Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol.

32(4), October 2009, pp 357-372 357

PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOURCE

AND RESERVOIR ROCKS IN THE HISTRIA BASIN,
WESTERN BLACK SEA

C. Cranganu1*, M. A. Villa1,2, M. Saramet3 and N. Zakharova1,4

The petroleum system in the Histria Basin, Western Black Sea, includes Oligocene source rocks
and Upper Cretaceous – Eocene reservoir rocks. Here we report on the petrophysical characteristics
of these source and reservoir rocks using mercury intrusion porosimetry data from 14 core
samples collected from five wells drilled on the East Lebada,West Lebada and Pescarus structures.
Samples were in general dominated by carbonate lithologies with minor shales. Petrophysical
parameters analyzed were: median pore-throat radius, average pore-throat radius, apparent
porosity, pore-throat size distribution, pore-throat type, pore-throat sorting, maximum threshold
entry radius, pore-throat radius at 35% mercury saturation (R35), and air permeability. Reservoir
rock quality was estimated using a permeability / porosity / pore-throat type plot.
The Oligocene samples showed little petrophysical variation. Samples were relatively homogenous
and had the same pore-throat type (nano), were well sorted, had unimodal pore-throat distribution
(suggesting the existence of a single fluid phase), had similar values for median and average pore-
throat radius, and similar values for R35 and maximum threshold entry radius. Upper Cretaceous
- Eocene samples were more heterogeneous in terms of petrophysical properties, and reservoir
quality was in general higher than in the Oligocene interval. Average porosity and calculated air-
permeability values were 18.4% and 0.37 mD, respectively for Upper Cretaceous samples; and
11.8% and 27.11 mD, respectively for Eocene samples. A case study of Oligocene and Cretaceous
- Eocene samples from well West Lebada 817 is presented.
This paper represents the first petrophysical study of source and reservoir rocks in the Histria
Basin, Western Black Sea. The results will help to establish the links between petrophysical
characteristics, age and depositional environment for source and reservoir rocks in other basins
bordering the Black Sea.

INTRODUCTION Peceneaga-Camena fault to the south. Evolution of

The Histria Basin (Fig. 1), part of the greater Western
Black Sea Basin, is located in the central part of the
Romanian Black Sea shelf, between the offshore
extensions of the St. George fault to the north and the
1
Brooklyn College of the City University of New York,
Dept. of Geology, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY
11210, USA.
2
Now at Occidental de Colombia, Inc. (OXY), Bogotá,
Colombia.
3
“Al. I. Cuza” University, Faculty of Geography and
Geology, Iasi, Romania.
4
present address: Columbia University, New York, USA.
*
corresponding author: Cranganu@brooklyn.cuny.edu
the Histria Basin began in the Albian-Cenomanian,
when two extensional phases led to the formation of
a horst and graben complex. Paleogene subsidence
was accompanied by the deposition of a thick post-
rift succession (Dinu et al., 2005). The structural
framework of the basin includes a series of faults
affecting both the pre-Oligocene and overlying
formations. Paleogene and Neogene deposits
dominate the sedimentary fill. Deep-water shaly
limestones are confined to the western part of the basin
(East Lebada, Albatros, Venus and Lotus structures)
while calcareous argillaceous facies occur elsewhere.
Key words: Black Sea, Histria Basin, Romania,
petrophysical characteristics, mercury intrusion
porosimetry, Oligocene source rocks.

© 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 Scientific Press Ltd

358 Petrophysical characteristics of source and reservoir rocks, Histria Basin, offshore Romania

Fig. 1. Outline map of the Histria Basin, Western Black Sea, with the locations of oil- and gas-producing
structures. A-A’ indicates the cross-section in Fig. 3. The structures from which samples were collected are
shaded.
Seismic, gravimetric and magnetic surveys were
undertaken here between 1967 and 1973. The first
well was drilled in 1974 on the Ovidiu structure.
Subsequently, wells on the East Lebada structure
produced oil from Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-
Senonian) and Albian reservoirs. In 1999, well
Pescarus 60 discovered oil in a Cenomanian reservoir.
Oil is currently produced at the Sinoe, East Lebada,
West Lebada and Pescarus fields (Fig. 1).
Previous studies (Saramet, 2004; Saramet et al.,
2005, 2008) have identified Oligocene source rocks
and Upper Cretaceous and Eocene reservoir rocks in
the Histria Basin. The Oligocene source rocks seal
underlying Albian-Eocene reservoir units. However
to the authors’ knowledge, no petrophysical data
relating to source or reservoir rocks is available. In
this paper we use mercury intrusion porosimetry to
evaluate the petrophysical properties of these rocks
and to determine how these characteristics affect
reservoir quality. Understanding the petrophysical
characteristics and facies distribution of reservoir
rocks will influence future exploration in the Histria
Basin.
GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND
During the Early Cretaceous, the Western Black Sea
Basin opened by back-ark rifting in association with
north-dipping subduction behind the Cretaceous -
early Tertiary Pontide volcanic arc (Fig. 2).
Subsequent north–south and east-west extension
produced a horst and graben complex, and subsidence
took place in footwall blocks in which large quantities
of Paleogene sediments were deposited (Biju-Duval
et al., 1977; Görür, 1988; Gradinaru, 1988; Okay et
al., 1994; Robinson et al., 1995, 1996; Spadini et al.,
1997; Kitchka, 1998; Polukhtovich et al., 1998;
Sandulescu and Visarion, 2000; Cloetingh et al., 2003;
Nikishin et al., 2003; Dinu et al., 2005).
Following extension, the Histria Basin underwent
a transpressive phase with the formation of a series
of piggy-back basins developed during the Late
 Lithology

Present Day

Oligocene

Eocene
C. Cranganu et al.

