.972 0.575 1.134 1.270 1.157 0.787
0.56 1.897 0.595 1.129 1.240 1.138 0.674
0.58 1.828 0.615 1.124 1.213 1.120 0.575
0.60 1.763 0.635 1.119 1.188 1.105 0.491

TABLE 6.2
0.62 1.703 0.654 1.114 1.166 1.092 0.417

0.64 1.645 0.674 1.109 1.145 1.079 0.353
0.66 1.592 0.693 1.104 1.127 1.068 0.298
0.68 1.541 0.713 1.098 1.109 1.058 0.249
0.70 1.493 0.732 1.093 1.094 1.049 0.208
ww
0.72 1.448 0.751 1.087 1.081 1.041 0.172
0.74
0.76 w.E
1.405
1.365
0.770
0.788
1.082
1.076
1.068
1.057
1.035
1.028
0.141
0.114
0.78
0.80
1.326
1.289 asy
0.807
0.825
1.069
1.064
1.047
1.038
1.023
1.018
0.092
0.073
0.82
0.84
1.254
1.221
E
0.843
0.861 ngi
1.058
1.051
1.031
1.024
1.015
1.011
0.056
0.042
0.86
0.88
1.189
1.158
0.879
0.897 nee
1.045
1.039
1.018
1.013
1.008
1.006
0.031
0.022
0.90 1.129 0.915 1.003
rin 1.009 1.004 0.015
0.92
0.94
1.101
1.074
0.932
0.949
1.026
1.020 g.n 1.006
1.003
1.003
1.001
0.0089
0.005
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.048
1.024
1.000
0.966
0.983
1.000
1.013
1.006
1.000
et
1.001
1.0003
1.000
1.0006
1.0001
1.000
0.0020
0.0005
0.000
1.02 0.977 1.016 0.993 1.0003 1.0001 0.00046

1.04 0.955 1.033 0.986 1.0013 1.0005 0.0018
1.06 0.933 1.049 0.979 1.003 1.0012 0.004
1.08 0.913 1.065 0.973 1.005 1.002 0.0066
1.10 0.894 1.081 0.966 1.008 1.003 0.0099
1.12 0.875 1.097 0.959 1.011 1.004 0.0138

1.14 0.856 1.113 0.952 1.015 1.006 0.0182
1.16 0.838 1.128 0.945 1.020 1.007 0.023
1.18 0.821 1.143 0.938 1.025 1.009 0.028
1.20 0.804 1.158 0.932 1.030 1.011 0.034

TABLE 6.2
M p/p* c/c* = ρ*/ρ T/T* p0/p0* F/F* 4 f Lmax D
1.22 0.788 1.173 0.925 1.037 1.013 0.039

1.24 0.773 1.188 0.918 1.043 1.015 0.045
1.26 0.757 1.202 0.911 1.050 1.017 0.0517
1.28 0.743 1.217 0.903 1.058 1.019 0.0582
1.30 0.728 1.231 0.897 1.066 1.022 0.065
ww
1.32 0.715 1.245 0.889 1.075 1.024 0.0716
1.34
1.36 w.E
0.701
0.688
1.259
1.273
0.883
0.876
1.084
1.094
1.027
1.029
0.0785
0.0855
1.38
1.40
0.676
0.663 asy
1.286
1.300
0.869
0.862
1.104
1.115
1.032
1.035
0.093
0.099
1.42
1.44
0.651
0.640
E
1.313
1.326 ngi
0.855
0.848
1.126
1.138
1.037
1.040
0.107
0.114
1.46
1.48
0.628
0.617
1.339
1.352 nee
0.841
0.834
1.150
1.163
1.043
1.046
0.121
0.128
1.50 0.606 1.364 0.828
rin 1.176 1.048 0.136
1.52
1.54
0.596
0.586
1.377
1.389
0.821
0.814 g.n 1.189
1.204
1.052
1.055
0.143
0.151
1.56
1.58
1.60
0.576
0.566
0.557
1.401
1.413
1.425
0.807
0.800
0.794
et
1.219
1.234
1.250
1.057
1.061
1.063
0.158
0.165
0.172
1.62 0.547 1.437 0.787 1.267 1.067 0.179

1.64 0.538 1.448 0.780 1.284 1.069 0.187
1.66 0.529 1.460 0.774 1.301 1.073 0.194
1.68 0.521 1.471 0.767 1.319 1.075 0.201
1.70 0.513 1.482 0.760 1.340 1.078 0.208
1.72 0.505 1.493 0.754 1.357 1.082 0.215

1.74 0.496 1.504 0.747 1.376 1.085 0.222
1.76 0.489 1.515 0.741 1.397 1.088 0.228
1.78 0.481 1.525 0.735 1.418 1.091 0.235
1.80 0.474 1.536 0.728 1.439 1.093 0.242

TABLE 6.2
1.82 0.467 1.546 0.722 1.461 1.096 0.248

1.84 0.459 1.556 0.716 1.484 1.099 0.255
1.86 0.453 1.566 0.709 1.507 1.102 0.262
1.88 0.446 1.576 0.703 1.530 1.105 0.268
1.90 0.439 1.586 0.697 1.555 1.108 0.274
ww
1.92 0.433 1.596 0.691 1.580 1.111 0.281
1.94
1.96 w.E
0.426
0.420
1.605
1.615
0.685
0.678
1.610
1.633
1.114
1.117
0.287
0.293
1.99
2.00
0.414
0.408 asy
1.624
1.633
0.673
0.667
1.660
1.687
1.120
1.123
0.299
0.305
2.02
2.04
0.402
0.397
E
1.642
1.651 ngi
0.661
0.655
1.716
1.747
1.126
1.128
0.311
0.317
2.06
2.08
0.391
0.386
1.659
1.668 nee
0.649
0.643
1.775
1.806
1.131
1.134
0.323
0.328
2.10 0.380 1.677 0.637
rin 1.837 1.137 0.334
2.12
2.14
0.375
0.369
1.685
1.694
0.632
0.623 g.n 1.870
1.902
1.139
1.142
0.339
0.345
2.16
2.18
2.20
0.365
0.359
0.355
1.702
1.710
1.718
0.621
0.615
0.609
et
1.935
1.970
2.005
1.145
1.147
1.150
0.350
0.356
0.361
2.22 0.350 1.726 0.604 2.041 1.153 0.366

2.24 0.346 1.733 0.598 2.078 1.155 0.371
2.26 0.341 1.741 0.594 2.115 1.158 0.376
2.28 0.336 1.748 0.588 2.154 1.160 0.381
2.30 0.332 1.756 0.583 2.193 1.163 0.386
2.32 0.327 1.764 0.578 2.233 1.165 0.391

2.34 0.323 1.771 0.573 2.274 1.168 0.396
2.36 0.319 1.778 0.567 2.316 1.170 0.400
2.38 0.315 1.785 0.563 2.360 1.173 0.405
2.40 0.311 1.792 0.557 2.403 1.175 0.409

TABLE 6.2
2.42 0.307 1.799 0.553 2.448 1.178 0.414

2.44 0.303 1.806 0.548 2.494 1.179 0.419
2.46 0.299 1.813 0.543 2.540 1.182 0.423
2.48 0.296 1.819 0.538 2.588 1.185 0.427
2.50 0.292 1.826 0.533 2.637 1.187 0.432
ww
2.52 0.289 1.832 0.528 2.687 1.189 0.436
2.54
2.56 w.E
0.285
0.281
1.838
1.845
0.524
0.519
2.737
2.789
1.191
1.193
0.440
0.445
2.58
2.60
0.278
0.275 asy
1.851
1.857
0.515
0.510
2.842
2.896
1.195
1.198
0.448
0.453
2.62
2.64
0.271
0.268
E
1.863
1.869 ngi
0.506
0.501
2.951
3.007
1.200
1.202
0.457
0.460
2.66
2.68
0.265
0.262
1.875
1.881 nee
0.497
0.493
3.065
3.123
1.204
1.206
0.464
0.468
2.70 0..258 1.886 0.488
rin 3.183 1.208 0.472
2.72
2.74
0.256
0.253
1.892
1.898
0.484
0.479 g.n 3.244
3.306
1.210
1.212
0.476
0.479
2.76
2.79
2.80
0.250
0.247
0.244
1.903
1.908
1.914
0.476
0.471
0.467
et
3.370
3.435
3.500
1.214
1.216
1.218
0.483
0.486
0.489
2.82 0.241 1.919 0.463 3.567 1.220 0.493

2.84 0.238 1.925 0.459 3.636 1.222 0.497
2.86 0.236 1.929 0.455 3.706 1.224 0.499
2.88 0.233 1.935 0.451 3.780 1.226 0.503
2.90 0.231 1.940 0.447 3.850 1.228 0.506
2.92 0.228 1.945 0.443 3.924 1.229 0.509

2.94 0.226 1.949 0.439 4.000 1.231 0.513
2.96 0.223 1.954 0.436 4.076 1.233 0.516
2.98 0.220 1.959 0.432 4.155 1.235 0.519
3.00 0.218 1.964 0.428 4.235 1.237 0.522

TABLE 6.2
3.10 0.207 1.987 0.411 4.657 1.245 0.537

3.20 0.196 2.008 0.394 5.121 1.253 0.550
3.30 0.186 2.028 0.377 5.628 1.260 0.563
3.40 0.177 2.046 0.362 6.184 1.267 0.575
3.50 0.168 2.064 0.348 6.789 1..274 0.586
ww
3.60 0.160 2.081 0.334 7.450 1.281 0.597
3.70
3.80 w.E
0.153
0.146
2.096
2.111
0.321
0.308
8.169
8.951
1.287
1.293
0.607
0.616
3.90
4.00
0.139
0.134 asy
2.125
2.138
0.297
0.286
9.800
10.720
1.298
1.303
0.625
0.633
4.10
4.20
0.128
0.123
E
2.150
2.162 ngi
0.275
0.265
11.715
12.792
1.308
1.312
0.641
0.648
4.30
4.40
0.117
0.113
2.173
2.184 nee
0.255
0.246
13.955
15.210
1.317
1.321
0.655
0.662
4.50 0.108 2.194 0.237
rin 16.562 1.325 0.668
4.60
4.70
0.104
0.100
2.203
2.212
0.229
0.221 g.n18.018
19.583
1.330
1.332
0.673
0.678
4.80
4.90
5.00
0.096
0.093
0.089
2.220
2.228
2.236
0.214
0.207
0.200
et
21.264
23.070
25.000
1.335
1.339
1.342
0.684
0.689
0.694
6.00 0.064 2.295 0.146 53.180 1.366 0.730

7.00 0.047 2.333 0.111 104.14 1.381 0.753
8.00 0.037 2.359 0.087 190.11 1.392 0.768
9.00 0.029 2.377 0.069 327.19 1.399 0.779
10.00 0.024 2.391 0.057 535.94 1.404 0.787

TABLE 6.3
0.02 57.753 0.023 1.333 28.132 21.662 1493.072

0.04 28.862 0.046 1.332 14.078 10.851 369.405
0.06 19.235 0.069 1.332 9.397 7.256 161.762
0.08 14.420 0.092 1.331 7.061 5.465 89.320
0.10 11.535 0.115 1.330 5.661 4.392 55.830
ww
0.12 9.600 0.138 1.327 4.733 3.686 37.892
0.14
0.16 w.E
8.220
7.187
0.161
0.184
1.325
1.322
4.071
3.576
3.183
2.810
27.086
20.125
0.18
0.20
6.381
5.739 asy
0.207
0.229
1.319
1.317
3.193
2.887
2.532
2.293
15.393
12.110
0.22
0.24
5.207
4.766
E
0.252
0.275 ngi
1.313
1.308
2.640
2.435
2.110
1.959
9.589
7.747
0.26
0.28
4.392
4.071
0.297
0.319 nee
1.304
1.300
2.262
2.115
1.833
1.726
6.332
5.225
0.30 3.795 0.342 1.296
rin 1.989 1.635 4.337
0.32
0.34
3.549
3.333
0.364
0.385
1.289
1.284 g.n 1.880
1.785
1.558
1.490
3.639
3.063
0.36
0.38
0.40
3.141
2.968
2.814
0.407
0.429
0.450
1.278
1.273
1.267
et
1.700
1.626
1.560
1.432
1.381
1.336
2.591
2.200
1.868
0.42 2.672 0.472 1.260 1.501 1.297 1.597

0.44 2.545 0.493 1.253 1.450 1.262 1.365
0.46 2.427 0.514 1.245 1.402 1.231 1.168
0.48 2.318 0.534 1.238 1.359 1.203 1.0005
0.50 2.220 0.555 1.232 1.320 1.178 0.855
0.52 2.127 0.575 1.223 1.286 1.157 0.734

0.54 2.042 0.596 1.215 1.255 1.138 0.628
0.56 1.962 0.616 1.807 1.225 1.120 0.536
0.58 1.888 0.635 1.200 1.200 1.105 0.457
0.60 1.819 0.655 1.191 1.176 1.091 0.388

TABLE 6.3
0.62 1.754 0.674 1.182 1.155 1.079 0.329

0.64 1.693 0.693 1.173 1.135 1.068 0.278
0.66 1.635 0.712 1.165 1.118 1.058 0.234
0.68 1.581 0.731 1.155 1.102 1.050 0.196
0.70 1.530 0.750 1.146 1.087 1.042 0.163
ww
0.72 1.481 0.768 1.137 1.075 1.035 0.134
0.74
0.76 w.E
1.435
1.391
0.786
0.804
1.128
1.118
1.063
1.053
1.029
1.024
0.110
0.089
0.78
0.80
1.350
1.311 asy
0.821
0.839
1.108
1.099
1.043
1.035
1.019
1.016
0.071
0.056
0.82
0.84
1.273
1.237
E
0.856
0.873 ngi
1.089
1.079
1.028
1.022
1.012
1.010
0.043
0.0325
0.86
0.88
1.203
1.170
0.889
0.906 nee
1.070
1.060
1.016
1.012
1.007
1.005
0.0238
0.0167
0.90 1.139 0.922 1.050
rin 1.008 1.003 0.011
0.92
0.94
1.108
1.080
0.938
0.954
1.040
1.030 g.n 1.005
1.003
1.002
1.001
0.007
0.0037
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.052
1.026
1.000
0.969
0.985
1.000
1.020
1.010
1.000
et
1.0012
1.0003
1.000
1.0005
1.0001
1.000
0.00156
0.00037
0.000
1.02 0.975 1.015 0.990 1.0003 1.0001 0.00035

1.04 0.952 1.029 0.980 1.0012 1.0004 0.0013
1.06 0.929 1.044 0.970 1.0026 1.001 0.0029
1.08 0.907 1.058 0.960 1.005 1.0016 0.005
1.10 0.886 1.072 0.950 1.007 1.002 0.0074
1.12 0.866 1.086 0.940 1.010 1.0034 0.010

1.14 0.846 1.099 0.930 1.014 1.0045 0.0135
1.16 0.827 1.113 0.920 1.018 1.006 0.017
1.18 0.809 1.126 0.911 1.022 1.007 0.021
1.20 0.791 1.139 0.900 1.027 1.008 0.025

