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Sheet piles are sections of material with interlocking edges that are driven into the ground to form retaining walls. There are different types of sheet piles including steel, concrete, and timber. Sheet piles can be installed using vibratory hammers or hydraulic pushing. Pile foundations transfer structural loads through weak soil layers to stronger soils or bedrock below using end-bearing or friction piles made of steel or concrete. Drilled piers are deep foundations constructed by drilling a hole and filling it with concrete to support axial and lateral loads through side friction and end bearing. Cofferdams are temporary enclosures built within water to allow work in the dry by pumping water out.
Sheet piles are sections of material with interlocking edges that are driven into the ground to form retaining walls. There are different types of sheet piles including steel, concrete, and timber. Sheet piles can be installed using vibratory hammers or hydraulic pushing. Pile foundations transfer structural loads through weak soil layers to stronger soils or bedrock below using end-bearing or friction piles made of steel or concrete. Drilled piers are deep foundations constructed by drilling a hole and filling it with concrete to support axial and lateral loads through side friction and end bearing. Cofferdams are temporary enclosures built within water to allow work in the dry by pumping water out.
Sheet piles are sections of material with interlocking edges that are driven into the ground to form retaining walls. There are different types of sheet piles including steel, concrete, and timber. Sheet piles can be installed using vibratory hammers or hydraulic pushing. Pile foundations transfer structural loads through weak soil layers to stronger soils or bedrock below using end-bearing or friction piles made of steel or concrete. Drilled piers are deep foundations constructed by drilling a hole and filling it with concrete to support axial and lateral loads through side friction and end bearing. Cofferdams are temporary enclosures built within water to allow work in the dry by pumping water out.
SHEET PILES WALLS provides less water resistance. Hot rolled sheet piling is more traditional and provides better water resistance.
INSTALLATION: Vibratory hammers are typically
used to install sheet piles. If soils are too hard or dense. At certain sites where vibrations are a concern, the sheets can be hydraulically pushed into the ground.
TYPES OF SHEET PILES
Reinforced concrete sheet piles are formed Sheet Piles are sections of sheet materials with using precast concrete members. They are interlocking edges that are installed in commonly used in permanent river embankments, sequence to design depth along the planned canals and other marine structures. excavation perimeter or seawall alignment. Timber sheet piles generally used for short FUNCTION: The interlocking edges that are driven spans in temporary structures, and to resist into the ground to form a wall for permanent light lateral loads. The disadvantage of timber (designed to provide a long service life) or piles is that they require preservative temporary lateral earth retention and treatment and are not generally suitable for excavation support with reduced groundwater soils consisting of stones. inflow. Steel sheet piles the most common form of sheet MATERIALS: Sheet piles are also a sustainable piles as it has good resistance to high driving option, because they are made of recycled steel stresses, excellent water-tightness, and can be and the piles can often be reused. increased in length either by welding DATE SUBMITTED RATINGor ASSIGNEMNT NAME ARGOSINO, KRISTINEbolting. MAE O. SEPTEMBER 24, 2019 NO.2 The Different Types of TITLE Sheet piles, Cofferdams, Pile foundations and Drilled piers PROFESSOR’S SIGNATURE PILE FOUNDATIONS INSTALLATION: Displacement piling installation refers to the method of driving piles into the ground without first removing any of the soil or other material. Replacement piling installation refers to the method of first digging out a hole, into which the pile is then maneuvered.
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
Pile foundations are deep foundations used for End Bearing Piles where, the bottom end of the large structures and in situations where the pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil soil at shallow depth is not suitable to resist or rock. The load of the building is excessive settlement, resist uplift, etc. A transferred through the pile onto the strong foundation is described as 'piled' when its layer. In a sense, this pile acts like a depth is more than three times its breadth. column. The key principle is that the bottom end rests on the surface which is the FUNCTION: Principally used to transfer the loads intersection of a weak and strong layer. The from superstructures, through weak, load therefore bypasses the weak layer and is compressible strata or water onto stronger, more safely transferred to the strong layer. compact, less compressible and stiffer soil or rock at depth, increasing the effective size of Friction Piles work on a different principle. a foundation and resisting horizontal loads. The pile transfers the load of the building to They are typically used for large structures, the soil across the full height of the pile, and in situations where soil is not suitable to by friction. In other words, the entire surface prevent excessive settlement. of the pile, which is cylindrical in shape, works to transfer the forces to the soil. MATERIALS: They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber. techniques. Once the desired tip elevation has DRILLED PIERS been achieved, the drilled pier reinforcement is set in place and the drilled shaft is filled with concrete. Simply by excavating cylindrical shafts into the ground and filling them with concrete.
TYPES OF DRILLED PIERS
Straight-shaft end-bearing piers develop their support from end-bearing on strong soil, “hardpan” or rock. The overlying soil is assumed to contribute nothing to the support Drilled piers, also referred to as drilled of the load imposed on the pier. piers, caissons or bored piles, are deep foundation solutions. Straight-shaft side wall friction piers pass through overburden soils that are assumed to carry none of the load, and penetrate far FUNCTION: Drilled shafts are typically designed enough into an assigned bearing stratum to and constructed to support axial forces through develop design load capacity by side wall a combination of side friction and end bearing friction between the pier and bearing stratum. resistance. Drilled shafts are an economic solution that can be installed in a variety of Combination of straight shaft side wall different ground conditions to accommodate large axial, lateral and overturning forces. friction and end bearing piers are of the same construction as the two mentioned above, but MATERIALS: A drilled pier is a deep foundation with both side wall friction and end bearing system that uses a large diameter concrete assigned a role in carrying the design load. cylinder constructed by placing fresh concrete When carried into rock, this pier may be and reinforcing steel into a drilled shaft. referred to as a socketed pier or a “drilled pier with rock socket”. INSTALLATION: Drilled piers are installed by advancing an auger / drill tool to the required Belled or under reamed piers are piers with a depth using open hole, casing, or slurry bottom bell or under ream. A greater percentage of the imposed load on the pier top is assumed to be carried by the base. However, for practical and reasons of economy COFFERDAMS most cofferdams are either rectangular or circular. In general circular cofferdams offer the advantage that they provide a more open excavation over the entire plan area when bracing is provided solely by ring beams. However, installation of sheet piles in circular cofferdams requires stricter construction controls. Rectangular cofferdams are simpler to construct but typically require more complex internal bracing.
Cofferdam is an enclosure built within, or in TYPES OF COFFERDAMS
pairs across, a body of water to allow the Braced cofferdams are formed from a single wall enclosed area to be pumped out. This pumping of sheet piles that is driven into the ground creates a dry work environment so that the work to form a “box” around the excavation. The sheet can be carried out safely. piles are then braced on the inside and the interior is dewatered. It is primarily used for FUNCTION: Commonly used for construction of bridge piers in shallow water (30 - 35 ft, 9 to bridge piers and other support structures built 12m depth). within water. Cellular cofferdams are used only in those MATERIALS: usually formed from sheet piles that circumstances where the excavation size are supported by walers and internal braces, and precludes the use of cross-excavation bracing. cross braces. Cofferdams are typically In this case, the cofferdam must be stable by dismantled after permanent works are completed. virtue of its own resistance to lateral forces. Since cofferdams are usually constructed within water, the sheet piles are installed using pre- Double-walled sheet pile cofferdams are constructed templates that permit the correct cofferdams comprising two parallel rows of positioning of each sheet pile from a barge. sheet piles driven into the ground and connected together by a system of tie rods at INSTALLATION: A cofferdam can in essence be one or more levels. The space between the walls constructed in almost any desirable shape. is generally filled with granular material such as sand, gravel or broken rock.