Outline: B D C & N

24/07/2018
Outline
BUSINESS DATA
COMMUNICATIONS & • Circuits and Data Flow
NETWORKING • Multiplexing
• Media
• Digital Transmission of Digital Data
Chapter 3 • Analog Transmission of Digital Data
Physical Layer • Digital Transmission of Analog Data
• Implications for Management
FitzGerald ● Dennis ● Durcikova

Prepared by Taylor M. Wells: College of Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento 3-1 3-2
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Physical Layer Circuits

Internet Model • Circuit Configuration
– Point-to-Point circuits include most wired connections
• Layer 1 in the Internet model
• Focus on transmission over
Application today
– Multipoint circuits are most commonly used in
circuits
• Types of Circuits
Transport wireless today
• Shared circuits (multipoint) are less expensive
– Physical circuits connect
devices & include wires Network
– Logical circuits refer to the
transmission characteristics of Data Link
the circuit
Physical
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Data Flow – Transmission examples

Data Flow • Simplex
• Half-Duplex
• Data flows in one
direction
• Data flows both

directions, but only
one at a time
• Full-Duplex
• Data flows
simultaneously in
both directions
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Multiplexing
Multiplexing
• Divide high-speed circuit into several slower (logical) • Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
circuits – Creates “channels” from larger frequency band
• Main advantage is cost – Guardbands separate channels to prevent interference
• Categories of multiplexing
– Frequency/Wavelength
– Time
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Multiplexing Multiplexing
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) – Circuit is divided by devices taking turns
– A variant of FDM used in fiber optic circuits – In traditional TDM, all have equal turns
– Makes use of multiple light wavelengths (colors) to – More efficient than FDM, but may have idle time slots
divide circuit into channels
• Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM)
– Dense WDM can divide circuit into more than 100
channels per fiber each transmitting at 10 Gbps • A variation of TDM
• Designed to reduce idle time slots by allocating
slots based on statistical network usage
• Disadvantages
– Potential time delays when actual usage does
not match statistically allocated time slots
– Additional logical addressing requirements
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Multiplexing Media
• Inverse multiplexing • Physical matter used to carry voice or data transmissions

– Combines many low-speed circuits into one high-speed • Guided media – transmission flows along physical
circuit medium
– e.g., two T-1 lines multiplexed (creating a capacity of 2 • Wireless (Radiated) media - transmission flows through
x 1.544Mbps = 3.088 Mbps) the air
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Guided Media
Guided Media
• Twisted-pair (TP) cable
– Insulated pairs of wires bundled together • Coax cable
– Wires twisted to reduce electromagnetic interference – Has a single copper core, plus outer
– Some times use additional shielding (STP) insulation, shielding, and inner
insulation
– Commonly used for telephones, LANs
– Less prone to interference
– Characteristics
– Characteristics
• Price – inexpensive
• Price - inexpensive (but more
• Distance – typically up to 100m
costly than TP)
• Use - Telephones, LANs
• Distance - up to 2 km (1.2 miles)
• Use: Cable TV / Internet
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Guided Media Guided Media
• Fiber optic cable • Fiber optics

– Optical core made of glass or plastic – Multimode (about 50 micron core)
– Data transmitted using light from – Graded index multimode
lasers or LEDs
– Resistant to interference and corrosion – Single mode (about 5 micron core)
– Extremely fast data rates
– Characteristics
• Price: Expensive
• Distance: 500m – 100km
• Use: Trunk line / Backbone, long
distance circuits (e.g., undersea
cables)
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Wireless Media Wireless Media

• Microwave
• Radio – High-frequency radio
communication
– Wireless transmission of electrical waves through air
– Requires line of sight which may
– Each device on network has a radio transceiver require large antennas and towers
operating at a specific frequency range – Affected by weather
– Enables mobile network communication – Characteristics
• Distance: ~60 km (due to
– Characteristics curvature of earth
• Distance: depends on frequency and power • Use: Trunk line / Backbone,
long distance
• Use: Wireless LANs, cellular and cordless phones, • Satellite
baby monitors – Special form of microwave
communication
– Long distance leads to propagation
delays
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Media Digital vs. Analog Data
READ ON EACH OF THESE FACTORS FOR EACH OF • Digital transmission involves discrete binary values (i.e.,
THE MEDIA COVERED 0 or 1)
• Analog transmission involves continuous waves
• Factors to consider in media selection
– Type of network & future expansion
– Cost
– Transmission distance
– Security
– Error rates & interference
– Attenuation
– Transmission speeds
• Transmission rate & power
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Digital Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Digital Data