TABLE 6.3
1.22 0.774 1.151 0.891 1.032 1.010 0.0291

1.24 0.757 1.164 0.882 1.038 1.012 0.0335
1.26 0.741 1.176 0.872 1.044 1.013 0.038
1.28 0.726 1.188 0.862 1.051 1.015 0.043
1.30 0.710 1.200 0.852 1.057 1.017 0.047
ww
J.32 0.696 1.211 0.843 1.065 1.019 0.052
1.34
1.36 w.E
0.682
0.668
1.223
1.235
0.834
0.825
1.073
1.081
1.021
1.022
0.057
0.062
1.38
1.40
0.654
0.641 asy
1.246
1.257
0.816
0.806
1.089
1.098
1.024
1.026
0.067
0.072
1.42
1.44
0.629
0.616
E
1.268
1.278 ngi
0.797
0.788
1.108
1.117
1.028
1.030
0.078
0.083
1.46
1.48
0.605
0.593
1.288
1.298 nee
0.780
0.771
1.127
1.138
1.032
1.035
0.088
0.093
1.50 0.582 1.309 0.761
rin 1.148 1.036 0.0975
1.52
1.54
0.571
0.560
1.318
1.328
0.753
0.745 g.n 1.160
1.171
1.039
1.041
0.103
0.108
1.56
1.58
1.60
0.550
0.540
0.530
1.338
1.347
1.356
0.736
0.728
0.718
et
1.183
1.195
1.207
1.043
1.045
1.047
0.113
0.118
0.123
1.62 0.521 1.365 0.711 1.220 1.049 0.128

1.64 0.511 1.374 0.703 1.234 1.051 0.133
1.66 0.502 1.383 0.695 1.250 1.053 0.138
1.68 0.493 1.391 0.687 1.261 1.056 0.142
1.70 0.485 1.400 0.678 1.275 1.057 0.146
1.72 0.476 1.408 0.671 1.290 1.060 0.152

1.74 0.468 1.416 0.664 1.305 1.0615 0.156
1.76 0.460 1.425 0.656 1.320 1.0635 0.161
1.78 0.452 1.432 0.648 1.336 1.065 0.165
1.80 0.445 1.440 0.640 1.351 1.067 0.169

TABLE 6.3
1.82 0.437 1.448 0.634 1.370 1.070 0.174

1.84 0.430 1.455 0.626 1.385 1.0715 0.178
1.86 0.423 1.463 0.619 1.402 1.073 0.183
1.88 0.416 1.469 0.612 1.419 1.075 0.187
1.90 0.409 1.477 0.604 1.436 1.077 0.191
ww
1.92 0.403 1.484 0.598 1.455 1.079 0.195
1.94
1.96 w.E
0.396
0.390
1.491
1.497
0.591
0.585
1.474
1.492
1.081
1.083
0.199
0.203
1.98
2.00
0.384
0.378 asy
1.504
1.510
0.578
0.571
1.511
1.530
1.085
1.086
0.207
0.211
2.02
2.04
0.372
0.366
E
1.517
1.523 ngi
0.565
0.558
1.551
1.571
1.088
1.090
0.215
0.219
2.06
2.08
0.361
0.355
1.530
1.535 nee
0.552
0.545
1.592
1.613
1.092
1.094
0.222
0.226
2.10 0.350 1.541 0.539
rin 1.632 1.095 0.229
2.12
2.14
0.345
0.339
1.547
1.553
0.534
0.527 g.n 1.656
1.678
1.097
1.099
0.233
0.237
2.16
2.18
2.20
0.335
0.329
0.324
1.559
1.565
1.570
0.522
0.516
0.509
et
1.700
1.723
1.744
1.101
1.102
1.104
0.240
0.244
0.246
2.22 0.320 1.575 0.505 1.770 1.106 0.250

2.24 0.315 1.581 0.499 1.793 1.107 0.254
2.26 0.311 1.586 0.493 1.818 1.108 0.257
2.28 0.306 1.591 0.487 1.842 1.110 0.259
2.30 0.302 1.596 0.482 1.865 1.111 0.262
2.32 0.298 1.601 0.477 1.893 1.113 0.265

2.34 0.294 1.606 0.472 1.920 1.115 0.269
2.36 0.289 1.611 0.467 1.945 1.116 0.272
2.38 0.285 1.615 0.461 1.971 1.118 0.275
2.40 0.281 1.620 0.456 1.995 1.119 0.277

TABLE 6.3
2.42 0.278 1.625 0.452 2.025 1.121 0.280

2.44 0.274 1.629 0.446 2.053 1.122 0.283
2.46 0.270 1.634 0.442 2.081 1.123 0.286
2.48 0.267 1.638 0.437 2.110 1.125 0.288
2.50 0.263 1.642 0.432 2.135 1.126 0.290
ww
2.50 0.260 1.646 0.428 2.168 1.127 0.294
2.54
2.56 w.E
0.256
0.253
1.651
1.655
0.423
0.418
2.198
2.228
1.129
1.130
0.296
0.299
2.58
2.60
0.249
0.246 asy
1.658
1.663
0.414
0.409
2.260
2.285
1.131
1.132
0.301
0.303
2.62
2.64
0.243
0.240
E
1.667
1.670 ngi
0.405
0.401
2.321
2.352
1.134
1.135
0.306
0.308
2.66
2.68
0.236
0.234
1.674
1.678 nee
0.397
0.393
2.385
2.417
1.136
1.1375
0.311
0.313
2.70 0.231 1.682 0.388
rin 2.445 1.138 0.314
2.72
2.74
0.228
0.225
1.685
1.688
0.385
0.381 g.n 2.484
2.518
1.139
1.141
0.317
0.319
2.76
2.78
2.80
0.222
0.219
0.217
1.692
1.694
1.699
0.377
0.373
0.368
et
2.552
2.587
2.616
1.142
1.143
1.144
0.322
0.324
0.325
2.82 0.214 1.702 0.365 2.658 1.145 0.328

2.84 0.211 1.705 0.361 2.694 1.146 0.330
2.86 0.209 1.709 0.358 2.730 1.148 0.332
2.88 0.207 1.712 0.354 2.767 1.1485 0.334
2.90 0.204 1.715 0.350 2.797 1.149 0.335
2.92 0.202 1.718 0.347 2.843 1.150 0.338

2.94 0.199 1.721 0.343 2.881 1.152 0.340
2.96 0.197 1.724 0.340 2.920 1.153 0.342
2.98 0.195 1.727 0.337 2.960 1.1537 0.343
3.00 0.192 1.730 0.333 2.990 1.154 0.344

TABLE 6.3
Flow of perfect gases with friction (γγ = 1.67)
3.10 0.182 1.744 0.317 3.205 1.159 0.354

3.20 0.172 1.756 0.302 3.423 1.164 0.362
3.30 0.163 1.768 0.288 3.653 1.168 0.369
3.40 0.154 1.780 0.275 3.895 1.172 0.376
3.50 0.146 1.790 0.262 4.134 1.174 0.381
ww
3.60 0.139 1.800 0.251 4.420 1.178 0.389
3.70
3.80 w.E
0.132
0.126
1.808
1.817
0.239
0.229
4.703
5.000
1.182
1.185
0.394
0.400
3.90
4.00
0.120
0.1145 asy
1.825
1.833
0.219
0.210
5.311
5.608
1.187
1.189
0.404
0.407
4.10
4.20
0.109
0.105
E
1.840
1.846 ngi
0.202
0.194
5.979
6.336
1.193
1.195
0.413
0.417
4.30
4.40
0.100
0.096
1.852
1.858 nee
0.186
0.178
6.708
7.098
1.197
1.199
0.421
0.4246
4.50 0.092 1.864 0.172
rin 7.456 1.200 0.426
4.60
4.70
0.088
0.085
1.868
1.873
0.166
0.159 g.n 7.925
8.365
1.203
1.205
0.431
0.434
4.80
4.90
5.00
0.082
0.079
0.075
1.878
1.883
1.887
0.154
0.150
0.142
et
8.827
9.300
9.721
1.207
1.208
1.209
0.437
0.439
0.440
6.00 0.053 1.918 0.102 15.680 1.220 0.459

7.00 0.040 1.938 0.077 23.850 1.227 0.472
8.00 0.030 1.951 0.059 34.580 1.232 0.479
9.00 0.024 1.960 0.047 48.240 1.235 0.485
10.00 0.0199 1.967 0.038 65.180 1.238 0.489

Isothermal Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction 93
TABLE 7.1
Isothermal flow of perfect gases with friction (γγ = 1.3)
M p/p*t c/c*t = ρ*t/ρ T0 /T0*t p0 /p0*t 4 f Lmax D
0.02 43.853 0.0228 0.897 27.328 1914.515

0.04 21.926 0.0456 0.897 13.674 473.593
0.06 14.617 0.0684 0.897 9.128 207.311
0.08 10.963 0.0912 0.897 6.858 114.403
0.10 8.770 0.1140 0.897 5.499 71.580
ww
0.12 7.308 0.1368 0.898 4.596 48.440
0.14
0.16 w.E 6.264
5.481
0.1596
0.1824
0.899
0.900
3.953
3.472
34.576
25.645
0.18
0.20
4.872
4.385 asy 0.2052
0.2280
0.900
0.902
3.100
2.804
19.574
15.274
0.22
0.24
3.986
3.654
E 0.250
0.273 ngi 0.903
0.904
2.563
2.363
12.127
9.762
0.26
0.28
3.373
3.132
0.296
0.319 nee0.905
0.907
2.195
2.053
7.947
6.528
0.30 2.923 0.342
rin
0.908 1.930 5.401
0.32
0.34
2.741
2.579
0.365
0.387
0.910
0.912g.n 1.824
1.731
4.495
3.759
0.36
0.39
0.40
2.436
2.308
2.192
0.410
0.433
0.456
0.914
0.916
0.918
et 1.650
1.578
1.514
3.154
2.654
2.237
0.42 2.088 0.478 0.920 1.457 1.888

0.44 1.993 0.501 0.923 1.405 1.593
0.46 1.907 0.524 0.925 1.360 1.344
0.48 1.827 0.547 0.927 1.319 1.133
0.50 1.754 0.570 0.930 1.282 0.953
0.52 1.686 0.593 0.933 1.248 0.799

0.54 1.624 0.615 0.936 1.218 0.668
0.56 1.566 0.638 0.938 1.190 0.555
0.58 1.512 0.661 0.942 1.166 0.459
0.60 1.461 0.684 0.945 1.144 0.377

TABLE 7.1
0.62 1.415 0.707 0.948 1.124 0.307

0.64 1.370 0.729 0.952 1.105 0.248
0.66 1.329 0.753 0.955 1.089 0.197
0.68 1.289 0.775 0.958 1.074 0.154
0.70 1.253 0.798 0.962 1.061 0.119
ww
0.72 1.218 0.821 0.966 1.049 0.089
0.74
0.76 w.E1.185
1.154
0.844
0.866
0.970
0.974
1.039
1.031
0.065
0.045
0.78
0.80
1.124
1.096 asy 0.889
0.912
0.978
0.983
1.023
1.016
0.029
0.018
0.82
0.84
1.069
1.044
E 0.935
0.958 ngi 0.987
0.991
1.010
1.006
0.0095
0.0038
0.86
0.88
1.019
0.997
0.980
1.003 nee 0.996
1.0007
1.002
0.999
0.0078
0.22 × 10−4
0.90 0.974 1.026
rin
1.005 0.998 0.0013
0.92
0.94
0.953
0.933
1.049
1.072 g.n
1.010
1.015
0.997
0.997
0.0044
0.0092
0.96
0.98
1.00
0.913
0.895
0.877
1.095
1.117
1.140
1.020
1.025
1.031
et 0.9975
0.999
1.001
0.015
0.023
0.0316
1.02 0.859 1.163 1.036 1.004 0.0413

1.04 0.843 1.185 1.042 1.008 0.052
1.06 0.827 1.208 1.047 1.012 0.0635
1.08 0.812 1.231 1.053 1.017 0.076
1.10 0.797 1.254 1.059 1.023 0.088
1.12 0.783 1.277 1.065 1.029 0.102

1.14 0.769 1.299 1.071 1.037 0.116
1.16 0.756 1.322 1.078 1.045 0.131
1.18 0.743 1.345 1.083 1.053 0.146
1.20 0.731 1.368 1.090 1.063 0.161

TABLE 7.1
1.22 0.718 1.391 1.097 1.073 0.177

1.24 0.707 1.414 1.103 1.083 0.193
1.26 0.696 1.437 1.110 1.094 0.209
1.28 0.685 1.459 1.116 1.106 0.226
1.30 0.674 1.482 1.124 1.119 0.242
ww
1.32 0.664 1.505 1.131 1.132 0.259
1.34
1.36 w.E 0.654
0.645
1.528
1.550
1.138
1.145
1.146
1.161
0.276
0.293
1.38
1.40
0.635
0.626 asy 1.573
1.596
1.152
1.160
1.176
1.192
0.310
0.328
1.42
1.44
0.617
0.609
E 1.619
1.642 ngi 1.168
1.175
1.209
1.227
0.345
0.362
1.46
1.48
0.601
0.592
1.664
1.687 nee 1.183
1.191
1.245
1.264
0.380
0.397
1.50 0.594 1.710
rin
1.199 1.284 0.415
1.52
1.54
0.577
0.569
1.733
1.756 g.n
1.207
1.215
1.305
1.327
0.433
0.450
1.56
1.58
1.60
0.562
0.555
0.548
1.778
1.801
1.824
1.224
1.232
1.241
et 1.349
1.372
1.396
0.468
0.485
0.503
1.62 0.541 1.847 1.249 1.421 0.520

1.64 0.534 1.869 1.258 1.447 0.538
1.66 0.528 1.893 1.267 1.474 0.555
1.68 0.522 1.915 1.276 1.502 0.572
1.70 0.516 1.938 1.285 1.530 0.589
1.72 0.510 1.961 1.294 1.560 0.607

1.74 0.504 1.984 1.303 1.591 0.624
1.76 0.498 2.007 1.313 1.622 0.641
1.78 0.493 2.029 1.323 1.655 0.658
1.80 0.487 2.052 1.132 1.689 0.675

TABLE 7.1
1.82 0.482 2.075 1.342 1.724 0.692

1.84 0.476 2.098 1.352 1.760 0.709
1.86 0.471 2.121 1.362 1.797 0.726
1.88 0.466 2.143 1.372 1.836 0.742
1.90 0.461 2.166 1.382 1.876 0.759
ww
1.92 0.457 2.189 1.392 1.917 0.775
1.94
1.96 w.E0.452
0.447
2.212
2.235
1.403
1.413
1.959
2.003
0.792
0.808
1.98
2.00
0.443
0.438 asy 2.257
2.280
1.424
1.434
2.048
2.094
0.825
0.841
2.02
2.04
0.434
0.430
E 2.303
2.326 ngi 1.445
1.456
2.142
2.191
0.857
0.873
2.06
2.08
0.426
0.422
2.348
2.372 nee 1.467
1.478
2.242
2.294
0.889
0.905
2.10 0.417 2.394
rin
1.489 2.348 0.921
2.12
2.14
0.414
0.409
2.417
2.440 g.n
1.501
1.512
2.404
2.462
0.936
0.952
2.16
2.18
2.20
0.406
0.402
0.398
2.463
2.485
2.508
1.524
1.536
1.547
et 2.521
2.581
2.644
0.967
0.983
0.998
2.22 0.395 2.531 1.559 2.708 1.013

2.24 0.392 2.554 1.571 2.775 1.028
2.26 0.388 2.577 1.583 2.843 1.043
2.28 0.385 2.599 1.596 2.914 1.058
2.30 0.381 2.622 1.608 2.986 1.073
2.32 0.378 2.645 1.620 3.061 1.088

2.34 0.375 2.668 1.633 3.138 1.103
2.36 0.372 2.691 1.645 3.217 1.117
2.38 0.368 2.714 1.658 3.298 1.132
2.40 0.365 2.736 1.671 3.383 1.147