Upper Cretaceous

Albian
Sea water Neogene-Quaternary Oligoene Eocene Upper Cretaceous Albian Aptian
Neocomian Jurassic Triassic Granitoids Rhyolites & Basalts Green Schists
COF: Capidava-Ovidiu fault; PCF: Peceneaga-Camena fault; LCF: Luncavita-Consul fault; SiF: Sinoe fault;
HF: Heracleea fault; PLF: Portita-Lebada fault; LRF: Lacu Rosu fault; SF: Sacalin fault.

Fig. 2. Generalized stratigraphic column and tectonic evolution of the Histria Basin.
359
360 Petrophysical characteristics of source and reservoir rocks, Histria Basin, offshore Romania
Fig. 3. Cross-section through the Histria Basin indicating the principal formations and the positions of the five
wells from which samples analyzed in this study were collected. See Fig. 1 for cross-section location.
Cretaceous and Eocene. Reservoirs rocks at the Sinoe,
West Lebada, East Lebada and Pescarus fields were
deposited during the Albian – Eocene in these basins
(Figs 2 and 3). After a distensional phase at the end of
late Eocene, the basin underwent compression during
the Oligocene (Figs 2 and 3).
Two pulses of subsidence have been identified in
the Histria Basin: one in the middle Cretaceous
(Albian), with a subsidnce rate of ~ 0.012 km/Ma; and
a second in the middle and late Paleogene. In the
Eocene, the rate of subsidence was ~ 0.018 km/Ma; in
the Oligocene, the rate was higher (~0.054 km/Ma).
Sinclair et al. (1997) recorded a similar subsidence rate
(0.05 km/Ma) in Eastern Bulgaria. Further north in the
Azov Sea, Khriachtchevskaia et al. (2004) identified
five phases of subsidence, of which the fourth
(Oligocene - early Miocene) was characterized by an
abrupt increase in tectonic subsidence controlled
mainly by processes in the Black Sea and in the
Caucasus.
During the Oligocene, sediment deposition took
place in an open-marine setting in the east and NE of
the Histria Basin. Conditions were anoxic in the centre
and NW of the basin. Oligocene subsidence was
accompanied by rapid burial of organic-rich sediments
with source-rock potential which generated and
expelled hydrocarbons. This migrated to Eocene, Late
Cretaceous and Albian reservoir units. Seismic and well
logs studies have shown that the Oligocene succession
seals the underlying reservoir rocks (Saramet et al.,
2005; 2008).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pore-throat sizes and distribution in reservoir rocks can
be estimated by capillary-pressure curves derived from
mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Mercury
intrusion porosimetry provides data for the
determination of apparent porosity, permeability, pore-
throat size type, distribution and sorting, average pore-
throat radius (APR), median pore-throat radius (MPR),
maximum threshold-entry radius (MTER) and other
petrophysical properties.
MIP data are obtained by forcing mercury at
pressures up to 413,685 kPa (60,000 psi) into voids
and pore throats within a rock sample. Pore throats
control access to pores because greater pressures are
required to force mercury, or another non-wetting
fluid, into smaller spaces (Purcell, 1949; Keighin,
1997). Pores act as “bottlenecks” in the system and
it is necessary to exceed their capillary pressure for
mercury injection.
During test procedres, the mercury injection
pressure is increased in a stepwise manner and time
for equilibration between pressure increments is
allowed. The step pressure is then plotted against
mercury saturation (Fig. 4).
The relationship between applied pressure (P) and
minimum pore size (D) into which mercury can be
forced to enter is based on the Washburn equation
(Washburn, 1921):
(1)
D = −4γ cosθ / P
where γ is the interfacial tension of the mercury-air
system (0.485 N/m), and θ is the air-mercury-solid
contact angle (140°).
A significant issue regarding the petrophysical
measurements was to determine how representative
the samples were. Based on production information
for each well, the sampling procedure ensured that
most intervals of interest were sampled. Modification
of petrophysical properties can occur during sample
coring and storage. Core samples were recovered
from warehouse storage and fresh cores were selected
for analysis. Following suggestions made by previous
researchers (Aplin et al. (Eds), 1999; Yang and Aplin,
2007), corrections for the effects of clay dessication
were applied.
Before beginning mercury intrusion porosimetry,
other methods of investigation were considered
including the porous plate, vapour desorption and
centrifuge methods (Newsham et al., 2004; Al-Hinai
 C. Cranganu et al. 361

#6-821 Lebada West CM14

Pore Type
9
10 0.001

UNIMODAL DISTRIBUTION

108 0.01

NANO

Mean Pore Throat Radius (Microns)