• Transmission modes
• Coding scheme needed to ensure 1. Parallel: multiple bits transmitted simultaneously
sender and receiver understand
messages (e.g., ASCII, Unicode,
etc.)
• A character is represented by a
group of bits 0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
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• Transmission modes • Sender and receiver must agree upon:

2. Serial: bits are transferred sequentially, one at a – Set of symbols
time
• How bits are encoded as voltages or light pulses
• e.g., +5V might be encodes as a “1”
– Symbol rate
• How often symbols are sent
• e.g., with a symbol rate of 64 kilohertz (kHz), a
symbol is sent every 1/64,000 of a second
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
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• Five types of signaling techniques • Five types of signaling techniques

1. Unipolar - voltage is 0 or positive representing 2. Bipolar NRZ - voltage is positive or negative, but
binary bits (in some circuits, 0 and negative voltage not zero (Non return to zero)
could be used) • Fewer errors than unipolar because signals are
more distinct
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• Five types of signaling techniques • Five types of signaling techniques

3. Bipolar RZ - voltage is positive or negative, 4. Bipolar AMI - voltage is 0, positive, or negative,
returning to zero between each bit returns to zero between each bit, and alternates
• Fewer synchronization errors than bipolar NRZ between positive and negative voltage (alternative
mark inversion)
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Digital Transmission of Digital Data

Digital Transmission of Analog Data
• Five types of signaling techniques • Codecs (COde, DECode) is a device or software that converts
an analog signal (e.g., voice) into digital form and the reverse
5. Manchester - voltage is positive or negative and bits
– Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) converts analog to digital
are indicated by a mid-bit transition by:
• High to low = 0; Low to high = 1 1. Sampling the analog signal at regular intervals
2. Measuring the amplitude of each sample
3. Encoding (quantizing) the amplitude as binary data
– Quantizing Error is the difference between the original
analog signal and the approximated, digital signal
• Reducing quantizing error can be done by:
– Sampling more frequently
– Using more levels of amplitude in encoding
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Digital Transmission of Analog Data

Implications for Management
• Use and types of cabling.

• The use of existing networks, its limitations, reliability
and expansion
• Digital cabling tends to be least expensive and most
reliable
• Consider issue of convergence of data and voice networks
• Etc.
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Question to answer To read
• What is the purpose of multiplexing? • Reach chapter three of prescribed textbook.

• When making a decision to procure a Multiplexer, what
factors would you consider? Explain each factor.
• Compare the five type of digital transmission techniques
stating their strengths and weaknesses.
• What are the maximum speed / rate of transmission on each
of the physical media discussed.
– What factors influence these speeds / transmission rates
• Describe the function of a codec in digital transmission.
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Examples of Application Layer Protocols
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Outline: B D C & N

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Outline: B D C & N

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24/07/2018

FitzGerald ● Dennis ● Durcikova

Physical Layer Circuits

Data Flow – Transmission examples

• Data flows both

• Inverse multiplexing • Physical matter used to carry voice or data transmissions

Guided Media Guided Media

• Fiber optic cable • Fiber optics

Wireless Media Wireless Media

Media Digital vs. Analog Data

Digital Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Digital Data

Digital Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Digital Data

• Transmission modes • Sender and receiver must agree upon:

Digital Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Digital Data

• Five types of signaling techniques • Five types of signaling techniques

Digital Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Digital Data

• Five types of signaling techniques • Five types of signaling techniques

Digital Transmission of Digital Data

Digital Transmission of Analog Data

• Use and types of cabling.

Question to answer To read

• What is the purpose of multiplexing? • Reach chapter three of prescribed textbook.

Examples of Application Layer Protocols

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