TABLE 7.1
2.42 0.362 2.759 1.684 3.469 1.161

2.44 0.359 2.782 1.697 3.557 1.175
2.46 0.356 2.805 1.710 3.649 1.189
2.48 0.354 2.827 1.724 3.743 1.204
2.50 0.351 2.850 1.737 3.839 1.218
ww
2.52 0.348 2.873 1.750 3.939 1.232
2.54
2.56 w.E 0.345
0.343
2.896
2.919
1.764
1.778
4.042
4.147
1.246
1.259
2.58
2.60
0.340
0.337 asy 2.942
2.964
1.792
1.805
4.255
4.366
1.273
1.287
2.62
2.64
0.334
0.332
E 2.987
3.010 ngi 1.819
1.834
4.481
4.599
1.301
1.314
2.66
2.68
0.329
0.327
3.033
3.055 nee 1.848
1.862
4.720
4.845
1.328
1.341
2.70 0.325 3.078
rin
1.877 4.973 1.354
2.72
2.74
0.322
0.320
3.101
3.124 g.n
1.891
1.906
5.105
5.240
1.367
1.381
2.76
2.78
2.80
0.318
0.315
0.313
3.147
3.169
3.192
1.921
1.936
1.951
et 5.379
5.522
5.669
1.394
1.407
1.419
2.82 0.311 3.215 1.966 5.821 1.432

2.84 0.309 3.238 1.981 5.976 1.445
2.86 0.307 3.261 1.996 6.136 1.458
2.88 0.304 3.283 2.012 6.300 1.471
2.90 0.302 3.306 2.027 6.469 1.483
2.92 0.300 3.329 2.043 6.642 1.495

2.94 0.298 3.352 2.059 6.821 1.508
2.96 0.296 3.375 2.075 7.004 1.521
2.98 0.294 3.398 2.091 7.192 1.533
3.00 0.292 3.421 2.107 7.385 1.545

TABLE 7.1
3.10 0.283 3.534 2.189 8.433 1.605

3.20 0.274 3.648 2.274 9.631 1.664
3.30 0.266 3.763 2.361 10.998 1.721
3.40 0.258 3.876 2.451 12.555 1.776
3.50 0.251 3.991 2.544 14.327 1.831
ww
3.60 0.243 4.105 2.639 16.341 1.883
3.70
3.80 w.E0.237
0.231
4.218
4.332
2.737
2.838
18.626
21.214
1.935
1.985
3.90
4.00
0.225
0.219 asy 4.447
4.561
2.942
3.048
24.142
27.449
2.035
2.083
4.10
4.20
0.214
0.209
E 4.675
4.789 ngi 3.157
3.269
31.181
35.384
2.130
2.176
4.30
4.40
0.204
0.199
4.903
5.017 nee 3.383
3.500
40.112
45.423
2.221
2.265
4.50 0.195 5.131
rin
3.619 51.380 2.308
4.60
4.70
0.191
0.187
5.245
5.359 g.n
3.742
3.867
58.053
65.517
2.351
2.392
4.80
4.90
5.00
0.183
0.179
0.175
5.473
5.587
5.701
3.995
4.125
4.258
et 73.854
83.155
93.517
2.433
2.472
2.512
5.50 0.159 6.271 4.965 165.267 2.697

6.00 0.146 6.841 5.738 283.672 2.867
6.50 0.135 7.411 6.578 473.496 3.024
7.00 0.125 7.981 7.486 769.836 3.169
7.50 0.117 8.551 8.461 1221.350 3.306
8.00 0.109 9.121 9.503 1894.190 3.433

8.50 0.103 9.691 10.613 2876.708 3.553
9.00 0.097 10.262 11.789 4285.063 3.667
9.50 0.092 10.831 13.033 6269.795 3.773
10.00 0.0877 11.402 14.344 9020.438 3.875

TABLE 7.2
0.02 42.257 0.0237 0.8751 26.488 1777.227

0.04 21.128 0.0473 0.8752 13.255 439.327
0.06 14.086 0.0710 0.8756 8.849 192.122
0.08 10.564 0.0946 0.8761 6.650 105.892
0.10 8.451 0.1183 0.8770 5.333 66.159
ww
0.12 7.043 0.142 0.8775 4.458 44.699
0.14
0.16 w.E 6.037
5.282
0.165
0.189
0.8784
0.8795
3.835
3.369
31.847
23.573
0.18
0.20
4.695
4.226 asy 0.213
0.237
0.881
0.882
3.010
2.723
17.952
13.975
0.22
0.24
3.841
3.521
E 0.260
0.284 ngi 0.883
0.885
2.490
2.297
11.066
8.883
0.26
0.28
3.251
3.018
0.307
0.331 nee0.887
0.888
2.135
1.997
7.208
5.901
0.30 2.817 0.355
rin
0.891 1.879 4.865
0.32
0.34
2.641
2.486
0.378
0.402
0.893
0.895g.n 1.777
1.687
4.033
3.358
0.36
0.38
0.40
2.347
2.224
2.113
0.426
0.449
0.473
0.897
0.900
0.903
et 1.609
1.539
1.478
2.805
2.348
1.968
0.42 2.012 0.497 0.906 1.424 1.651

0.44 1.921 0.521 0.909 1.375 1.384
0.46 1.837 0.544 0.912 1.331 1.159
0.48 1.761 0.568 0.915 1.292 0.968
0.50 1.690 0.592 0.918 1.256 0.807
0.52 1.625 0.615 0.922 1.225 0.670

0.54 1.565 0.639 0.926 1.196 0.553
0.56 1.509 0.663 0.929 1.170 0.454
0.58 1.457 0.686 0.934 1.147 0.370
0.60 1.408 0.710 0.938 1.126 0.299

TABLE 7.2
0.62 1.363 0.733 0.942 1.107 0.238

0.64 1.320 0.757 0.947 1.090 0.188
0.66 1.280 0.781 0.951 1.075 0.145
0.68 1.243 0.805 0.956 1.061 0.1098
0.70 1.207 0.828 0.961 1.049 0.0808
ww
0.72 1.174 0.852 0.966 1.039 0.0573
0.74
0.76 w.E
1.142
1.112
0.876
0.899
0.971
0.976
1.029
1.022
0.0386
0.0242
0.78
0.80
1.083
1.056 asy 0.923
0.946
0.981
0.987
1.015
1.009
0.0135
62.5 × 10−4
0.82
0.84
1.031
1.006
E 0.970
0.994 ngi 0.993
0.998
1.004
1.001
18.6 × 10−4
0.75 × 10−4
0.86
0.88
0.983
0.960
1.017
1.041 nee
1.004
1.010
0.998
0.996
6.0 × 10−4
31.8 × 10−4
0.90 0.939 1.065
rin
1.017 0.995 75.8 × 10−4
0.92
0.94
0.918
0.899
1.088
1.112
1.023
1.029 g.n 0.995
0.9958
1.36 × 10−2
2.11 × 10−2
0.96
0.98
1.00
0.880
0.962
0.845
1.135
1.159
1.183
1.036
1.043
1.050
et 0.997
0.999
1.0025
2.98 × 10−2
3.98 × 10−2
5.07 × 10−2
1.02 0.828 1.207 1.057 1.0062 0.0626

1.04 0.813 1.230 1.064 1.0106 0.0753
1.06 0.797 1.254 1.072 1.0157 0.0887
1.08 0.783 1.278 1.079 1.0215 0.1028
1.10 0.768 1.302 1.087 1.028 0.1174
1.12 0.755 1.325 1.095 1.035 0.1325

1.14 0.741 1.349 1.102 1.043 0.1481
1.16 0.728 1.372 1.110 1.051 0.164
1.18 0.716 1.396 1.118 1.061 0.180
1.20 0.704 1.419 1.127 l.070 0.197

TABLE 7.2
1.22 0.693 1.443 1.135 1.081 0.214

1.24 0.681 1.467 1.144 1.092 0.231
1.26 0.671 1.491 1.153 1.103 0.248
1.28 0.660 1.515 1.162 1.116 0.266
1.30 0.650 1.538 1.171 1.129 0.284
ww
1.32 0.640 1.562 1.180 1.142 0.302
1.34
1.36 w.E 0.631
0.621
1.585
1.609
1.189
1.198
1.157
1.172
0.319
0.337
1.38
1.40
0.612
0.604 asy 1.633
1.656
1.208
1.218
1.187
1.204
0.356
0.374
1.42
1.44
0.595
0.587
E 1.680
1.704 ngi 1.228
1.238
1.221
1.238
0.392
0.410
1.46
1.48
0.578
0.571
1.727
1.751 nee 1.248
1.258
1.257
1.276
0.428
0.447
1.50 0.563 1.775
rin
1.268 1.296 0.465
1.52
1.54
0.556
0.549
1.798
1.822 g.n
1.279
1.290
1.317
1.338
0.483
0.501
1.56
1.58
1.60
0.542
0.535
0.528
1.846
1.869
1.893
1.301
1.312
1.323
et 1.360
1.383
1.407
0.519
0.537
0.555
1.62 0.522 1.917 1.334 1.431 0.573

1.64 0.515 1.940 1.345 1.457 0.591
1.66 0.509 1.964 1.357 1.483 0.609
1.69 0.503 1.987 1.368 1.510 0.627
1.70 0.497 2.011 1.381 1.538 0.645
1.72 0.491 2.035 1.393 1.567 0.663

1.74 0.486 2.058 1.405 1.596 0.680
1.76 0.480 2.082 1.417 1.627 0.697
1.78 0.475 2.106 1.429 1.658 0.715
1.80 0.469 2.129 1.442 1.691 0.733

TABLE 7.2
1.82 0.464 2.153 1.455 1.724 0.749

1.84 0.459 2.177 1.467 1.758 0.767
1.86 0.454 2.200 1.480 1.793 0.784
1.88 0.449 2.224 1.493 1.830 0.801
1.90 0.445 2.248 1.507 1.868 0.818
ww
1.92 0.440 2.272 1.520 1.906 0.835
1.94
1.96
1.98
w.E0.435
0.431
0.427
2.295
2.319
2.343
1.534
1.547
1.561
1.946
1.986
2.029
0.852
0.868
0.885
2.00 0.423
asy 2.366 1.575 2.072 0.901
2.02
2.04
2.06
0.418
0.414
0.410
E 2.390
2.414
2.437 ngi
1.589
1.603
1.617
2.116
2.162
2.208
0.918
0.934
0.950
2.08
2.10
0.406
0.402
2.461
2.484 nee 1.632
1.647
2.257
2.306
0.966
0.982
rin
2.12
2.14
0.398
0.395
2.508
2.532
g.n
1.662
1.676
2.357
2.409
0.998
1.014
2.16
2.18
2.20
0.391
0.387
0.384
2.556
2.579
2.603
1.691
1.707
1.722
et 2.463
2.517
2.574
1.029
1.045
1.061
2.22 0.381 2.627 1.737 2.632 1.076

2.24 0.377 2.650 1.753 2.691 1.092
2.26 0.374 2.674 1.769 2.752 1.107
2.28 0.370 2.697 1.785 2.815 1.122
2.30 0.367 2.721 1.800 2.879 1.137
2.32 0.364 2.745 1.817 2.945 1.152

2.34 0.361 2.768 1.833 3.013 1.167
2.36 0.358 2.792 1.849 3.082 1.182
2.38 0.355 2.816 1.866 3.153 1.197
2.40 0.352 2.839 1.883 3.226 1.211

TABLE 7.2
2.42 0.349 2.863 1.899 3.301 1.226

2.44 0.346 2.887 1.917 3.378 1.240
2.46 0.343 2.911 1.934 3.456 1.255
2.48 0.341 2.934 1.951 3.537 1.269
2.50 0.338 2.958 1.968 3.619 1.283
ww
2.52 0.335 2.982 1.986 3.704 1.297
2.54
2.56
2.58
w.E 0.333
0.330
0.327
3.005
3.029
3.053
2.004
2.022
2.039
3.791
3.880
3.971
1.311
1.325
1.339
2.60 0.325
asy 3.076 2.058 4.064 1.353
2.62
2.64
2.66
0.322
0.320
0.318
E 3.100
3.123
3.147 ngi
2.076
2.094
2.113
4.160
4.258
4.359
1.367
1.380
1.394
2.68
2.70
0.315
0.313
3.171
3.195 nee 2.132
2.151
4.462
4.567
1.407
1.421
rin
2.72
2.74
0.311
0.308
3.218
3.242
g.n
2.169
2.189
4.675
4.785
1.434
1.447
2.76
2.78
2.80
0.306
0.304
0.302
3.265
3.289
3.313
2.208
2.227
2.247
et 4.898
5.015
5.133
1.461
1.473
1.487
2.82 0.299 3.337 2.267 5.255 1.499

2.84 0.297 3.360 2.286 5.379 1.512
2.86 0.295 3.384 2.306 5.506 1.525
2.88 0.293 3.407 2.327 5.637 1.538
2.90 0.291 3.431 2.346 5.770 1.551
2.92 0.289 3.455 2.367 5.906 1.563

2.94 0.287 3.478 2.387 6.046 1.575
2.96 0.285 3.502 2.408 6.189 1.588
2.98 0.283 3.526 2.429 6.335 1.601
3.00 0.282 3.549 2.450 6.485 1.613

TABLE 7.2
3.10 0.273 3.668 2.557 7.286 1.673

3.20 0.264 3.786 2.667 8.182 1.732
3.30 0.256 3.905 2.781 9.183 1.790
3.40 0.248 4.023 2.898 10.229 1.846
3.50 0.241 4.141 3.018 11.541 1.900
ww
3.60 0.235 4.259 3.143 12.922 1.953
3.70
3.80
3.90
w.E0.228
0.222
0.217
4.378
4.496
4.614
3.271
3.402
3.537
14.454
16.152
18.029
2.005
2.056
2.105
4.00 0.211
asy 4.733 3.675 20.104 2.153
4.10
4.20
4.30
0.206
0.201
0.196
E 4.851
4.969
5.088 ngi
3.817
3.962
4.110
22.391
24.911
27.682
2.201
2.247
2.292
4.40
4.50
0.192
0.188
5.206
5.324 nee 4.263
4.418
30.725
34.062
2.336
2.380
rin
4.60
4.70
0.184
0.179
5.443
5.561
g.n
4.578
4.741
37.718
41.716
2.422
2.464
4.80
4.90
5.00
0.176
0.172
0.169
5.679
5.798
5.916
4.907
5.077
5.250
et 46.084
50.850
56.043
2.505
2.544
2.584
5.50 0.154 6.507 6.168 89.591 2.769

6.00 0.141 7.099 7.175 139.367 2.939
6.50 0.130 7.691 8.268 211.379 3.097
7.00 0.121 8.282 9.450 313.219 3.243
7.50 0.112 8.874 10.718 454.338 3.379
8.00 0.1056 9.466 12.075 646.325 3.506

8.50 0.0994 10.057 13.518 903.222 3.626
9.00 0.0939 10.649 15.050 1241.856 3.739
9.50 0.0889 11.241 16.668 1682.182 3.847
10.00 0.0845 11.832 18.375 2247.66 3.948

Flow of Perfect Gases with Heat Transfer 105
TABLE 8.1
Flow of perfect gases with heat transfer (γγ = 1.3)
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.02 2.299 1.255 0.002 0.00184 0.002

0.04 2.295 1.254 0.009 0.0073 0.0037
0.06 2.289 1.252 0.0189 0.0164 0.008
0.08 2.281 1.250 0.0333 0.029 0.015
0.10 2.270 1.247 0.0516 0.0449 0.0227
ww0.12 2.258 1.244 0.073 0.064 0.0325

0.14
0.16 w.E 2.243
2.226
1.239
1.235
0.098
0.127
0.086
0.110
0.044
0.057
0.18
0.20
2.207
2.186 asy 1.230
1.224
0.158
0.191
0.138
0.167
0.072
0.0875
0.22
0.24
2.164
2.140
E 1.128
1.212 ngi 0.277
0.264
0.198
0.231
1.105
0.123
0.26
0.28
2.114
2.087
1.205
1.198 nee
0.302
0.342
0.265
0.300
0.143
0.163
0.30 2.059 1.191
rin
0.382 0.336 0.185
0.32
0.34
2.030
1.999
1.183
1.176
0.422
0.462 g.n 0.373
0.408
0.208
0.231
0.36
0.38
0.40
1.968
1.936
1.904
1.167
1.159
1.152
0.502
0.542
0.580
et 0.445
0.481
0.516
0.255
0.279
0.305
0.42 1.871 1.143 0.617 0.551 0.330