107 0.1

MACRO MESO MICRO

Hg Pressure (Pa)

MTER
R35 0.5
106 One significant Invasion 1

105 10

MEGA
SANDY SHALE
Upper Cretaceous
Porosity: 20%
104 Kair: 0.978 md 100
MTER: 0.308 µm
R35: 0.400 µm

103 1000
100 80 60 40 20 0
Hg Saturation (%)

Fig. 4. Capillary-pressure curve and petrophysical parameters derived from measurements. Pore-throat radius
at 35% mercury saturation (R35) indicates the pore-throat types (PTT: mega, macro, meso, micro, or nano).
Maximum Threshold Entry Radius (MTER) indicates the pore-throat distribution (PTD): unimodal (a single
significant fluid invasion) or no mode distribution (no significant fluid invasion). Sample numbers as
in Table 1.
et al., 2008). Drawbacks with these methods include (i) Apparent porosity
the longer experimental times involved (up to one Apparent porosity, Φ (%), is measured by capillary-
month for a single measurement), and the relatively pressure analysis up to pressures of 60,000 psi (~414
low range of operating pressures (1000 – 1250 psi). MPa) and is defined as:
Mercury intrusion porosimetry is capable of Vtot
generating pressures of up to 60,000 psi which are Φ= x100 (2)
Vb
suitable for modelling high-pressure reservoirs and
also allows the investigation of very small pore throats. where Vtot is the total volume of mercury required to
It is well suited for quantifying pore size distributions fill all accessible pores in a sample and is calculated
(Newsham et al., 2004). as:
We used mercury intrusion porosimetry to analyze (3)
Vtot = Vj
14 core samples of reservoir and non-reservoir rocks
from five wells in the Histria Basin (for locations see Here, the jth data point (measurement step) is the
Figs. 1 and 3). The samples consisted of limestones first such that:
and shales, and ranged in age from Oligocene to Late
Pj+1 ≤ Pj − 10
Cretaceous and in depth from 1677 m to 2883 m (Table (4)
1). Samples were cut from core slabs, prepared and Pj+1 ≤ Pj x 0.995 = Vj
analyzed in a Micromeritics AutoPore 9500 using the
methodology described by Deming et al. (2002), where Pj is the head-corrected pressure as stored by
Cranganu (2004), Villa (2005), and Cranganu and the instrument.
Villa (2006) (Fig. 4). Vb is the bulk volume of mercury at atmospheric
pressure and is calculated as
PETROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Vb + Vp − Vm (5)
The samples’ apparent porosity, average pore-throat
radius, median pore-throat radius and maximum where V p is the user-entered volume of the
threshold entry radius were determined according to penetrometer and Vm is the volume of mercury in the
Webb (2001). penetrometer.
362 Petrophysical characteristics of source and reservoir rocks, Histria Basin, offshore Romania
(ii) Average pore-throat radius, APR (μm)
The cylindrical geometry of a pore throat is a function
of the radius of its cross-sectional area which is
calculates as follows (μm):
I total
APR( μ m) = 2 × (6)
Atotal
where Itot is the total intrusion volume of the sample
and Atot is the pore area of the sample. Both parameters
are calculated by the porosimeter instrument.
(iii) Median pore-throat radius, MPR (μm)
The median pore-throat radius was calculated as the
arithmetic average of the median pore radius by volume
(MPRV) and the median pore radius by area (MPRA).
MPRV is calculated as follows:
MPRv = MPRVk (7)
where MPRVk is calculated from Pk (head-corrected
pressure as stored), and Pk is interpolated from Ik and
the collected data. Ik is defined as:
I tot
Ik =
2 (8)
V smaller pore throats.
I tot = tot
Ws
where Vtot is defined by Equation (3) and Ws is the
user-entered sample weight.
MPRA is calculated as follows:
MPRA = MPRAk (9)
where MPRAk is calculated from Pk (head-corrected
pressure as stored), and Pk is interpolated from Ak and
the collected data. Ak is defined as:
A tot
Ak = (10)
2 pressures adjusted for irreducible saturation. A PTS
where Atot is the total specific pore area.
MPRV and MPRA may differ because smaller
pores may contribute more to the total pore surface
area than larger pores for a given increment of mercury
imbibition. Therefore, the area distributions have a
tendency to shift to smaller pore sizes when compared
to pore volume distributions (Tanguay and Friedman,
2001).
(iv) Maximum threshold-entry radius,
MTER (μm)
The MTER is the entry radius at which significant
invasion of a sample with mercury occurs (Tanguay
and Friedman, 2001). Determination of this parameter
is based on a histogram (Fig. 4) which plots the
incremental percentage of intrusion (multiplied by 10
to emphasize the values) and the size of the pore throat
radius to which it is equivalent. The MTER is the
largest radius of the largest population of ubiquitous
pore-throat sizes in a sample. The peak or peaks on
the histogram reflect the distribution of the different
pore-throat radius populations in a rock sample (i.e.
the pore-throat size distribution or PTD). A single
peak represents a unimodal distribution; two peaks
represent a bimodal distribution; and multiple peaks
represent a multiple (no mode) distribution (Fig. 4).
These distributions are linked to the locations of voids
in the rock, and they are important in determining if
one, two, or more pore-throat systems characterise
the pore geometry of the unit. In turn, this
determination has consequences in recognizing the
presence of a single significant fluid invasion phase
(unimodal distribution), two significant fluid
invasions (bimodal distribution), or no significant
fluid invasion (no mode distribution).
As suggested by Hartmann (pers. comm., 2005),
the distributions of pore throats represented by more
than one mode are due either to the sample having
two different pore throat types, or to the presence of
connected vugs in a microcrystalline dolomite or
grainstone with large intergranular pores and much
(v) Pore-throat sorting (PTS)
PTS is a measure of the sorting of the sizes of the
pore throats in a sample, and its measurement from
intrusion capillary curves can be both qualitative and
quantitative. Jennings (1987) proposed the following
formula for PTS:
1/ 2
⎡ 3rd Quartile Pressure ⎤
PTS = ⎢ st ⎥ (11)
⎣ 1 Quartile Pressure ⎦
where the first and third-quartile pressures are
obtained directly from the capillary pressure curve
and reflect the 25 and 75% mercury saturation
value of 1.0 represents a horizontal plateau, while
values above 5.0 correspond to curves with little or
no plateau development.
Hartmann and Beaumont (1999) and Tanguay and
Friedmann (2001) measured the sorting of pore
throats by visual analyses of the steepness of the
plateau in the capillary curves. In general, a horizontal
plateau indicates good sorting of the pore throats (Fig.
5). Sorting categories used were: PS, poorly sorted;
MS, moderately sorted; and WS, well sorted.
According to Tanguay and Friedman (2001), well-
sorted pore-throat sizes are characterized graphically
by a maximum threshold-entry radius (MTER) at less
than 20% mercury saturation, together with a
horizontal to sub-horizontal plateaued injection curve
that has a unimodal pore-throat size distribution.
Table 1. Petrophysical data of selected samples of the Oligocene and Upper Cretaceous - Eocene samples of the Histria Basin, Western Black Sea.