0.44 1.837 1.135 0.654 0.585 0.356
0.46 1.804 1.127 0.688 0.618 0.382
0.48 1.769 1.119 0.722 0.649 0.408
0.50 1.736 1.111 0.753 0.680 0.434
0.52 1.702 1.103 0.783 0.708 0.460

0.54 1.670 1.096 0.811 0.736 0.486
0.56 1.634 1.088 0.837 0.762 0.512
0.58 1.600 1.081 0.861 0.787 0.538
0.60 1.567 1.074 0.884 0.810 0.564

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.62 1.534 1.067 0.904 0.832 0.589

0.64 1.500 1.061 0.923 0.852 0.615
0.66 1.468 1.054 0.939 0.870 0.639
0.68 1.436 1.048 0.954 0.887 0.664
0.70 1.405 1.042 0.967 0.903 0.688
ww
0.72 1.374 1.037 0.978 0.917 0.712
0.74
0.76 w.E
1.344
1.314
1.032
1.028
0.989
0.997
0.930
0.942
0.736
0.758
0.78
0.80
1.284
1.255 asy 1.023
1.019
1.003
1.009
0.952
0.961
0.781
0.804
0.82
0.84
1.227
1.199
E 1.016
1.012 ngi 1.013
1.015
0.969
0.976
0.825
0.846
0.86
0.88
1.173
1.146
1.010
1.007 nee
1.0172
1.0173
0.983
0.987
0.867
0.887
0.90 1.120 1.005
rin
1.017 0.991 0.907
0.92
0.94
1.095
1.070
1.003
1.002
1.015
1.012 g.n 0.995
0.997
0.927
0.946
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.046
1.023
1.000
1.0007
1.0002
1.000
1.009
1.005
1.000
et 0.998
0.999
1.000
0.964
0.982
1.000
1.02 0.977 1.0002 0.994 0.999 1.017

1.04 0.956 1.0008 0.988 0.998 1.034
1.06 0.935 1.002 0.982 0.997 1.050
1.08 0.914 1.003 0.975 0.995 1.066
1.10 0.894 1.005 0.967 0.993 1.082
1.12 0.874 1.007 0.958 0.990 1.097

1.14 0.855 1.009 0.950 0.987 1.111
1.16 0.836 1.0127 0.942 0.984 1.126
1.18 0.818 1.016 0.933 0.981 1.139
1.20 0.800 1.020 0.924 0.976 1.153

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.22 0.784 1.024 0.914 0.972 1.166

1.24 0.767 1.028 0.904 0.967 1.179
1.26 0.751 1.034 0.894 0.963 1.192
1.28 0.735 1.039 0.885 0.958 1.204
1.30 0.719 1.045 0.875 0.953 1.216
ww1.32 0.705 1.051 0.865 0.948 1.227

1.34
1.36 w.E 0.689
0.676
1.058
1.065
0.854
0.844
0.943
0.938
1.238
1.249
1.38
1.40
0.662
0.648 asy 1.073
1.081
0.834
0.824
0.932
0.927
1.260
1.270
1.42
1.44
0.635
0.622
E 1.089
1.098 ngi 0.813
0.803
0.921
0.915
1.281
1.291
1.46
1.48
0.609
0.598
1.108
1.117 nee
0.793
0.783
0.910
0.904
1.300
1.309
1.50 0.586 1.128
rin
0.773 0.898 1.318
1.52
1.54
0.575
0.563
1.138
1.149
0.763
0.753 g.n 0.893
0.887
1.327
1.336
1.56
1.58
1.60
0.552
0.542
0.531
1.161
1.173
1.185
0.743
0.733
0.723
et 0.882
0.876
0.870
1.344
1.352
1.360
1.62 0.521 1.195 0.713 0.865 1.368

1.64 0.512 1.213 0.704 0.859 1.376
1.66 0.502 1.227 0.694 0.853 1.383
1.68 0.492 1.241 0.685 0.847 1.390
1.70 0.484 1.256 0.676 0.842 1.397
1.72 0.475 1.272 0.670 0.837 1.404

1.74 0.465 1.288 0.657 0.831 1.411
1.76 0.457 1.305 0.648 0.825 1.417
1.78 0.449 1.322 0.639 0.821 1.423
1.80 0.441 1.340 0.631 0.815 1.430

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.82 0.433 1.358 0.622 0.810 1.436

1.84 0.426 1.377 0.614 0.805 1.442
1.86 0.418 1.397 0.606 0.799 1.447
1.88 0.411 1.417 0.597 0.795 1.453
1.90 0.404 1.438 0.589 0.790 1.459
ww
1.92 0.397 1.451 0.581 0.785 1.464
1.94
1.96 w.E
0.390
0.383
1.482
1.505
0.573
0.565
0.780
0.775
1.469
1.474
1.98
2.00
0.377
0.371 asy 1.528
1.552
0.557
0.551
0.771
0.766
1.479
1.484
2.02
2.04
0.365
0.358
E 1.576
1.602 ngi 0.543
0.536
0.761
0.757
1.488
1.493
2.06
2.08
0.353
0.347
1.628
1.655 nee
0.528
0.522
0.752
0.748
1.498
1.502
2.10 0.341 1.683
rin
0.515 0.744 1.506
2.12
2.14
0.336
0.331
1.711
1.740
0.508
0.501 g.n 0.739
0.735
1.511
1.515
2.16
2.18
2.20
0.325
0.320
0.315
1.770
1.800
1.832
0.495
0.487
0.482
et 0.731
0.727
0.723
1.518
1.523
1.527
2.22 0.310 1.865 0.475 0.718 1.530

2.24 0.306 1.898 0.469 0.715 1.534
2.26 0.301 1.932 0.463 0.711 1.537
2.28 0.296 1.967 0.457 0.707 1.541
2.30 0.292 2.003 0.451 0.703 1.545
2.32 0.287 2.040 0.445 0.699 1.548

2.34 0.283 2.078 0.440 0.696 1.551
2.36 0.279 2.117 0.434 0.693 1.555
2.38 0.275 2.156 0.428 0.688 1.557
2.40 0.271 2.197 0.423 0.686 1.561

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
2.42 0.267 2.238 0.417 0.682 1.564

2.44 0.263 2.281 0.412 0.678 1.567
2.46 0.259 2.325 0.407 0.675 1.569
2.48 0.255 2.370 0.402 0.672 1.573
2.50 0.252 2.416 0.397 0.670 1.575
ww2.52 0.248 2.464 0.392 0.666 1.578

2.54
2.56 w.E 0.245
0.242
2.512
2.562
0.387
0.382
0.663
0.659
1.580
1.583
2.58
2.60
0.238
0.235 asy 2.612
2.664
0.378
0.373
0.657
0.654
1.586
1.588
2.62
2.64
0.232
0.228
E 2.718
2.772 ngi 0.368
0.364
0.650
0.648
1.591
1.593
2.66
2.68
0.225
0.222
2.828
2.885 nee
0.360
0.356
0.645
0.642
1.596
1.598
2.70 0.219 2.945
rin
0.351 0.640 1.600
2.72
2.74
0.217
0.214
3.004
3.065
0.347
0.343 g.n 0.636
0.634
1.603
1.605
2.76
2.78
2.80
0.211
0.208
0.206
3.128
3.192
3.258
0.339
0.335
0.331
et 0.631
0.629
0.627
1.607
1.609
1.612
2.82 0.203 3.326 0.327 0.624 1.613

2.84 0.200 3.395 0.323 0.622 1.615
2.86 0.198 3.465 0.319 0.619 1.617
2.88 0.195 3.537 0.316 0.617 1.619
2.90 0.193 3.611 0.312 0.614 1.620
2.92 0.190 3.687 0.309 0.612 1.623

2.94 0.188 3.765 0.305 0.609 1.625
2.96 0.185 3.844 0.302 0.607 1.626
2.98 0.183 3.925 0.298 0.605 1.628
3.00 0.181 4.007 0.295 0.603 1.630

TABLE 8.1
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
3.10 0.170 4.451 0.279 0.593 1.638

3.20 0.161 4.947 0.264 0.583 1.645
3.30 0.152 5.500 0.251 0.574 1.653
3.40 0.143 6.118 0.238 0.566 1.659
3.50 0.136 6.806 0.226 0.558 1.665
ww
3.60 0.128 7.571 0.215 0.551 1.670
3.70
3.80 w.E
0.122
0.116
8.422
9.365
0.205
0.195
0.544
0.538
1.675
1.680
3.90
4.00
0.110
0.106 asy 10.411
11.570
0.186
0.178
0.532
0.527
1.684
1.688
4.10
4.20
0.100
0.096
E 12.850
14.265 ngi 0.170
0.163
0.521
0.516
1.692
1.695-
4.30
4.40
0.092
0.088
15.825
17.545 nee
0.156
0.149
0.512
0.508
1.698
1.701
4.50 0.084 19.440
rin
0.143 0.504 1.705
4.60
4.70
0.081
0.077
21.518
23.803
0.138
0.132 g.n 0.499
0.496
1.707
1.709
4.80
4.90
5.00
0.074
0.071
0.068
26.309
29.056
32.060
0.127
0.122
0.118
et 0.493
0.489
0.487
1.713
1.714
1.715
6.00 0.048 76.970 0.083 0.464 1.732

7.00 0.035 191.300 0.062 0.450 1.742
8.00 0.027 413.400 0.048 0.440 1.748
9.00 0.0216 833.400 0.038 0.434 1.753
10.00 0.0175 1582.00 0.031 0.429 1.756

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.02 2.398 1.268 0.0023 0.00192 0.00096

0.04 2.394 1.267 0.0092 0.0077 0.0038
0.06 2.388 1.265 0.021 0.017 0.0086
0.08 2.378 1.262 0.036 0.030 0.015
0.10 2.367 1.259 0.056 0.0468 0.0237
ww0.12 2.353 1.255 0.079 0.066 0.034

0.14
0.16 w.E 2.336
2.317
1.251
1.246
0.107
0.137
0.089
0.115
0.0457
0.059
0.18
0.20
2.295
2.273
asy 1.241
1.235
0.171
0.207
0.143
0.174
0.074
0.091
0.22
0.24
2.248
2.221
E 1.228
1.221
ngi 0.245
0.284
0.206
0.239
0.108
0.128
0.26
0.28
2.193
2.163
1.214
2.206
nee
0.325
0.367
0.274
0.310
0.148
0.169
rin
0.30 2.131 1.198 0.409 0.347 0.192
0.32
0.34
2.099
2.066
1.190
1.182
0.451
0.493 g.n 0.384
0.421
0.215
0.239
0.36
0.38
0.40
2.031
1.996
1.961
1.174
1.165
1.157
0.535
0.576
0.615
et 0.457
0.493
0.529
0.263
0.288
0.314
0.42 1.925 1.148 0.653 0.564 0.339

0.44 1.888 1.139 0.690 0.597 0.365
0.46 1.852 1.131 0.725 0.630 0.392
0.48 1.815 1.122 0.758 0.661 0.418
0.50 1.778 1.114 0.790 0.691 0.444
0.52 1.741 1.106 0.819 0.720 0.471

0.54 1.704 1.098 0.847 0.747 0.497
0.56 1.668 1.090 0.872 0.773 0.523
0.58 1.632 1.082 0.896 0.796 0.548
0.60 1.596 1.075 0.917 0.819 0.574

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0/p0* T/T* T0/T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.62 1.560 1.068 0.935 0.839 0.599

0.64 1.525 1.061 0.953 0.859 0.625
0.66 1.490 1.055 0.968 0.877 0.650
0.68 1.457 1.049 0.981 0.893 0.673
0.70 1.423 1.043 0.993 0.908 0.697
ww
0.72 1.391 1.037 1.002 0.922 0.721
0.74
0.76 w.E
1.358
1.327
1.032
1.028
1.011
1.017
0.934
0.945
0.744
0.766
0.78
0.80
1.296
1.266 asy 1.023
1.019
1.022
1.025
0.955
0.964
0.788
0.810
0.82
0.84
1.236
1.207
E 1.015
1.012 ngi 1.027
1.028
0.972
0.978
0.831
0.852
0.86
0.88
1.179
1.151
1.010
1.007 nee
1.028
1.027
0.984
0.998
0.872
0.892
0.90 1.125 1.0045
rin
1.025 0.992 0.911
0.92
0.94
1.098
1.073
1.003
1.002
1.021
1.017 g.n 0.995
0.997
0.930
0.950
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.048
1.023
1.000
1.001
1.0002
1.000
1.012
1.006
1.000
et 0.998
0.999
1.000
0.966
0.983
1.000
1.02 0.977 1.0002 0.993 0.999 1.016

1.04 0.955 1.0007 0.985 0.998 1.032
1.06 0.933 1.002 0.978 0.997 1.048
1.08 0.911 1.0033 0.969 0.996 1.063
1.10 0.891 1.005 0.960 0.994 1.078
1.12 0.871 1.007 0.951 0.991 1.092

1.14 0.851 1.009 0.942 0.988 1.106
1.16 0.832 1.012 0.932 0.985 1.120
1.18 0.814 1.016 0.922 0.982 1.133
1.20 0.796 1.019 0.912 0.978 1.146

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0/p0* T/T* T0/T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.22 0.778 1.023 0.902 0.975 1.158

1.24 0.761 1.028 0.891 0.971 1.171
1.26 0.745 1.033 0.881 0.967 1.182
1.28 0.728 1.038 0.869 0.962 1.194
1.30 0.713 1.044 0.859 0.958 1.205
ww1.32 0.698 1.049 0.848 0.953 1.216

1.34
1.36 w.E 0.683
0.668
1.056
1.063
0.837
0.827
0.948
0.944
1.226
1.237
1.38
1.40
0.654
0.641
asy 1.070
1.078
0.816
0.805
0.939
0.934
1.247
1.256
1.42
1.44
0.628
0.615
E 1.086
1.094
ngi 0.795
0.784
0.929
0.924
1.266
1.275
1.46
1.48
0.602
0.590
1.103
1.111
nee
0.773
0.763
0.919
0.914
1.284
1.293
rin
1.50 0.578 1.122 0.753 0.909 1.301
1.52
1.54
0.567
0.556
1.132
1.142
0.742
0.732 g.n 0.904
0.899
1.309
1.317
1.56
1.58
1.60
0.544
0.534
0.524
1.153
1.164
1.176
0.722
0.711
0.702
et 0.894
0.889
0.884
1.325
1.333
1.340
1.62 0.513 1.187 0.692 0.879 1.347

1.64 0.503 1.200 0.682 0.874 1.354
1.66 0.494 1.213 0.673 0.869 1.362
1.68 0.484 1.226 0.663 0.865 1.368
1.70 0.476 1.240 0.654 0.860 1.375
1.72 0.467 1.254 0.644 0.855 1.381

1.74 0.458 1.269 0.635 0.850 1.387
1.76 0.449 1.284 0.626 0.845 1.393
1.78 0.442 1.299 0.617 0.841 1.399
1.80 0.434 1.316 0.609 0.836 1.405

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.82 0.425 1.332 0.600 0.832 1.410

1.84 0.418 1.349 0.592 0.827 1.415
1.86 0.411 1.367 0.584 0.823 1.421
1.88 0.403 1.385 0.575 0.818 1.426
1.90 0.396 1.403 0.567 0.814 1.431
ww
1.92 0.389 1.422 0.559 0.810 1.436
1.94
1.96 w.E
0.383
0.376
1.442
1.462
0.551
0.544
0.806
0.801
1.441
1.446
1.98
2.00
0.369
0.364
asy 1.482
1.503
0.536
0.529
0.797
0.793
1.450
1.455
2.02
2.04
0.357
0.352
E 1.525
1.547
ngi 0.522
0.514
0.789
0.785
1.459
1.463
2.06
2.08
0.345
0.340
1.569
1.592
nee
0.507
0.500
0.782
0.778
1.467
1.471
rin
2.10 0.334 1.616 0.494 0.774 1.475
2.12
2.14
0.329
0.324
1.640
1.665
0.487
0.480 g.n 0.770
0.767
1.480
1.483
2.16
2.18
2.20
0.318
0.314
0.308
1.690
1.717
1.743
0.474
0.467
0.461
et 0.763
0.759
0.756
1.487
1.490
1.494
2.22 0.304 1.771 0.455 0.750 1.497

2.24 0.299 1.798 0.448 0.749 1.500
2.26 0.294 1.827 0.443 0.746 1.504
2.28 0.290 1.856 0.437 0.743 1.507
2.30 6.285 1.886 0.431 0.739 1.510
2.32 0.281 1.916 0.426 0.736 1.513

2.34 0.277 1.947 0.420 0.733 1.516
2.36 0.273 1.980 0.415 0.730 1.519
2.38 0.268 2.012 0.409 0.727 1.522
2.40 0.265 2.045 0.404 0.724 1.525

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
2.42 0.261 2.078 0.398 0.721 1.528

2.44 0.257 2.114 0.393 0.718 1.530
2.46 0.253 2.149 0.388 0.716 1.533
2.48 0.249 2.185 0.383 0.713 1.536
2.50 0.246 2.222 0.379 0.710 1.540
ww2.52 0.242 2.260 0.374 0.707 1.542

2.54
2.56 w.E 0.239
0.235
2.298
2.337
0.369
0.365
0.704
0.702
1.544
1.546
2.58
2.60
0.232
0.229
asy 2.377
2.418
0.360
0.356
0.699
0.697
1.548
1.551
2.62
2.64
0.226
0.223
E 2.459
2.502
ngi 0.351
0.347
0.695
0.692
1.553
1.555
2.66
2.68
0.220
0.217
2.545
2.589
nee
0.343
0.338
0.689
0.687
1.557
1.559
rin
2.70 0.214 2.634 0.334 0.685 1.561
2.72
2.74
0.211
0.208
2.680
2.727
0.330
0.326 g.n 0.683
0.680
1.563
1.565
2.76
2.78
2.80
0.206
0.203
0.200
2.775
2.823
2.873
0.322
0.318
0.315
et 0.678
0.676
0.674
1.567
1.569
1.571
2.82 0.198 2.923 0.311 0.672 1.572

2.84 0.195 2.975 0.307 0.669 1.574
2.86 0.193 3.028 0.304 0.667 1.576
2.88 0.190 3.081 0.300 0.665 1.578
2.90 0.188 3.136 0.297 0.663 1.580
2.92 0.185 3.191 0.293 0.661 1.582

2.94 0.183 3.248 0.290 0.659 1.583
2.96 0.181 3.306 0.286 0.658 1.585
2.98 0.178 3.365 0.284 0.655 1.586
3.00 0.176 3.424 0.281 0.654 1.588

TABLE 8.2
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
3.10 0.166 3.741 0.265 0.645 1.595

3.20 0.156 4.097 0.251 0.637 1.603
3.30 0.148 4.465 0.237 0.629 1.609
3.40 0.130 4.878 0.225 0.622 1.615
3.50 0.1275 5.328 0.214 0.616 1.620
ww
3.60 0.125 5.817 0.204 0.609 1.625
3.70
3.80 w.E
0.119
0.113
6.349
6.925
0.193
0.185
0.604
0.598
1.630
1.633
3.90
4.00
0.107
0.1026 asy 7.551
8.227
0.176
0.168
0.594
0.589
1.637
1.641
4.10
4.20
0.098
0.093
E 8.958
9.747 ngi 0.161
0.154
0.585
0.581
1.645
1.647
4.30
4.40
0.089
0.085
10.598
11.515 nee
0.147
0.141
0.577
0.573
1.653
1.654
4.50 0.0818 12.502
rin
0.135 0.569 1.656
4.60
4.70
0.078
0.075
13.563
14.702
0.130
0.125 g.n 0.567
0.564
1.658
1.661
4.80
4.90
5.00
0.072
0.069
0.0667
15.923
17.232
15.634
0.120
0.115
0.111
et 0.561
0.558
0.556
1.663
1.665
1.667
6.00 0.0467 38.946 0.0785 0.536 1.681

7.00 0.0345 75.415 0.058 0.524 1.690
8.00 0.0265 136.62 0.045 0.516 1.695
9.00 0.021 233.88 0.036 0.511 1.699
10.00 0.017 381.62 0.029 0.507 1.702

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.02 2.665 1.298 0.0025 0.0021 0.001

0.04 2.659 1.297 0.0113 0.0085 0.004
0.06 2.651 1.295 0.025 0.0190 0.009
0.08 2.638 1.292 0.044 0.033 0.017
0.10 2.626 1.289 0.069 0.052 0.026
ww0.12 2.605 1.284 0.097 0.074 0.037

0.14
0.16 w.E 2.583
2.558
1.278
1.273
0.131
0.167
0.098
0.127
0.051
0.065
0.18
0.20
2.530
2.503
asy 1.266
1.259
0.207
0.251
0.157
0.190
0.082
0.100
0.22
0.24
2.468
2.433
E 1.251
1.243
ngi 0.294
0.341
0.225
0.261
0.119
0.140
0.26
0.28
2.397
2.358
1.234
1.225
nee
0.388
0.436
0.298
0.335
0.162
0.185
rin
0.30 2.320 1.215 0.485 0.374 0.209
0.32
0.34
2.278
2.236
1.207
1.197
0.531
0.578 g.n 0.412
0.450
0.233
0.258
0.36
0.38
0.40
2.193
2.149
2.107
1.187
1.178
1.168
0.623
0.667
0.710
et 0.487
0.525
0.561
0.284
0.310
0.337
0.42 2.061 1.158 0.749 0.595 0.364

0.44 2.016 1.148 0.787 0.628 0.390
0.46 1.971 1.138 0.822 0.660 0.417
0.48 1.927 1.129 0.855 0.691 0.445
0.50 1.884 1.120 0.887 0.720 0.471
0.52 1.838 1.111 0.914 0.747 0.497

0.54 1.795 1.102 0.939 0.773 0.524
0.56 1.751 1.094 0.962 0.797 0.549
0.58 1.708 1.086 0.982 0.819 0.575
0.60 1.667 1.078 1.001 0.840 0.600

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
0.62 1.625 1.070 1.015 0.859 0.625

0.64 1.585 1.063 1.028 0.877 0.649
0.66 1.545 1.056 1.039 0.893 0.673
0.68 1.506 1.049 1.049 0.907 0.697
0.70 1.468 1.044 1.056 0.921 0.719
ww
0.72 1.431 1.038 1.061 0.933 0.742
0.74
0.76 w.E
1.394
1.358
1.033
1.028
1.065
1.067
0.944
0.954
0.764
0.785
0.78
0.80
1.324
1.291
asy 1.023
1.019
1.066
1.066
0.962
0.970
0.806
0.826
0.82
0.84
1.257
1.226
E 1.016
1.012
ngi 1.063
1.059
0.976
0.982
0.845
0.865
0.86
0.88
1.194
1.164
1.010
1.007
nee
1.055
1.049
0.986
0.990
0.883
0.902
rin
0.90 1.135 1.005 1.043 0.994 0.919
0.92
0.94
1.106
1.078
1.003
1.0017
1.036
1.028 g.n 0.996
0.998
0.936
0.953
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.052
1.025
1.000
1.0008
1.0002
1.000
1.019
1.009
1.000
et 0.999
0.999
1.000
0.969
0.985
1.000
1.02 0.975 1.0002 0.989 0.999 1.015

1.04 0.951 1.0007 0.979 0.999 1.029
1.06 0.928 1.0017 0.968 0.998 1.043
1.08 0.906 1.003 0.957 0.997 1.056
1.10 0.884 1.0046 0.945 0.995 1.070
1.12 0.863 1.0066 0.934 0.993 1.082

1.14 0.842 1.009 0.922 0.991 1.095
1.16 0.822 1.011 0.910 0.988 1.106
1.18 0.803 1.015 0.898 0.986 1.118
1.20 0.784 1.018 0.886 0.983 1.130

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.22 0.766 1.022 0.874 0.960 1.140

1.24 0.748 1.026 0.861 0.978 1.150
1.26 0.731 1.030 0.849 0.974 1.161
1.28 0.715 1.035 0.837 0.971 1.171
1.30 0.698 1.040 0.825 0.967 1.181
ww1.32 0.683 1.045 0.813 0.964 1.189

1.34
1.36 w.E 0.668
0.653
1.051
1.057
0.801
0.789
0.960
0.957
1.198
1.208
1.38
1.40
0.639
0.625
asy 1.063
1.070
0.778
0.765
0.953
0.950
1.216
1.225
1.42
1.44
0.611
0.598
E 1.077
1.084
ngi 0.754
0.743
0.946
0.942
1.233
1.240
1.46
1.48
0.586
0.573
1.092
1.099
nee
0.731
0.720
0.938
0.935
1.248
1.256
rin
1.50 0.561 1.108 0.708 0.931 1.263
1.52
1.54
0.549
0.538
1.116
1.125
0.698
0.688 g.n 0.927
0.923
1.269
1.276
1.56
1.58
1.60
0.527
0.517
0.506
1.134
1.144
1.154
0.677
0.667
0.656
et 0.920
0.916
0.913
1.283
1.289
1.296
1.62 0.496 1.163 0.646 0.908 1.302

1.64 0.486 1.174 0.636 0.905 1.307
1.66 0.476 1.184 0.626 0.901 1.313
1.68 0.467 1.195 0.617 0.898 1.319
1.70 0.458 1.206 0.607 0.895 1.325
1.72 0.449 1.217 0.598 0.891 1.329

1.74 0.441 1.229 0.589 0.887 1.335
1.76 0.432 1.241 0.580 0.884 1.340
1.78 0.425 1.254 0.571 0.881 1.345
1.80 0.416 1.266 0.562 0.878 1.350

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
1.82 0.409 1.280 0.554 0.875 1.354

1.84 0.401 1.293 0.546 0.871 1.358
1.86 0.394 1.306 0.537 0.868 1.362
1.88 0.387 1.320 0.529 0.865 1.367
1.90 0.380 1.334 0.521 0.862 1.371
ww
1.92 0.373 1.348 0.514 0.858 1.375
1.94
1.96 w.E
0.367
0.360
1.363
1.378
0.506
0.498
0.856
0.853
1.379
1.383
1.98
2.00
0.354
0.348
asy 1.393
1.408
0.491
0.483
0.850
0.848
1.387
1.391
2.02
2.04
0.342
0.336
E 1.425
1.441
ngi 0.477
0.470
0.844
0.841
1.394
1.397
2.06
2.08
0.330
0.325
1.457
1.475
nee
0.463
0.456
0.838
0.836
1.401
1.404
rin
2.10 0.319 1.490 0.450 0.834 1.408
2.12
2.14
0.314
0.309
1.509
1.527
0.443
0.437 g.n 0.831
0.828
1.411
1.414
2.16
2.18
2.20
0.304
0.299
0.294
1.545
1.563
1.580
0.431
0.425
0.418
et 0.826
0.823
0.821
1.417
1.419
1.423
2.22 0.289 1.600 0.413 0.818 1.426

2.24 0.285 1.620 0.407 0.816 1.428
2.26 0.280 1.640 0.401 0.814 1.431
2.28 0.276 1.660 0.396 0.811 1.433
2.30 0.272 1.678 0.390 0.810 1.435
2.32 0.267 1.700 0.385 0.807 1.438

2.34 0.263 1.721 0.380 0.805 1.441
2.36 0.259 1.742 0.375 0.803 1.444
2.38 0.255 1.764 0.369 0.800 1.446
2.40 0.251 1.783 0.364 0.800 1.450

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
2.42 0.248 1.807 0.359 0.796 1.450

2.44 0.244 1.830 0.355 0.795 1.453
2.46 0.241 1.853 0.350 0.793 1.455
2.48 0.237 1.876 0.345 0.791 1.457
2.50 0.233 1.897 0.341 0.789 1.459
ww2.52 0.230 1.923 0.336 0.786 1.461

2.54
2.56 w.E 0.227
0.223
1.947
1.971
0.332
0.328
0.785
0.783
1.460
1.465
2.58
2.60
0.220
0.217
asy 1.996
2.018
0.324
0.319
0.781
0.780
1.467
1.469
2.62
2.64
0.214
0.211
E 2.050
2.073
ngi 0.315
0.311
0.778
0.776
1.470
1.472
2.66
2.68
0.208
0.206
2.098
2.125
nee
0.307
0.304
0.774
0.773
1.474
1.476
rin
2.70 0.203 2.148 0.299 0.772 1.477
2.72
2.74
0.200
0.197
2.179
2.207
0.296
0.292 g.n 0.769
0.768
1.479
1.481
2.76
2.78
2.80
0.195
0.192
0.189
2.234
2.263
2.287
0.288
0.285
0.281
et 0.767
0.765
0.764
1.482
1.484
1.485
2.82 0.187 2.320 0.278 0.762 1.487

2.84 0.185 2.350 0.275 0.761 1.488
2.86 0.182 2.379 0.272 0.759 1.489
2.88 0.180 2.409 0.268 0.758 1.491
2.90 0.178 2.435 0.265 0.757 1.492
2.92 0.175 2.471 0.262 0.755 1.494

2.94 0.173 2.502 0.259 0.754 1.495
2.96 0.171 2.533 0.256 0.753 1.496
2.98 0.168 2.565 0.253 0.751 1.498
3.00 0.167 2.587 0.250 0.750 1.500

TABLE 8.3
(Rayleigh flow)
M p/p* p0 /p0* T/T* T0 /T0* c/c* = ρ*/ρ
3.10 0.157 2.765 0.236 0.745 1.505

3.20 0.148 2.941 0.223 0.738 1.511
3.30 0.139 3.127 0.211 0.733 1.515
3.40 0.132 3.324 0.200 0.728 1.520
3.50 0.124 3.521 0.189 0.725 1.524
ww
3.60 0.118 3.750 0.180 0.720 1.528
3.70
3.80
3.90
w.E
0.112
0.106
0.101
3.980
4.221
4.473
0.172
0.163
0.156
0.716
0.713
0.709
1.532
1.535
1.538
4.00 0.096
asy 4.715 0.148 0.707 1.542
4.10
4.20
4.30
0.092
0.087
0.084
E 5.014
5.303
5.605 ngi
0.142
0.136
0.129
0.703
0.700
0.698
1.544
1.546
1.548
4.40
4.50
0.080
0.077
5.918
6.213 nee
0.124
0.119
0.695
0.694
1.550
1.553
4.60 0.074 6.588 rin

0.114 0.691 1.555
4.70
4.80
0.070
0.067
6.944
7.314
0.109
0.105 g.n 0.689
0.687
1.556
1.558
4.90
5.00
0.065
0.062
7.698
8.045
0.101
0.098 et 0.685
0.685
1.559
1.560
6.00 0.044 12.860 0.068 0.672 1.573

7.00 0.032 19.440 0.051 0.664 1.580
8.00 0.0248 28.070 0.039 0.660 1.585
9.00 0.0190 39.051 0.031 0.656 1.587
10.00 0.0159 52.660 0.025 0.653 1.589

TABLE 8.4
Maximum heat transfer in perfect gases
M Qmax /cpT
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
0.00 ∞ ∞ ∞
0.10 21.300 20.410 18.400