Sample Depth MPR APR Kair

WELL Description Age Φ (%) R35 (μm) (mD)
MTER (μm) PTD PTT PTS
# (m) (mm) (mm)
fine shale, light brown,
817 West Lebăda CM1 14 1910 stratified
Oligocene 0.01 0.01 18.1 0.024 0.007 0.018 unimodal NANO WS

oil stained, fine shale,

817 West Lebăda CM2 13 2067 stratified
Oligocene 0.01 0.01 16.2 0.026 0.007 0.015 unimodal NANO WS

fine shale, fissile light brown,

818 West Lebăda CM1 3 2145 micaceous minerals
Oligocene 0.008 0.008 12.5 0.021 0.003 0.012 unimodal NANO WS

818 West Lebăda CM 2 9 2325 fine shale, fissile light brown Oligocene 0.008 0.009 13.7 0.025 0.005 0.012 unimodal NANO WS

83 East Lebăda CM1 5 1677 fine shale, brown, stratified Oligocene 0.011 0.01 21.1 0.032 0.014 0.023 unimodal NANO WS

shale with muscovite flakes,

60 Pescăruş 1 2883 stratified, dark grey, Eocene 0.385 0.6 11.2 2.54 9.694 - no mode MACRO PS
carbonate intercalations

shaly limestone, massive,

817 West Lebăda CM6 4 2188 indurated, muscovite flakes
Eocene 0.043 0.029 14.9 0.44 0.743 - no mode MICRO MS

indurated limestone, massive,

817 West Lebăda CM15 2 2272 muscovite flakes, green Eocene 0.491 0.084 12.9 4.565 32.381 - no mode MACRO PS
minerals, quartz intercalations

sandy limestone, indurated,

817 West Lebăda CM23 11 2336 light grey
Eocene 0.066 0.312 9.5 12.738 118.357 - no mode MEGA PS

sandy limestone, light colour,

818 West Lebăda CM4 7 2380 fine grained, muscovite flakes
Eocene 0.154 0.037 10.9 0.75 1.162 0.663 unimodal MESO MS
C. Cranganu et al.

light colored oolitic limestone,

818 West Lebăda CM5 15 2498 fine grained, with dark, shaly Eocene 0.052 0.026 11.5 0.34 0.328 - no mode MICRO MS
intercalations

sandy shale, light color, fine

821 West Lebăda CM14 6 2019 grained, with limestone Upper Cretaceous 0.114 0.102 20 0.4 0.978 0.308 unimodal MICRO WS
disseminated
light grey limestone, with dark
83 East Lebăda CM5 8 1808 shaly intercalations
Upper Cretaceous 0.03 0.028 17.5 0.083 0.055 0.068 unimodal NANO WS

shaly limestone, light

83 East Lebăda CM7 12 1838 coloured, fine grained
Upper Cretaceous 0.032 0.03 17.6 0.09 0.064 0.068 unimodal NANO WS

Average values
Oligocene 0.009 0.009 16.311 0.026 0.007 0.016
Eocene 0.198 0.181 11.817 3.562 27.111 0.663
Upper Cretaceous 0.059 0.053 18.356 0.191 0.366 0.148