0.20 5.000 4.800 4.307
0.30 2.000 1.920 1.722
ww0.40
0.50
0.960
0.490
0.920
0.468
0.825
0.421
0.60
0.70
w.E 0.2475
0.116
0.2368
0.111
0.2129
0.0994
0.80
0.90 asy 0.044
0.0097
0.0421
0.0093
0.0378
0.00836
1.00
1.10
E0.000
0.00791 ngi
0.000
0.0076
0.000
0.00682
1.20
1.30
0.0292
0.0615 nee 0.0280
0.0588
0.0252
0.0528
1.40
1.50
0.102
0.1511
rin 0.0980
0.1450
0.0880
0.130
1.60 0.2065 g.n

0.1980 0.178
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
0.268
0.337
0.411
0.489
et
0.257
0.323
0.394
0.468
0.231
0.290
0.354
0.421
2.10 0.574 0.550 0.494

2.20 0.661 0.633 0.569
2.30 0.756 0.725 0.652
2.40 0.854 0.818 0.736
2.50 0.958 0.918 0.826

TABLE 8.4
Maximum heat transfer in perfect gases
M Qmax /cpT
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
2.60 1.067 1.023 0.920

2.70 1.179 1.130 1.016
2.80 1.298 1.243 1.118
2.90 1.419 1.360 1.223
3.00 1.546 1.481 1.331
ww
3.50 2.245 2.152 1.934
4.00
4.50
5.00
w.E 3.060
3.978
5.000
2.930
3.812
4.800
2.633
3.427
4.314
6.00
asy7.397 7.089 6.373
7.00
8.00
9.00
E
10.220
13.480
17.174 ngi
9.796
12.919
16.458
8.805
11.613
14.794
10.00
∞
21.306
∞ nee 20.418
∞
18.354
∞
rin
g.n
et

Prandtl–Meyer Functions and Mach Angles 125
TABLE 9.1
Prandtl–Meyer functions and Mach angles
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
1.00 90.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.02 78.63 0.131 0.126 0.113

1.04 74.06 0.367 0.351 0.315
1.06 70.63 0.670 0.637 0.570
ww
1.08
1.10
67.81
65.38
1.014
1.400
0.968
1.336
0.865
1.191
1.12
1.14
w.E 63.23
61.30
1.820
2.270
1.735
2.160
1.543
1.917
1.16
1.18
59.55
57.94 asy 2.740
3.233
2.607
3.075
2.310
2.718
1.20
1.22
56.44
55.05
E 3.750
ngi
4.275
3.558
4.057
3.140
3.573
1.24
1.26
1.28
53.75
52.53
51.38
nee
4.820
5.375
5.944
4.569
5.093
5.627
4.017
4.469
4.928
1.30 50.29 6.523
rin 6.170 5.393
1.32 49.25 7.112

g.n 6.721 5.864
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.40
48.27
47.33
46.44
45.59
7.710
8.311
8.923
9.542
et 7.280
4.844
8.413
8.987
6.340
6.820
7.300
7.784
1.42 44.77 10.164 9.565 8.270

1.44 43.98 10.791 10.147 8.756
1.46 43.23 11.421 10.730 9.244
1.48 42.51 12.056 11.317 9.732
1.50 41.81 12.693 11.905 10.220
1.52 41.14 13.333 12.495 10.708

1.54 40.50 13.975 13.086 11.195
1.56 39.87 14.620 13.677 11.681
1.58 39.27 15.263 14.268 12.167
1.60 38.68 15.910 14.860 12.650

TABLE 9.1
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
1.62 38.12 16.556 15.452 13.131

1.64 37.57 17.203 16.043 13.611
1.66 37.04 17.850 16.633 14.089
1.68 36.53 18.500 17.222 14.564
ww
1.70 36.03 19.144 17.810 15.037
1.72 35.55 19.790 18.397 15.508

1.74
1.76 w.E
35.08
34.62
20.435
21.080
18.982
19.565
15.976
16.441
1.78
1.80
34.18
33.75 asy 21.723
22.360
20.146
20.725
16.903
17.363
1.82
1.84
33.33
32.92
E ngi
23.004
23.644
21.302
21.877
17.820
18.273
1.86
1.88
32.53
32.13 nee
24.281
24.916
22.450
23.020
18.723
19.170
1.90 31.75 25.550
rin 23.586 19.614
1.92
1.94
31.39
31.03
26.181
26.805 g.n 24.151
24.712
20.054
20.491
1.96
1.98
2.00
30.68
30.34
30.00
27.435
28.060
28.681
et 25.271
25.827
26.380
20.925
21.355
21.782
2.02 29.67 29.300 26.930 22.206

2.04 29.35 29.915 27.476 22.626
2.06 29.04 30.530 28.020 23.042
2.08 28.74 31.120 28.561 23.455
2.10 28.44 31.750 29.097 23.865
2.12 28.15 32.350 29.631 24.271

2.14 27.86 32.952 30.161 24.674
2.16 27.58 33.561 30.690 25.073
2.18 27.31 34.150 31.212 25.468
2.20 27.04 34.750 31.733 25.860

TABLE 9.1
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
2.22 26.77 35.332 32.250 26.249

2.24 26.52 35.920 32.763 26.364
2.26 26.26 36.503 33.273 27.017
2.28 26.01 37.080 33.780 27.395
2.30 25.77 37.660 34.283 27.771
ww
2.32 25.54 38.233 34.783 28.141
2.34
2.36 w.E 25.30
25.07
38.803
39.372
35.279
35.771
28.510
28.875
2.38
2.40
24.85
24.63 asy 39.936
40.495
36.261
36.746
29.236
29.594
2.42
2.44
24.41
24.20
E ngi
41.052
41.607
37.229
37.708
29.501
30.301
2.46
2.48
23.99
23.78 nee
42.158
42.705
38.183
32.655
30.650
31.000
2.50 23.58 43.250
rin 39.124 31.337
2.52
2.54
23.38
23.19
43.790
44.325 g.n 39.589
40.051
31.507
32.012
2.56
2.58
2.60
22.99
22.81
22.62
44.860
45.390
45.920
et 40.509
40.963
41.415
32.344
32.674
33.000
2.62 22.44 46.440 41.863 33.324

2.64 22.26 46.960 42.307 33.645
2.66 22.08 47.477 42.749 33.961
2.68 21.91 47.990 43.187 34.277
2.70 21.74 48.500 43.622 34.588
2.72 21.57 49.008 44.053 34.897

2.74 21.41 49.511 44.481 35.203
2.76 21.25 50.011 44.906 35.505
2.78 21.08 50.508 45.328 35.806
2.80 20.93 51.002 45.746 36.104

TABLE 9.1
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
2.82 20.77 51.490 46.161 36.398

2.84 20.62 51.980 46.573 36.691
2.86 20.46 52.463 46.982 36.980
2.88 20.32 52.943 47.388 37.267
ww
2.90 20.17 53.420 47.790 37.551
2.92 20.03 53.895 48.190 37.832

2.94
2.96 w.E
19.89
19.75
54.365
54.831
48.586
48.980
38.111
38.387
2.98
3.00
19.61
19.47 asy 55.300
55.758
49.370
49.757
38.661
38.932
3.05
3.10
19.14
18.82
E ngi
56.900
58.020
50.713
51.650
39.600
40.252
3.15
3.20
18.51
18.21 nee
59.120
60.202
52.569
53.470
40.890
41.513
3.25 17.92 61.266
rin 54.355 42.122
3.30
3.35
17.63
17.37
62.311
63.341 g.n 55.222
56.073
42.720
43.301
3.40
3.45
3.50
17.10
16.85
16.60
64.350
65.341
66.318
et 56.907
57.726
58.530
43.871
44.430
44.975
3.55 16.36 67.277 59.316 45.510

3.60 16.13 68.220 60.092 46.032
3.65 15.91 69.150 60.850 46.544
3.70 15.68 70.060 61.595 47.045
3.75 15.47 70.954 62.327 47.535
3.80 15.26 71.833 63.044 48.015

3.85 15.05 72.700 63.748 48.485
3.90 14.86 73.551 64.440 48.946
3.95 14.67 74.388 65.118 49.397
4.00 14.48 75.210 65.785 49.840

TABLE 9.1
M α ω (M)
γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
4.05 14.30 76.020 66.439 50.273

4.10 14.11 76.815 67.081 50.698
4.15 13.94 77.600 67.713 51.114
4.20 13.78 78.367 68.333 51.522
4.25 13.61 79.123 68.943 51.923
ww
4.30 13.45 79.868 69.541 52.315
4.35
4.40
4.45
w.E 13.29
13.14
12.98
80.600
81.321
82.031
70.130
70.706
71.274
52.700
53.078
53.449
4.50 12.84
asy 82.730 71.832 53.812
4.55
4.60
4.65
12.69
12.56
12.42
E 83.413
ngi
84.088
84.751
72.380
72.920
73.450
54.169
54.520
54.863
4.70
4.75
12.28
12.15 nee
85.408
86.051
73.970
74.480
55.201
55.532
4.80 12.03 86.685

rin 74.990 55.861
4.85
4.90
11.89
11.77
87.309
87.923 g.n 75.482
75.971
56.178
56.492
4.95
5.00
11.66
11.54
88.528
89.123 et 76.449
76.920
56.800
57.104

TABLE 9.2
Mach numbers and Mach angles as functions of ω (M)
ω (M) γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
M α M α M α
0 1.000 90.000 1.000 90.000 1.000 90.000
0.5 1.049 72.358 1.051 72.098 1.055 71.437
ww
1.0
1.5
1.079
1.105
67.905
64.833
1.082
1.108
67.574
64.451
1.089
1.117
66.732
63.476
2.0
w.E
1.128 62.422 1.133 62.000 1.144 60.915
asy
2.5 1.150 60.411 1.155 59.950 1.169 58.774
3.0 1.171 58.675 1.177 58.180 1.194 56.920
3.5
4.0
4.5
1.191
1.209
1.228
E57.138
55.755
54.500
1.198
ngi
1.218
1.238
56.615
55.205
53.920
1.217
1.240
1.262
55.278
53.800
52.455
5.0 1.247 53.340 nee

1.257 52.738 1.283 51.200
5.5 1.265 52.270 1.275
rin 51.642 1.305 50.050
6.0
6.5
1.282
1.300
51.265
50.327
1.294
1.312 g.n 50.619
49.658
1.326
1.347
48.964
47.950
7.0
7.5
1.316
1.333
49.442
48.605
1.330
1.348
et 48.753
47.896
1.368
1.389
46.990
46.081
8.0 1.349 47.810 1.366 47.082 1.409 45.216
8.5 1.366 47.054 1.383 46.305 1.430 44.392
9.0 1.383 46.332 1.400 45.566 1.450 43.605
9.5 1.398 45.641 1.418 44.857 1.471 42.848
10.0 1.415 44.978 1.435 44.177 1.490 42.120

11.0 1.447 43.730 1.469 42.894 1.532 40.750
12.0 1.478 42.569 1.503 41.700 1.573 39.470
13.0 1.510 41.485 1.537 40.585 1.615 38.270
14.0 1.541 40.468 1.571 39.537 1.656 37.140

TABLE 9.2
ω (M) γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
M α M α M α
15.0 1.572 39.508 1.605 38.547 1.696 36.071

16.0 1.603 38.602 1.638 37.611 1.740 35.060
17.0 1.634 37.740 1.673 36.721 1.784 34.089
ww
18.0
19.0
1.665
1.695
36.923
36.140
1.707
1.741
35.874
35.065
1.828
1.873
33.165
32.281
20.0 w.E
1.727 35.394 1.775 34.290 1.918 31.433
asy
21.0 1.758 34.679 1.810 33.548 1.964 30.615
22.0 1.789 33.993 1.845 32.835 2.010 29.830
23.0
24.0
25.0
1.820
1.851
1.883
E33.333
32.700
32.084
1.879
ngi
1.915
1.950
32.148
31.486
30.847
2.058
2.107
2.157
29.073
28.339
27.629
26.0 1.915 31.493 nee

1.986 30.229 2.207 26.941
27.0 1.945 30.921 2.023
rin 29.632 2.259 26.273
28.0
29.0
1.978
2.010
30.367
29.831
2.059
2.096 g.n 29.053
28.491
2.313
2.366
25.624
25.000
30.0
31.0
2.043
2.075
29.310
28.805
2.134
2.172
et 27.945
27.415
2.423
2.480
24.377
23.777
32.0 2.108 28.315 2.210 26.900 2.540 23.192
33.0 2.142 27.838 2.249 26.397 2.600 22.620
34.0 2.175 27.373 2.289 25.908 2.663 22.061
35.0 2.209 26.921 2.328 25.430 2.727 21.515
36.0 2.243 26.480 2.369 24.965 2.793 20.980

37.0 2.278 26.050 2.411 24.510 2.861 20.456
38.0 2.312 25.630 2.452 24.066 2.932 19.942
39.0 2.347 25.222 2.495 23.631 3.005 19.437
40.0 2.383 24.820 2.538 23.206 3.081 18.942

TABLE 9.2
ω (M) γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
M α M α M α
41.0 2.418 24.428 2.584 22.790 3.159 18.456

42.0 2.454 24.045 2.626 22.382 3.240 17.980
43.0 2.491 23.670 2.672 21.983 3.325 17.510
44.0
45.0ww 2.528
2.565
23.305
22.943
2.718
2.765
21.591
21.207
3.411
3.502
17.045
16.590
46.0 w.E
2.603 22.591 2.812 20.830 3.597 16.142
47.0
48.0
2.642
2.680 asy 22.245
21.906
2.861
2.911
20.459
20.096
3.696
3.800
15.700
15.262
49.0
50.0
2.720
2.760 E21.573
21.246
2.961
ngi
3.013
19.735
19.387
3.906
4.018
14.832
14.410
51.0 2.800 20.925

nee
3.013 19.387 4.136 14.000
52.0
53.0
2.841
2.883
20.610
20.300
3.065
3.119 rin 19.041
18.700
4.260
4.390
13.580
13.168
54.0 2.925 20.000 3.174
g.n 18.366 4.526 12.764
55.0
56.0
2.967
3.010
19.695
19.400
3.229
3.287
et 18.036
17.711
4.670
4.822
12.364
11.968
57.0 3.055 19.110 3.346 17.391 4.983 11.578
58.0 3.100 18.825 3.406 17.076 5.153 11.190
59.0 3.145 18.543 3.470 16.765 5.334 10.806
60.0 3.191 18.265 3.592 16.155 5.525 10.424
61.0 3.237 18.000 3.660 15.857 5.731 10.048

62.0 3.285 17.723 3.727 15.561 5.950 9.675
63.0 3.334 17.457 3.797 15.270 6.185 9.304
64.0 3.383 17.195 3.868 14.983 6.438 8.935
65.0 3.433 16.937 3.941 14.698 6.710 8.571

TABLE 9.2
ω (M) γ = 1.3 γ = 1.4 γ = 1.67
M α M α M α
66.0 3.484 16.682 4.016 14.417 7.000 8.209

67.0 3.536 16.430 4.094 14.140 7.323 7.850
68.0 3.588 16.182 4.173 13.965 7.670 7.490
69.0 3.642 15.937 4.255 13.593 8.050 7.135
ww
70.0 3.697 15.694 4.340 13.325 8.468 6.782
71.0
72.0
73.0 w.E
3.753
3.810
3.868
15.455
15.219
14.985
4.426
4.515
4.608
13.059
12.800
12.535
8.928
9.440
10.010
6.430
6.081
5.733
74.0
75.0
3.927
3.987 asy 14.754
14.525
4.703
4.801
12.277
12.021
10.651
11.378
5.387
5.043
E ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