MPR – Median Pore-throat Radius; APR – Average Pore-throat Radius; Φ – Apparent porosity; R35 – Pore-throat Radius at 35% mercury saturation;
Kair – Calculated air permeability; MTER – Maximum Threshold Entry Radius (if no value is recorded, the sample has “no mode” distribution of its pore throats);
PTD – Pore-Throat size Distribution (unimodal – a single fluid invasion; no mode – no preferential fluid invasion); PTT – Pore-Throat Type (mega = R35 > 10 μm;
macro = 2 < R35 < 10 μm; meso = 0.5 < R35 < 2 μm; micro = 0.1 < R35 < 0.5 μm; nano: R35 < 0.1 μm); PTS – Pore-Throat size Sorting (WS – Well Sorted;
MS – Moderate Sorting; PS – Poor Sorting).
363
364 Petrophysical characteristics of source and reservoir rocks, Histria Basin, offshore Romania
Capillary-pressure curves of pore throats that have a
moderately-sorted size distribution are generally
sinusoidal in shape and have an MTER between 10
and 40% mercury saturation. Capillary-pressure
curves of pore throats that have a poorly-sorted pore-
throat size distribution are generally oblique or
diagonal and have little to no plateau and a poorly-
defined MTER.
The significance of pore throat sorting centres on
the rock’s ability to accept oil. Thus, Jennings (1987,
p. 1199) noted that: “In well-sorted rocks, once a
threshold buoyancy pressure is obtained, oil will
rapidly saturate the porosity up to the maximum
capacity. Poorly sorted rocks require a pressure
increase over a much broader range to obtain the
same level of oil saturation.”
(vi) Pore-throat radius at
35% mercury intrusion, R35 (μm)
The R35 is a concept developed by Winland (1972,
1976) to empirically relate apparent porosity (Φ), air
permeability Kair (mD), and pore throat radius at 35%
of intrusion volume R35 (μm) (Fig. 4). The
relationship is
log R35 = 0.732 + 0.588 log K air - 0.864 log Φ
(12)
A graphical solution of this equation is illustrated
in Fig. 6. Using R35 instead of the Kair/ Φ ratio for
characterizing the rock quality of water-wet rocks has
several advantages (Hartmann and Beaumont, 1999):
Fig. 5. Pore-throat sorting (PTS) for samples from
wells East Lebada 817and 818. WS, well sorted;
MS, medium sorted; PS, poorly sorted. Sample
numbers as in Table 1.
• R35 is a readily- understandable number;
• R35 can be determined from capillary pressure
analysis and related to Kair/Φ values;
• If two variables are known (Kair, Φ or R35), the
other variable can be calculated using Equation 12 or
estimated from a Kair/Φ plot with R35 contours.
The R35 value of a given rock type both reflects
its depositional and diagenetic fabric and influences
fluid flow and reservoir performance (Hartmann and
Coalson, 1990). Consequently, estimating R35
directly from capillary pressure data permits a
common zonation that can be used by both geologists
and reservoir engineers. It also offers the best basis
for defining reservoir flow units (see below).
(vii) Pore throat type (PTT)
The pore throat type concept was used by Coalson et
al. (1985) as a link between the R35 value and
characterization of the pore systems by size. Pore
systems in reservoir rocks are characterized by “port
types”, which are measurable characteristics which
can represent the reservoir quality. Following Martin
et al. (1997), the following definitions were used in
this work (Fig. 4):
(1) megaport: flow units are defined as having an
R35 above a threshold of 10 μm. Production of
medium-gravity crude oils can reach tens of thousands
of barrels per day from megaport flow unit if zonal
thickness and other factors are constant.
(2) macroport: flow units having slightly smaller
pore throat sizes which, with all other constraints held
 C. Cranganu et al.
constant, are capable of producing thousands of
barrels of oil per day. These flow units are defined as
having an R35 ranging between 2 and 10 μm.
(3) mesoport: flow units having an R35 ranging
between 0.5 – 2 μm. These units may allow flow of
only hundreds of brls of oil day with all other factors
held constant.
(4) microport: flow units having an R35 ranging
between 0.1 – 0.5 μm. Although numerous tight gas
reservoirs have these R35 properties, microport flow
units are mostly non-reservoir zones. Wells with
mostly microport flow units produce at best a few
barrels of oil per day on pump.
(5) nanoport: flow units that have an R35 of less
than 0.1 μm. Nanoport flow units characterize non-
reservoir zones and have seal potential.
SAMPLE LITHOLOGY
The lithology of the fourteen samples analyzed in this
study is summarized in Table 1. Seven samples were
limestones with intercalations of shale or sand. Seven
samples were classified as shale and were fine to very
fine grained, fissile and were oil-stained or light brown
in colour indicating possible oil contamination. Five
samples were Oligocene, six samples were Eocene,
and three samples were Upper Cretaceous.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Here we report nine petrophysical parameters
determined on the analysed samples: median pore-
throat radius, MPR (μm); average pore-throat radius,
APR (μm); apparent porosity, Φ(%); calculated air
permeability, Kair (mD); pore-throat type, (PTT); pore-
throat sorting, PTS; pore-throat distribution, PTD;
maximum threshold entry radius, MTER (μm); and
pore-throat radius at 35% mercury intrusion, R35 (μm)
(Table 1). Other measured parameters (bulk density,
entry pressure, threshold pressure, displacement
pressure, curve types and shapes, and sealing capacity
of non-reservoir rocks) were determined but are not
reported here.
Oligocene samples
The five Oligocene samples (Table 1) come from the
West and East Lebada fields and ranged in depth from
1677 m to 2325 m (Figs 1 and 3). Lithologically, the
samples comprised oil-stained shales. The samples
displayed close petrophysical uniformity: they had the
same pore throat type (nano size), the same pore throat
sorting (WS), the same pore throat distribution
(unimodal, indicating the existence of a single fluid
invasion phase), the same average MPR and APR
values (0.009 μm), and similar R35 and MTER
average values (0.026 μm and 0.016 μm, respectively).
365
This uniformity probably reflects a homogenous
depositional environment.
The average apparent porosity, Φ, was 16.3% and
the average calculated air permeability, Kair, was 0.007
mD. The relatively high average porosity of the
Oligocene samples may be related to the presence of
overpressured pore-fluids which may have resulted
in undercompaction. Using acoustic log data recorded
in well Lebada 811, Saramet et al. (2008) documented
the presence of overpressured pore-fluids in
Oligocene sediments.
Upper Cretaceous — Eocene samples
The six Eocene samples (Table 1) from the West
Lebada and Pescarus fields ranged in depth from 2188
m to 2380 m (Figs. 1 and 3). The samples were
limestones with sandy or shaly intercalations. These
samples had heterogeneous petrophysical properties:
pore throat type varies from micro (0.1 -0.5 μm) to
mega (> 10 μm); pore throat sorting was PS and MS;
and pore throat distribution was dominated by the “no
mode” type (Fig. 3), indicating that there is no
significant fluid invasion. This variation points to
heterogeneous depositional conditions.
The MPR and APR average values are similar
(0.198 μm and 0.181 μm, respectively), and the
apparent average porosity is 11.8%. The average
calculated air permeability and R35 values are
significantly higher than the corresponding values for
Oligocene samples (27.1 mD and 3.6 μm, compared
to 0.007 mD and 0.026 μm, respectively).
The three Upper Cretaceous rock samples (Table
1) were limestones with significant amounts of shale.
Two samples were collected from East Lebada, at
1808 and 1838 m, respectively, while the third sample
was obtained from West Lebada at a depth of 2019 m.
These three samples exhibit little petrophysical
variation: all have a unimodal pore throat distribution
and the same type of pore throat sorting (WS). The
average MPR and APR values are similar (0.059 and
0.053 μm, respectively), as were the R35 and MTER
average values (0.191 and 0.148 μm, respectively).
The average apparent porosity, Φ, is 18.4%, while the
average calculated air permeability, Kair, is 0.366 mD.
Previous researchers (e.g. Hartmann and
Beaumont, 1999) have shown that pore-throat sorting
(PTS) is probably controlled by sample lithology
(sandstone samples were mostly WS, while shale
samples were mostly PS). For the Histria Basin
samples, however, a lithological correlation was not
significant. Rather, it seems that depositional
conditions were the main factor controlling pore throat
sorting. Thus despite similar lithologies, Oligocene
and Upper Cretaceous depositional environments
generated WS sorting, while the Eocene depositional
regime produced a mixture of MS and PS sorting.
366 Petrophysical characteristics of source and reservoir rocks, Histria Basin, offshore Romania

Fig. 6. Reservoir quality plot of samples from the Histria Basin. The Oligocene and Eocene/Upper Cretaceous
samples plot in distinct regions although they display a similar porosity range (~10 – 20%). The Eocene -
Upper Cretaceous samples have better reservoir qualities than the Oligocene samples.

Table 2. Statistical correlations among various petrophysical parameters for samples from the Oligocene and
Upper Cretaceous - Eocene samples of the Histria Basin.

Oligocene samples Upper Cretaceous - Eocene samples

Φ vs. Φ vs. Φ vs. Φ vs. Φ vs. Φ vs. Φ vs. Φ vs.

Kair APR MPR MTER Kair APR MPR MTER
Spearman's
ρ 0.975** 0.894* 0.949* 0.975** .-0.650 -0.317 -0.433 -0.316

p 0.005 0.041 0.014 0.005 0.058 0.406 0.244 0.684

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Rock quality characterization
Analyzing air permeability (Kair) and porosity (Φ) data
separately to characterize rock quality can be
deceptive (Pittman, 1992; Hartmann and Beaumont,
1999). Instead, reservoir rock quality (i.e. storage
capacity or fluid flow) can be assessed from R35
values. If two flow units have similar permeabilities
or porosities, the one with a greater R35 value has a
higher reservoir rock quality.
Using the graphic solution of Equation 12, we
plotted Kair, Φ and R35 values for the Oligocene and
Upper Cretaceous - Eocene samples (Fig. 6). The two
sets of samples occupy distinct regions on the plot,
even though they display a similar porosity range (~10
– 20%). The Oligocene samples, with R35 values
less than 0.0026 μm, have a lower reservoir rock
quality than the Eocene - Upper Cretaceous samples
which had R35 values between 0.083 – 12.738 μm.
Porosity relationships
The petrophysical aspects of the Histria Basin samples
were further investigated by analysing the statistical
 C. Cranganu et al. 367