TABLE 10.1
Approximate velocities and Mach numbers of air at p = 1.0133 bar
t = 25°C (T = 298.15 K and ρ = 1.183 kg/m3 ; a = 347.07 m/s)
Dynamic head Velocity (c) Mach number

(mm W.G.) m/s (M)
0 0.00 0.000
1 4.07 0.0117
2 5.76 0.0166
3 7.05 0.0203
ww 4
5
8.14
9.10
0.0235
0.0262
10
15
w.E 12.87
15.76
0.0371
0.0454
20
25 asy 18.20
20.35
0.0525
0.0586
30
35
E 22.29
ngi
24.08
0.0643
0.0694
40
45 nee
25.74
27.30
0.0742
0.0787
50
55
28.78
30.18 rin 0.0829
0.0270
60 31.53 g.n 0.0908

65
70
75
32.81
34.05
35.25
et 0.0945
0.0981
0.1015
80 36.40 0.1049
85 37.52 0.1081
90 38.61 0.1113
95 39.67 0.1143
100 40.70 0.1173
200 57.56 0.1658

300 70.49 0.2032
400 81.40 0.2346
500 91.00 0.2623
600 99.69 0.2873

Approximate Velocities and Mach Numbers of Air 135
TABLE 10.2
Approximate velocities and Mach numbers of air at p = 1.0133 bar
t = 25°C (T = 298.15 K and ρ = 1.183 kg/m3 ; a = 347.07 m/s)
Dynamic head Velocity (c) Mach number

(mm Hg) m/s (M)
50 106.06 0.306
60 116.19 0.335
70 125.50 0.362
80 134.16 0.387
ww 90 142.30 0.410
100
110
120
w.E 150.00
157.30
164.32
0.432
0.453
0.474
130 asy 171.03 0.493

140
150
160
E 177.48
ngi
183.71
189.74
0.511
0.529
0.547
170 nee
195.50 0.564
180
190
201.25
206.76 rin 0.580
0.596
200 212.13
g.n 0.611
250
300
350
237.17
259.81
280.62
et 0.683
0.748
0.808
400 300.00 6.865
450 318.17 0.917
500 335.47 0.966

TABLE 10.3
Mach numbers as functions of pressure ratios (γγ = 1.4)
p/p0 M p/p0 M
1.00 0.000 0.74 0.670

0.99 0.120 0.73 0.686
0.98 0.170 0.72 0.702
0.97 0.209 0.71 0.717
0.96 0.242 0.70 0.732
0.95 0.272
ww
0.94 0.298 0.69 0.748
0.93
0.92
0.91
w.E 0.324
0.347
0.370
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.763
0.778
0.794
0.90
asy0.391 0.65 0.809
0.89
0.88
0.87
E
0.411
0.431
0.451 ngi
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.825
0.840
0.855
0.86
0.85
0.469
0.488
nee 0.61
0.60
0.871
0.886
rin
0.84
0.83
0.505
0.523
g.n
0.59
0.58
0.902
0.918
0.82
0.81
0.80
0.540
0.557
0.574
et
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.933
0.949
0.965
0.79 0.590 0.54 0.981

0.78 0.607 0.53 0.997
0.77 0.623 0.52 1.014
0.76 0.639 0.51 1.030
0.75 0.655 0.50 1.046

Pressure Ratios and Mach Numbers of Air 137
TABLE 10.3
Mach numbers as functions of pressure ratios (γγ = 1.4)
p/p0 M p/p0 M
0.49 1.063 0.24 1.587

0.48 1.080 0.23 1.615
0.47 1.097 0.22 1.645
0.46 1.114 0.21 1.676
0.45 1.132 0.20 1.709
ww 0.44
0.43
1.150
1.168
0.19
0.18
1.742
1.778
0.42
0.41 w.E 1.186
1.204
0.17
0.16
1.815
1.855
0.40
asy 1.223 0.15 1.897
0.39
0.38
0.37
E1.242
1.262
1.282 ngi
0.14
0.13
0.12
1.941
1.989
2.040
0.36
0.35
1.302
1.322 nee 0.11
0.10
2.096
2.157
0.34 1.344 rin 0.09 2.225

0.33
0.32
1.365
1.387 g.n
0.08
0.07
2.300
2.385
0.31
0.30
1.410
1.433 et
0.06
0.05
2.484
2.601
0.29 1.457 0.04 2.746

0.28 1.481 0.03 2.935
0.27 1.506 0.02 3.208
0.26 1.532 0.01 3.693
0.25 1.560 0.00 ∞

TABLE 11
Manometer inclinations required for the desired magnification of the deflection
Magnification required Inclination from the horizontal

(1/h) α = (sin−1 h/1) degrees
2 30
3 19.47
4 14.47
5 11.53
6 9.59
ww 7 8.21
w.E 8
9
10
7.18
6.38
5.74
asy
E ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

Static Pressure Drop in Gas Pipe Lines 139
TABLE 12.1
Static pressure drop (pr = outlet pressure/inlet pressure) in gas pipe lines
(Isothermal flow, f = 0.002 − 0.005, γ = 1.3, M1 = 0.02)
L/D Static pressure ratio, pr = p2 /p1
f = 0.0020 f = 0.0025 f = 0.0030 f = 0.0035 f = 0.0040 f = 0.0050
10 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999

50 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9997 0.9997
100 0.9997 0.9997 0.9996 0.9996 0.9995 0.9995
ww 250
400
0.9995
0.9992
0.9993
0.9989
0.9992
0.9987
0.9991
0.9985
0.9989
0.9983
0.9987
0.9979
500
600
700
w.E
0.9989
0.9987
0.9985
0.9986
0.9984
0.9981
0.9984
0.9981
0.9978
0.9982
0.9978
0.9975
0.9979
0.9975
0.9970
0.9974
0.9968
0.9963
800
900
0.9983
0.9981 asy
0.9979
0.9976
0.9975
0.9971
0.9970
0.9967
0.9967
0.9962
0.9958
0.9953
1000
2000
0.9979
0.9958
E
0.9973
0.9947 ngi
0.9968
0.9937
0.9963
0.9927
0.9958
0.9916
0.9947
0.9895
3000
4000
5000
0.9937
0.9916
0.9895
0.9921
0.9895
0.9869
nee
0.9905
0.9874
0.9842
0.9890
0.9853
0.9816
0.9874
0.9832
0.9842
0.9789
rin
0.9789 0.9736
6000 0.9874 0.9842 0.9811 0.9779 0.9747 0.9683
7000
8000
0.9853
0.9832
0.9816
0.9789
0.9779
0.9747 g.n 0.9742
0.9704
0.9704
0.9661
0.9629
0.9575
8500
9000
0.9821
0.9811
0.9776
0.9763
0.9731
0.9715 et
0.9685
0.9667
0.9639
0.9618
0.9548
0.9520
1 × 104 0.9789 0.9736 0.9683 0.9629 0.9575 0.9466

1.5 × 104 0.9683 0.9602 0.9520 0.9438 0.9355 0.9187
2.0 × 104 0.9575 0.9465 0.9355 0.9243 0.9130 0.8899
2.5 × 104 0.9465 0.9327 0.9187 0.9044 0.8899 0.8602
3 × 104 0.9355 0.9186 0.9015 0.8841 0.8662 0.8294
4 × 104 0.9130 0.8899 0.8663 0.8419 0.8168 0.7642

5 × 104 0.8899 0.8602 0.8295 0.7975 0.7642 0.6928
6 × 104 0.8663 0.8295 0.7909 0.7505 0.7077 0.6132
7 × 104 0.8419 0.7975 0.7505 0.7003 0.6462 0.5215
8 × 104 0.8168 0.7642 0.7077 0.6462 0.5783 0.4099
1 × 105 0.7642 0.6928 0.6132 0.5215 0.4099 –

2 × 105 0.4098 – – – – –

TABLE 12.2
Static pressure drop (pr = outlet pressure/linlet pressure) in gas pipe lines
(Isothermal flow, f = 0.002 − 0.005, γ = 1.4, M1 = 0.02)
L/D Static pressure ratio, pr = p2 /p1
f = 0.0020 f = 0.0025 f = 0.0030 f = 0.0035 f = 0.0040 f = 0.0050
10 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999 0.9999

50 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9997 0.9997
100 0.9997 0.9997 0.9996 0.9996 0.9995 0.9994
250 0.9994 0.9993 0.9991 0.9990 0.9988 0.9986
ww 400 0.9991 0.9988 0.9986 0.9984 0.9982 0.9977
500
600
700
w.E
0.9988
0.9986
0.9984
0.9986
0.9983
0.9980
0.9983
0.9979
0.9976
0.9980
0.9976
0.9972
0.9977
0.9973
0.9968
0.9972
0.9966
0.9960
800
900
0.9982
0.9979 asy
0.9977
0.9975
0.9973
0.9969
0.9968
0.9964
0.9964
0.9959
0.9955
0.9949
1000
2000
0.9977
0.9955
E
0.9972
0.9943
ngi
0.9966
0.9932
0.9961
0.9921
0.9955
0.9910
0.9944
0.9887
3000
4000
5000
0.9932
0.9910
0.9887
0.9915
0.9887
0.9859 nee
0.9898
0.9864
0.9830
0.9882
0.9842
0.9802
0.9864
0.9819
0.9773
0.9830
0.9773
0.9716
6000 0.9864 0.9830 0.9796 rin 0.9762 0.9727 0.9658

7000
8000
0.9842
0.9819
0.9802
0.9773
0.9762
0.9727 g.n 0.9721
0.9681
0.9681
0.9635
0.9600
0.9541
8500
9000
1 × 104
0.9808
0.9796
0.9773
0.9759
0.9744
0.9716
0.9710
0.9692
0.9658
et
0.9661
0.9640
0.9600
0.9611
0.9588
0.9541
0.9512
0.9482
0.9423
1.5 × 104 0.9658 0.9571 0.9482 0.9393 0.9303 0.9121
2 × 104 0.9541 0.9423 0.9303 0.9182 0.9059 0.8809
2.5 × 104 0.9423 0.9273 0.9121 0.8967 0.8809 0.8485
3 × 104 0.9304 0.9121 0.8935 0.8745 0.8551 0.8150
4 × 104 0.9060 0.8809 0.8551 0.8285 0.8010 0.7430

5 × 104 0.8809 0.8485 0.8149 0.7797 0.7430 0.6633
6 × 104 0.8551 0.8149 0.7725 0.7277 0.6800 0.5727
7 × 104 0.8285 0.7797 0.7277 0.6717 0.6106 0.4648
8 × 104 0.8010 0.7429 0.6800 0.6106 0.5322 0.3225
1 × 105 0.7429 0.6633 0.5727 0.4648 0.3225 –

2 × 105 0.3225 – – – – –

Isentropic Compressor Power 141
TABLE 13.1
Isentropic compressor power in kW (cp =1.0 kJ/kg K, T1 = 300 K, γ = 1.3)
m = mass flow rate in kg/s

pr = p2 /p1
1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
1.1 6.671 10.007 13.342 20.014 26.685 33.356

1.2 12.891 19.337 25.782 38.673 51.564 64.455
1.3 18.724 28.086 37.448 56.172 74.896 93.620
1.4 24.221 36.332 48.443 72.664 96.886 121.107
ww1.5 29.425 44.137 58.850 88.274 117.700 147.123
1.6
1.7
1.8
w.E
34.367
39.078
43.580
51.551
58.617
65.370
68.735
78.156
87.160
103.102
117.234
130.740
137.470
156.312
174.320
171.837
195.390
217.900
1.9
2.0
47.894
52.036 asy
71.840
78.054
95.787
104.072
143.681
156.108
191.574
208.144
239.468
260.180
2.1
2.2
56.022
59.864
E
84.033
89.796 ngi
112.044
119.729
168.065
179.593
224.087
239.457
280.109
299.321
2.3
2.4
63.575
67.163
95.362
100.744 nee
127.149
134.326
190.724
201.489
254.299
268.652
317.873
335.815
2.5 70.638 105.957 141.276
rin 211.914 282.552 353.190
2.6
2.7
74.008
77.279
111.011
115.919
148.015
154.558 g.n222.023
231.837
296.031
309.116
370.038
386.396
2.8
2.9
3.0
80.459
83.552
86.564
120.688
125.328
129.846
160.917
167.104
173.128
et
241.376
250.656
259.693
321.835
334.208
346.257
402.293
417.760
432.822
3.5 100.563 150.844 201.125 301.688 402.250 502.813

4.0 113.098 169.646 226.195 339.293 452.390 565.488
4.5 124.479 186.719 248.959 373.438 497.917 622.397
5.0 134.926 202.389 269.852 404.779 539.705 674.631
5.5 144.598 216.897 289.196 433.794 578.391 722.990
6.0 153.615 230.423 307.230 460.845 614.460 768.075

7.0 170.041 255.062 340.083 510.124 680.165 850.207
8.0 184.751 277.126 369.501 554.252 739.002 923.753
9.0 198.107 297.160 396.213 594.320 792.426 990.533
10.0 210.365 315.548 420.731 631.096 841.462 1051.827

TABLE 13.2
Isentropic compressor power in kW (cp =1.0 kJ/kg K, T1 = 300 K, γ = 1.4)
m = mass flow rate in kg/s

pr = p2 /p1
1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
1.1 8.281 12.422 16.563 24.844 33.124 41.406

1.2 16.041 24.061 32.082 48.123 64.164 80.205
1.3 23.351 35.027 46.703 70.054 93.406 116.757
1.4 30.271 45.406 60.541 90.812 121.083 151.353
ww
1.5 36.845 55.268 73.690 110.536 147.381 184.227
1.6
1.7
1.8
w.E
43.114
49.109
54.856
64.671
73.663
82.285
86.228
98.217
109.713
129.342
147.326
164.569
172.456
196.434
219.425
215.570
245.543
274.282
1.9
2.0
60.380
65.700 asy
90.571
98.551
120.761
131.401
181.141
197.101
241.522
262.802
301.902
328.502
2.1
2.2
70.834
75.795
E
106.251
113.693 ngi
141.668
151.591
212.501
227.386
283.335
303.181
354.169
378.977
2.3
2.4
80.598
85.254
120.898
127.882 nee
161.197
170.509
241.795
255.763
322.393
341.018
402.992
426.272
2.5 89.774 134.661 179.548
rin 269.322 359.095 448.869
2.6
2.7
94.166
98.439
141.249
147.659
188.332
196.878 g.n
282.498
295.317
376.664
393.756
470.830
492.195
2.8
2.9
3.0
102.600
106.657
110.615
153.901
159.986
165.922
205.201
213.314
221.230
et
307.801
319.971
331.845
410.402
426.628
442.460
513.002
533.286
553.075
3.5 129.103 193.654 258.206 387.309 516.412 645.515

4.0 145.789 218.684 291.579 437.368 583.158 728.947
4.5 161.046 241.569 322.092 483.137 644.183 805.229
5.0 175.135 262.702 350.270 525.405 700.540 875.675
5.5 188.251 282.376 376.501 564.7521 753.003 941.253
6.0 200.540 300.810 401.081 601.621 802.161 1002.702

7.0 223.077 334.616 446.154 669.232 892.309 1115.386
8.0 243.418 365.127 486.836 730.254 973.672 1217.090
9.0 262.016 393.023 524.031 786.047 1048.062 1310.078
10.0 279.190 418.785 558.381 837.570 1116.761 1395.951

Pumping Power for Fans and Blowers 143
TABLE 14
Approximate values of pumping power (kW) for fans and blowers
Q (m 3 /s ) ∆p = Pressure rise in millimeters W.G.
1 2 3 4 5
0.1 0.0015 0.0030 0.0045 0.0060 0.0075