relationship between porosity and other petrophysical

parameters. Table 2 contains the Spearman’s rank
correlation coefficient, ρ, for the correlation between
apparent porosity (Φ) and calculated air permeability
(Kair), average pore-throat radius (APR), median pore-
throat radius (MPR) and maximum threshold entry
radius (MTER). The ρ and p values are indictaed
separately for the Oligocene and Eocene - Upper
Cretaceous samples.
The petrophysical differences between the samples
are apparent. The Oligocene samples showed
significant positive correlations at the 0.01 level
between Φ and MTER (0.975) and Φ and Kair (0.975),
as well as significant positive correlation at the 0.05
level between Φ and APR (0.849). By contrast, the
Eocene – Upper Cretaceous samples do not display
any significant correlations and the Spearman’s
coefficient ρ values range from -0.317 (Φ versus APR)
to -0.650 (Φ versus Kair).

MTER – R35 relationship

There are eight samples whose pore-throat sorting is
described as WS (Table 1). All samples display a
unimodal PTD and most of them (seven out of eight)
have nano-size PTT. A plot of MTER versus R35
values for these eight samples (Fig. 7) shows a
significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.99). Based on
these observations, we suggest that for samples
displaying WS the MTER and R35 values can be used
interchangeably.
CASE STUDY: WELL WEST LEBADA 817
Five rock samples and three wireline logs from well
West Lebada 817 were available; Fig. 8 illustrates
gamma ray, neutron porosity and resistivity logs for
the interval between 1800 m and 2400 m depth. The
mercury – capillary pressure curves for samples # 14,
#13, # 4, # 2, and #11 are displayed on the right-hand
side of the figure. The Oligocene – Eocene boundary
at 2150 m is marked by abrupt changes in all three
log profiles.
The Oligocene portion of the well succession is
characterized by gamma-ray values (GR) between 40
and 60 APIu, neutron porosity values (NPHI) in the
range 500–1000 APIu, and resistivities values between
0.5 and 10 ohm-m. The displayed values characterize
a shale-dominated lithology with some limestone
intercalations.
By comparison, the Eocene portion of the well
succession displays lower gamma-ray values (30-45
APIu), higher NPHI values (1000-1500 APIu), and
higher resistivities (10–40 ohm-m). Eocene lithologies
are limestone dominated.
The geophysical data from well West Lebada 817
point to two different depositional environments
Fig. 7. Relationship between pore-throat radius at
35% mercury saturation (R35) and Maximum
Threshold Entry Radius (MTER) for eight samples
with well-sorted pore-throat sizes. The positive
linear relationship suggests that MTER and R35
values may be used interchangeably.
characterized by shales during the Oligocene and
limestones during the Eocene, respectively. These
depositional differences translate into the capillary
curves of the five samples. In terms of pore-throat
sorting and pore-throat distributions, both samples #14
and #13 (Oligocene) display well-sorted pore throats
with unimodal PTD. The other samples (#4, #2, and
#11), which are Eocene, have pore throat properties
which are different from those of the Oligocene
samples; they have no mode PTD, and their pore-
throat sorting is characterized by MS (#4) and PS (#2
and #11).
As regards the R35 values, the two Oligocene
samples have nano PTT, while the Eocene samples
have R35 values which range from micro to mega
PTT. Thus for well West Lebada 817, the pore throat
type increases with depth, and this increase is probably
controlled by the respective Oligocene and Eocene
depositional environments.
To further investigate this possible dependence,
SEM photomicrographs of the samples analyzed in
well West Lebada 817 were plotted (Fig. 9) together
with their corresponding mercury-capillary pressure
curves and values of MPR, APR, Φ, R35, and Kair.
The SEM photomicrographs show an increase in
368 Petrophysical characteristics of source and reservoir rocks, Histria Basin, offshore Romania

GR NPHI Resistivity
(APIu) (APIu) (ohmm)
30 40 50 60 70 0 1000 2000 0.1 1 10 100

1800

1900

#14

2000
DEPTH (m)

2100 #13

2200

#4

2300
#2

#11

2400

Fig. 8. Composite figure with well logs and capillary-pressure curves for samples from well East Lebada 817.
Oligocene and Eocene – Upper Cretaceous samples show distinct geophysical signatures, suggesting that
their distinct petrophysical properties may control the log values. The five capillary pressure curves on the
right further illustrate the dissimilarities. While the Oligocene samples (#14 and #13) display almost identical
capillary curves and pore-throat distributions, the Eocene – Upper Cretaceous samples (#4, 2, and #11) show
increasing lithologic heterogeneity with depth.
lithological heterogeneity from above (sample # 14 illustrating the variations of the petrophysical
at 1910 m depth) to below (sample #11 at 2336 m parameters MPR, APR, Φ, R35 and Kair. While more
depth). The first two samples (#14 and #13, or less constant in the Oligocene portion of the
Oligocene) display a different lithologic pattern (more stratigraphic column, four parameters (MPR, APR,
uniform grain size) to the three bottom samples (#4, R35, and Kair) appear to increase in value in the Eocene
#2, and #11, Eocene), which exhibit a mixture of portion. Porosity variation does not seem to be
various pores, grain sizes and minerals. influenced by crossing the Oligocene – Eocene
The lithologic heterogeneity between Oligocene boundary.
and Eocene samples is continued in the panels
 C. Cranganu et al. 369

Fig. 9. Composite figure with SEM photomicrographs, capillary-pressure curves, median pore-throat radius
(MPR), average pore-throat values (APR), porosity (Φ) values for samples from well East Lebada 817.
Petrophysical differences between Oligocene and Eocene samples are significant.

CONCLUSIONS radius, pore throat size distribution, pore throat type,

1. Mercury intrusion porosimetry and capillary-
pressure curves were used to determine petrophysical
characteristics of Oligocene (source) and Eocene- Late
Cretaceous (reservoir) rocks in the Histria Basin,
offshore Romania, including: median pore-throat
radius, average pore-throat radius, apparent porosity,
R35 values, air permeability, maximum threshold entry
and pore throat sorting. Fourteen mercury intrusion
porosimetry measurements were made on samples
represented mainly by limestones and shales ranging
in depth from 1677 m to 2883 m.
2. Oligocene and Eocene - Late Cretaceous rocks
could be distinguished in terms of petrophysical
characteristics, lithology and rock quality. Five
Oligocene rock samples, ranging in depth from 1677
370 Petrophysical characteristics of source and reservoir rocks, Histria Basin, offshore Romania
m to 2325m and represented by fine-grained
micaceous shales, exhibit remarkable petrophysical
uniformity. Samples have the same pore throat type
(nano), the same pore throat sorting (well sorting),
the same pore throat distribution (unimodal, indicating
the existence of a single fluid invasion), the same
median pore-throat radius and average pore-throat
radius average values (0.009 μm), and similar R35
and maximum threshold entry radius average values
(0.026 μm and 0.016 μm, respectively). This indicates
uniform depositional conditions during the maximum
subsidence phase of the Black Sea basin. The average
apparent porosity, Φ, is 16.3% and the average
calculated air permeability, Kair, is 0.007 mD.
3. The six Eocene samples ranged in depth from
2188 m to 2380 m and consisted of limestones with
sandy or shaly intercalations. The Eocene samples
exhibit heterogeneous petrophysical properties: pore
throat type varies from micro (0.1-0.5 μm) to mega
(> 10 μm); pore throat sorting is poor to medium; pore
throat distribution is dominated by “no mode” type,
indicating that there is no significant fluid invasion.
The median and average pore-throat radius values are
similar (0.198 μm and 0181 μm, respectively), and
the apparent average porosity is 11.8%. The average
calculated air permeability and R35 values (27.1 mD
and 3.6 μm) are significantly higher than
corresponding values for Oligocene rocks. These
parameters indicate an Eocene depositional
environment characterized by greater and variable
depositional gradients.
4. The three Upper Cretaceous rock samples
exhibit relative petrophysical uniformity: all have a
unimodal pore throat distribution and pore throats are
well sorted). The median and average pore-throat
radius values are similar (0.059 and 0.053 μm,
respectively), as are the R35 and maximum threshold
entry radius average values (0.191 and 0.148 μm,
respectively). The average apparent porosity is 18.4%,
while the average calculated air permeability is 0.366
mD).
5. A plot of calculated air permeability, apparent
porosity, and R35 shows that the Eocene – Upper
Cretaceous samples have better reservoir qualities than
the Oligocene sampls. Oligocene samples exhibit
significant correlations between apparent porosity and
maximum threshold entry radius (Spearman’s ρ =
0.975) and apparent porosity and calculated air
permeability (ρ = 0.975), and also between apparent
porosity and average pore-throat radius (ρ = 0.849).
By contrast, Eocene – Upper Cretaceous samples do
not exhibit any significant correlations. Relevant ρ
values ranges from -0.317 (apparent porosity versus
average pore-throat radius) to -0.650 (apparent
porosity versus calculated air permeability). All nine
samples with well-sorted pore throats display similar
values of R35 and maximum threshold entry radius
(differences are about 2%). This similarity suggest that
R35 can be used as a proxy for the maximum threshold
entry radius.
6. A case study of well 817 West Lebada further
emphasizes petrophysical differences between the
Oligocene and the Eocene – Upper Cretaceous
samples. Variations of most petrophysical parameters
appear to be correlated with depositional age and
environment.
7. This study has demonstrated the differences
between the petrophysical characteristics of the
Oligocene and Eocene – Upper Cretaceous intervals
in the Histria Basin. Statistical relationships between
porosity and petrophysical parameters have been
established.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
We would like to thank The Romanian National
Agency for Mineral Resources (ANMR) and
PETROM S.A. for providing the samples and the
well logs. Previous versions of the manuscript
benefitted from comments by G. M. Gillis, E. B.
Coalson and R. P. Sorenson. Additional review
comments by Alexander Kitchka (Ukrainean Academy
of Sciences) and an anonymous referee are
acknowledged with thanks.
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