0.2 0.0030 0.0060 0.0091 0.0121 0.0151
0.3 0.0045 0.0091 0.0136 0.0181 0.0226
0.4 0.0060 0.0121 0.0181 0.0241 0.0302
ww 0.5 0.0075 0.0151 0.0226 0.0302 0.0377
1.0
1.2 w.E
0.0151
0.0181
0.0302
0.0362
0.0453
0.0543
0.0604
0.0724
0.0755
0.0906
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.0211
0.0241
0.0272
asy 0.0423
0.0483
0.0543
0.0634
0.0724
0.0815
0.0845
0.0966
0.1087
0.1056
0.1207
0.1358
2.0
2.5
0.0302
0.0377
E 0.0604
0.0755 ngi 0.0906
0.1132
0.1207
0.1509
0.1509
0.1886
3.0
3.5
0.0453
0.0528
0.0906
0.1056 nee 0.1358
0.1585
0.1811
0.2111
0.2264
0.2641
4.0 0.0604 0.1207
rin
0.1811 0.2415 0.3018
5.0 0.0755 0.1509

g.n
0.2264 0.3018 0.3773
et
10.0 0.1509 0.3018 0.4528 0.6037 0.7546
20.0 0.3018 0.6037 0.9055 1.2073 1.5092
50.0 0.7546 1.5092 2.2638 3.0184 3.7730
100 1.5092 3.0184 4.5276 6.0367 7.5460
150 2.2638 4.5276 6.7913 9.0551 11.3189

200 3.0184 6.0367 9.0551 12.0735 15.0918
400 6.0367 12.0735 18.1102 24.1469 30.1837
600 9.0551 18.1102 27.1653 36.2204 45.2755
800 12.0735 24.1469 36.2204 48.2939 60.3673
1000 15.0918 30.1837 45.2755 60.3673 75.4592

1500 22.6378 45.2755 67.9133 90.5510 113.1888
2000 30.1837 60.3673 90.5510 120.7347 150.9183
2500 37.7296 75.4592 113.1888 150.9183 188.6479
3000 45.2755 90.5510 135.8265 181.1020 226.3775

TABLE 14
10 20 30 40 50
0.1 0.0151 0.0302 0.0453 0.0604 0.0755

0.2 0.0302 0.0604 0.0906 0.1207 0.1509
0.3 0.0453 0.0906 0.1358 0.1811 0.2264
0.4 0.0604 0.1207 0.1811 0.2415 0.3018
ww
0.5 0.0755 0.1509 0.2264 0.3018 0.3773
1.0
1.2 w.E 0.1509
0.1811
0.3018
0.3622
0.4528
0.5433
0.6037
0.7244
0.7546
0.9055
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2113
0.2415
0.2717
asy 0.4226
0.4829
0.5433
0.6339
0.7244
0.8150
0.8451
0.9659
1.0866
1.0564
1.2073
1.3583
2.0
2.5
0.3018
0.3773
E 0.6037
0.7546 ngi 0.9055
1.1319
1.2073
1.5092
1.5092
1.8865
3.0
3.5
0.4528
0.5282
0.9055
1.0564 nee 1.3583
1.5846
1.8110
2.1129
2.2638
2.6411
4.0 0.6037 1.2073
rin
1.8110 2.4147 3.0184
5.0 0.7546 1.5092

g.n
2.2638 3.0184 3.7730
et
10.0 1.5092 3.0184 4.5276 6.0367 7.5459
20.0 3.0184 6.0367 9.0551 12.0735 15.0918
50.0 7.5459 15.0918 22.6378 30.1837 37.7296
100 15.0918 30.1837 45.2755 60.3673 75.4592
150 22.6378 45.2755 67.9133 90.5510 113.1888

200 30.1837 60.3673 90.5510 120.7347 150.9183
400 60.3673 120.7347 181.1020 241.4693 301.8367
600 90.5510 181.1020 271.6530 362.2040 452.7550
800 120.7347 241.4693 362.2040 482.9387 603.6733
1000 150.9183 301.8367 452.7550 603.6733 754.5917

1500 226.3775 452.7550 679.1325 905.5100 1131.8876
2000 301.8367 603.6733 905.5100 1207.3467 1509.1833
2500 377.2958 754.5917 1131.8876 1509.1833 1886.4792
3000 452.7550 905.5100 1358.2650 1811.0200 2263.7751

Pumping Power for Fans and Blowers 145
TABLE 14
100 200 300 400 500
0.1 0.1509 0.3018 0.4528 0.6037 0.7546

0.2 0.3018 0.6037 0.9055 1.2073 1.5092
0.3 0.4528 0.9055 1.3583 1.8110 2.2638
0.4 0.6037 1.2073 1.8110 2.4147 3.0184
ww
0.5 0.7546 1.5092 2.2638 3.0184 3.7730
1.0
1.2 w.E 1.5092
1.8110
3.0184
3.6220
4.5276
5.4331
6.0367
7.2441
7.5459
9.0551
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.1129
2.4147
2.7165
asy 4.2257
4.8294
5.4331
6.3386
7.2441
8.1496
8.4514
9.6588
10.8661
10.5643
12.0735
13.5827
2.0
2.5
3.0184
3.7730
E 6.0367
7.5459 ngi 9.0551
11.3189
12.0735
15.0918
15.0918
18.8648
3.0
3.5
4.5276
5.2821
9.0551
10.5643 nee
13.5827
15.8464
18.1102
21.1286
22.6378
26.4107
4.0 6.0367 12.0735
rin
18.1102 24.1469 30.1837
5.0 7.5459 15.0918

g.n
22.6378 30.1837 37.7296
et
10.0 15.0918 30.1837 45.2755 60.3673 75.4592
20.0 30.1837 60.3673 90.5510 120.7347 150.9183
50.0 75.4592 150.9183 226.3775 301.8367 377.2958
100 150.9183 301.8367 452.7550 603.6733 754.5917
150 226.3775 452.7550 679.1325 905.5100 1131.8876

200 301.8367 603.6733 905.5100 1207.3467 1509.1833
400 603.6733 1207.3467 1811.0200 2414.6934 3018.3667
600 905.5100 1811.0200 2716.5300 3622.0400 4527.5503
800 1207.3467 2414.6934 3622.0400 4829.3867 6036.7334
1000 1509.1833 3018.3667 4527.5503 6036.7334 7.546 MW

1500 2263.7751 4527.5503 6791.3252 9055.1006 11.319 MW
2000 3018.3667 6036.7334 9055.1006 12073.4668 15.092 MW
2500 3772.9585 7545.9170 11318.8750 15091.8340 18.865 MW
3000 4527.5503 9055.1006 13582.6504 18110.2012 22.638 MW

TABLE 14
600 700 800 1000 1500
0.1 0.9055 1.0564 1.2073 1.5092 2.2638

0.2 1.8110 2.1129 2.4147 3.0184 4.5276
0.3 2.7165 3.1693 3.6220 4.5276 6.7913
0.4 3.6220 4.2257 4.8294 6.0367 9.0551
ww
0.5 4.5276 5.2821 6.0367 7.5459 11.3189
1.0
1.2 w.E9.0551
10.8661
10.5643
12.6771
12.0735
14.4882
15.0918
18.1102
22.6380
27.1653
1.4
1.6
1.8
12.6771
14.4882
16.2992
asy 14.7900
16.9029
19.0157
16.9029
19.3175
21.7322
21.1286
24.1469
27.1653
31.6930
36.2204
40.7480
2.0
2.5
18.1102
22.6378
E21.1286
26.4107 ngi 24.1469
30.1837
30.1837
37.7296
45.2755
56.5944
3.0
3.5
27.1653
31.6929
31.6929
36.9750 nee
36.2204
42.2571
45.2755
52.8214
67.9133
79.2321
4.0 36.2204 42.2571
rin
48.2939 60.3673 90.5510
5.0 45.2755 52.8214

g.n
60.3673 75.4592 113.1888
et
10.0 90.5510 105.6428 120.7347 150.9183 226.3780
20.0 181.1020 211.2857 241.4693 301.8367 452.7550
50.0 452.7550 528.2142 603.6733 754.5917 1131.8876
100 905.5100 1056.4283 1207.3467 1509.1833 2263.7751
150 1358.2650 1584.6426 1811.0200 2263.7751 3395.6626

200 1811.0200 2112.8567 2414.6934 3018.3667 4527.5503
400 3622.0400 4225.7134 4829.3867 6036.7334 9055.1006
600 5433.0601 6338.5703 7244.0801 9055.1006 13582.6504
800 7244.0801 8451.4268 9658.7734 12073.4668 18110.2012
1000 9055.1006 10564.2832 12073.4668 15.091 MW 22.637 MW

1500 13582.6504 15846.4258 18110.2012 22.637 MW 33.957 MW
2000 18110.2012 21128.5664 24146.9336 30.184 MW 45.275 MW
2500 22637.7500 26410.7090 30183.6680 37.729 MW 56.594 MW
3000 27165.3008 31692.8516 36220.4023 45.275 MW 67.913 MW

S.I. Metric and British Units 147
TABLE 15.1
S.I, Metric and British units
Principal dimensions and units
Quantity Dimensions S.I. Metric British
Length L m m ft
Mass M kg kgm lbm
Time T s sec sec
Temperature θ K °K °R
ww
Area
Volume
L2
L3
m2
m3
m2
m3
ft2
ft3
Density
Force w.E M/L3
ML/T2
kg/m3
N = kg m/s2
kgm/m3
kgf
Ibm/ft3
lbf
Torque
Velocity asy
ML2/T2
L/T
mN
m/s
m kgf
m/sec
ft lbf
ft/sec
Acceleration
Pressure
Work and energy
L/T2
M/LT2E
ML2/T2 ngi
m/s2
Pa = N/m2
J = Nm
m/s2
kgf/m2
kgf m
ft/sec2
lbf/ft2
ft lbf
Heat ML2/T2
L2/T2θ
nee
Joule = J cal Btu
Specific heat
Power ML2/T3
J/kg K
rin
Nm/s, J/s
cal/kgm °K
kgf m/s
Btu/lbm °R
ft lbf/sec
Specific entropy L2/T2θ J/kg K
Ns/m2 g.n cal/kgm °K
kgf-sec/m2
Btu/lbm °R
lbf-sec/ft2
et
Dynamic viscosity M/LT
kg/ms
Kinematic viscosity L2/T m2/s m2/sec ft2/sec
Weight ML/T2 N = kg m/s2 kgf lbf

TABLE 15.2
Conversion of units
Length Pressure
1m = 3.28 ft 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 105 Pa = 100 kN/m2
1 cm = 0.3937 in = 0.1 MN/m2 = 1.0197 kgf/cm2
1 km = 0.6215 mile = 14.504 lbf/in2
1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 m bar = 10-3 bar = 100 N/m2 = 100 Pa
1 in = 2.54 cm = 10.2 mm W.G.
1 mile = 1.609 km 1 mm W.G. = 1 kgf/m2 = 9.807 N/m2 = 0.098 m bar
1 nautical mile = 6076 ft = 1.853 km 1 torr = 1 mm Hg = 13.6 mm W.G. = 133.38N/m2
= 1.334 m bar
Area 1 atmosphere = 1.013 bar = 1.033 kgf/cm2
1 m2 = 10.765 ft2 = 14.696 lbf/in2 = 29.921 in Hg
1 cm2
1 ft2ww =
=
0.155 in2
0.0929 m2
= 760 mm Hg = 10.336 m W.G.
1 in2
Volume
w.E
= 6.452 cm2 Density
1 kg/m3
1 lbm/ft3
= 0.0624 lbm/ft3
= 16.025 kg/m3
1 m3 = 1000 litres = 35.315 ft2
1 litre = 1000 cc = 0.001 m3 = 0.0353 ft3
= 0.061 in3
asy Work and Energy
= 1 Joule = 107 ergs
E
1 cc 1 Nm
1 ft 3 = 0.0283 m3 = 28.328 litres = 0.102 kgf m = 0.7374 ft lbf
1 in 3 = 16.387 cm3
1 gallon (British) = 8 pints = 4.546 litres ngi
1 kgf m = 9.807 Nm = 7.229 ft lbf
1 ft lbf = 0.1383 kgf m = 1.356 Nm = 1.356 J
1 pint = 568.25 cc
= 0.160 ft3 = 277.3 in3
nee
Heat
Mass
1 kJ
1 k cal
rin = 1000 J = 0.2388 k cal = 0.9478 Btu
= 427 kgf m = 4.187 kJ = 3.968 Btu
1 kgm = 2.204 lbm
1 lbm = 0.4537 kgm
1 metric ton (tonne) = 0.984 ton
1 Btu
Power g.n
= 778 ft lbf = 1.055 kJ = 0.252 k cal
Temperature
°C = F − 32
o
1 Nm/s
1 kW
et
= 1 J/s = 1 watt
= 0.102 kgf m/sec = 0.7375 ft lb/sec
= 1000 J/s = 102 kgf m/sec = 737.5 ft lbf/sec
1.8
°F = 1.8 °C + 32 = 1.36 metric H.P. = 1.34 H.P. (FPS)
°K = 273.15 + °C = Kelvins (in S.I. Units) 1 metric H.P. = 75 kgf m/sec = 0.735 kW = 0.985 H.P.
°R = 459.4 + °F = 1.8 °K 1 H.P. (FPS) = 550 ft lb/sec = 1.015 metric H.P.
= 0.746 kW
Force
1N = 105 dynes = 0.102 kgf = 0.2248 lbf Dynamic Viscosity
1 kgf = 9.807 N = 2.204 lbf 1 Ns/m2 = 1 kg/ms = 0.102 kgf/m2
1 metric ton = 1000 kgf = 0.0209 lbf sec/ft2 = 10 poise
1 lbf = 4.448 N = 0.4537 kgf 1 lbf sec/ft = 47.847 Ns/m2
Velocity
1 m/s = 3.28 ft/sec Kinematic Viscosity
1 km/hr = 0.621 mile/hr 1 m2/s = 10.76 ft2/sec = 104 cm2/sec = 104 Stokes
1 mile/hr = 1.609 km/hr 1 ft2/sec = 0.0929 m2/s
1 ft/sec = 0.305 m/s
1 knot = 1.689 ft/sec = 0.515 m/s

CSE, Chemical
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et
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Gas Tables For Compressible Flow Calculations

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NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS

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All rights reserved. ngi

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Preface to the Fifth Edition

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Preface to the First Edition

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Isentropic Flow of Perfect Gases

4. Normal Shocks in Perfect Gases

Oblique Shocks in Perfect Gases

5.1 Wave Angles for Given Deflections, γ = 1.4 62

6. Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction (Fanno Flow)

7. Isothermal Flow of Perfect Gases with Friction

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8. Flow of Perfect Gases with Heat Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)

9. Prandtl-Meyer Function with Mach Angles

10. Approximate Velocities and Mach Numbers of Air

Pumping Power for Fans and Blowers nee 141

15. S.I, Metric and British Units rin

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f mean coefficient of friction F impulse function

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2 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

1. Gas dynamic properties of some vapours and gases

a = γRT E ngi ...(1.3)

2. Properties of the standard atmosphere g.n

3. Isentropic flow of perfect gases

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Fig. 2. Isentropic Decelerating Flow

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4 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

T0 = T0* = constant ...(3.1)

4. Normal shocks in perfect gases

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6 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

5. Oblique shocks in perfect gases ngi

Fig. 4. Flow Through Oblique Shock Wave

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M12 sin 2 σ − 2 cot σ

T0 = T0* = constant ...(6.1)

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8 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

7. Isothermal flow of perfect gases with friction

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10 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

Fig. 5. Prandtl-Meyer Expansion

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10. Approximate velocities and Mach numbers of air

11. Measurement of low pressures on inclined manometers.

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12 Gas Tables for Compressible Flow Calculations

p r = 0.02 2500 − 4 γ f L D ...(12.2)

wwFollowing values of the parameters have been covered: