Course VII / I (ECONOMICS METHOD)

MODULE 3 - Support System for Effective Teaching Learning of Economics.

Unit 5: Planning For Effective Teaching

a. Pedagogical analysis (in relation to core elements NEP 1986)

i. Unit Analysis

ii. Instructional Objectives

iii. Teaching Learning

iv. Evaluation Technique

b. Criteria of Good Text Book

c. Critical Evaluation of Text Book

Core element according to NEP 1986

 History of Indian freedom movement.

 Constitutional Obligation.
 Content essential to nurture National Identity.
 India's common culture heritage.
 Egalitarianism, Democracy and Secularism
 Equality of sexes.
 Protection of Environment.
 Removal of social barriers.
 Observance of small family norms.
 Inculcation of Scientific Temper.

Values

 Patriotism.
 National Integrity.
 Tolerance towards all religions.
 Gender equality.
 Dignity of labour.
 Scientific attitude.
 Modesty.
 Sensitivity.
 Punctuality.
  Neatness.

Pedagogical analysis

Pedagogical Analysis comprises of two words Pedagogy and Analysis which means the
analysis of a given content material in any subject any topic carried out well in the spirit of the
Science of teaching.

Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of education. It concerns the
study and practice of how best to teach. It is the art of teaching. It is a master plan that includes a
detailed analysis of what is to be done by a teacher.

Unit Analysis

While planning a Unit, the following factors should be borne in mind.

1. Objectives with specifications (the why aspect of the Unit)

2. Content Analysis (the what aspect of the Unit)

3. Learning Activities (the how aspect of the Unit)

4. Testing Procedures (Evidence of achievement).

Textbook

It is a manual of instruction, a book containing a presentation of the principles of the subject used
as a basis of instruction.

Characteristics of a Textbook:

Broadly classified under two heads:

A. Academic / Internal

B. Physical / External.

Academic / Internal:

 Selection of content
 Organisation of content
 Presentation of content
 Verbal communication (Language)
 Visual communication (Illustrations)
 Assignments, Exercises etc.
 Prelims and Back pages
 Physical / External:

 Size and format of the textbook

 Printing layout
 Durability
 Price

Unit 6 Learning Resources in Economics

(A)Economics club (Meaning , Organization , Activities)

Club is an organization where different activities take place to facilitate the actual teaching -
learning process. It is something more beyond text- book teaching and normal classroom
activities.

Each and every individual has got his own creativity, attitude and interest which could be
explored through the different activities.

Economics club is more informal and it takes care of the various domains of learning. Club
activities are more practical. In classroom situation pupils learn a subject in totality. In a club, the
practical aspect of the particular subject and particular knowledge by different activities like
elocution, debate, essay writing to highlight on specific content. Club activities give vent and
catharsis to the feelings of pupils. There is no assessment for club activities while club activities
represent freedom of expression CR teaching represents conformity and repression.

Organization of a Club

1. Decide what kind of a club it will be.

2. Figure out where and when your club will meet.

3. Begin recruiting members for your club.

4. Meetings have to be organized once or twice in a week.

5. Decide the 'rules and procedures‘ of the club.

6. Keep moving forward.

Activities in an Economics Club

1) Organizing educational visits such as bank, departmental stores, industries, factories,

rural places to study different aspects of the subject.
2) Action Research.
3) Organizing talks by experts.
4) Organizing speech, debates, and seminars to have an insight into a particular topic.
 5) Organizing of bulletin board is one of the most important activity.
6) All the important events relating to economic and social development are put up on
bulletin board to orient the pupils with the latest information.

Organizing street plays, drama, puppet show, role play to depict the different problems in market
economy, inflation, consumer protection, people, and unemployment opportunities and so on. To
educate people on important Economic aspects weekly newspaper can be published and well-
equipped library.

A separate economics room should be established which is associated with economics club. The
room must have journals, objects, specimens, photographs to facilitate the other activities of the
club. Pupils can prepare teaching aids, instructional material, booklets, scrap books and even
albums which is of immense use for learning of the subject.

(B) Field Visits (trip)(Meaning ,organization , importance)

Visit – meaning, organization and importance

Visit (as to a factory, farm, or museum) made (as by students and a teacher) for purposes of
first-hand observation.

A visit to a place that gives students the chance to study something in a real environment, rather
than in a classroom or laboratory.

Organization of a Visit

Purpose of the visit

Finalising of the Place and Venue (Educative)

The safety of pupils and staff is always a priority of any policy relating to educational visits.

Educational Visits Coordinator plans the programme and takes the central role.

Obtain appropriate prior approval.

Planning for educational visits should make reference to:

Visit objectives Date,

Duration,

Pupil Grouping and Staffing Adult/Pupil Ratios Costs

Kind of visits such as Exploratory visit, Educative.

Transport Options.
Risk Assessment

Explaining Institutions code of conduct

Briefing Information to pupils and parents

Significance

Trip must reinforce classroom instructions

Better understanding

Teacher can turn trips into classrooms instructions

New environment respect the geographical locations, (jute product in W. B. Cotton in

Maharashtra)

Help children to retain information known as ‗episodic memories‘

Close bond with classmates, teachers,

Develop social values

Discussion of the trip prior analysing the purpose of it

Information of learning environment and hands on experience

Caters to more than one learning styles

Uncommon opportunities through innovation, exploration and exposure.

Supplement to class room teaching

Apply the lessons in real world

Relaxing but not a competitive one

Educational and Relaxing

Break from the Routine

Learn Something new

Teaches Professionalism

Enhanced Sense of Community

Creates an Interest in New Professions

Real-World Experience

Classroom Inspiration

Connection to Community

BANK

History

The term Bank comes from the French Word 'Banco' which means a bench. In earlier days.
European money lenders or money changers used to display coins of different countries in big
heaps on benches or tables, for the purpose of lending or exchanging.

Meaning

A bank is a financial institution which deals with deposits and advances and other related
services. It receives money from those who want to save in the form of deposits and it lends
money to those who need it.

The Indian Banking Regulation Act, 1949 defines banking as "accepting, for the purpose of the
lending or investment, of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise,
and withdrawal by cheque, draft, order or otherwise."

Primary Functions:

Accepting Deposits, Savings Deposit, Fixed Deposit, Current Deposit, Recurring Deposit,
Granting Loans and Advances, Overdraft, Cash Credit.

Secondary Functions:

• Transfer of funds from one branch to another.

• Collection of cheques.
• Periodic payment on the instruction of client. E.g. payment of salary and pension.
• Periodic collection of salary and pension from employer to pay employee.
• Providing locker facility.
• ATM facility.
• Dealing in foreign exchange.
• Underwriting of shares.
• Issues drafts for transferring the money from one place to another. It also issue
travelers cheques.
• Nowadays providing insurance and investment plans in share market for normal plan.
• Providing facility of E-banking.
• Social welfare programmes.
Types of Banks

Commercial Banks
Industrial Banks
Land Development Banks
Exchange Banks
Co-operative Banks
Central Bank
Indiginous Bank

Educational Implications:-

• To develop knowledge of various financial institutions, relevant to economics.

• To develop an understanding of the different activities, departmental coordination at the
banking system.
• To develop an understanding of correlating the status of any economy and the natural
resources.
• To promote an understanding of taking intelligent decision in future with respect to
finance and resources, decision making, risk bearing.
• To enhance the capacity building for self-generated employment.
• It helps the students and the teachers to promote human resources.
• Economists develop a comparative study of the economy of various nations & verify the
defects in Indian economy.

(C) Use of technology in teaching of economics—mass media , Newspaper internet, and

Supportive resource material –research report ,journal ,document analysis

Mass Media

Definition and Meaning of Mass Media

Types of mass Media

1. Print Media
2. Audio Media
3. Visual media
4. Audio Visual Media
5. Electronic Media

News Paper

A set of large sheets of paper that have news stories, information about local events,
advertisements, etc., and that are folded together and sold every day or every week.

A paper that is printed and distributed usually daily or weekly and that contains news, articles of
opinion, features, and advertising.
Newspapers help in reducing the lag between the information contained in the book and
changing development in the world.

The special features, editorial advertisement enhance the knowledge of pupils of higher class.

Labour problems, research, new development in Industries of significant scientific progress are
always of interest to students.

The newspaper Print media motivates students in knowing the past, in the light of present and
the current events.

Reading of newspaper is correlation of knowledge, study from known to unknown, familiar to

unfamiliar and from easy to difficulty. (Correlation with life)

It supplements the knowledge required from the textbook. E.g. Barter System to modern
method of exchange.

Newspaper is a reservoir of educational resources and illustrations.

Information on economic systems, industrial policies, status of agriculture, stock market, value
of currency and so on may sensitize the pupils with up to date information.

Govt. Budget, Five year plans, demand supply, utility, price mechanism, population status, the
pollution levels, developmental plans, Agriculture, industrialization.

It can be used for displaying interesting news, pictures, cartoons, stories. The display may
contain the news of local interesting news of national and international phenomena.

Special issues of news paper like republic day issues, Sunday times, Times Ascent, Education
times enrich our knowledge.

Internet

Internet is a technology based teaching aid provides extensive study materials. It keeps the
learner in touch with latest arrivals in education.

Educational utility

Students get each and every type of guidance and answers

Thirst of knowledge can easily be satisfied
Informative
Explorative
Transmission of knowledge
Current affairs
Economic situations
Gives tutorial service
Video conferencing, web conferencing
Provides learning resources, materials
Students can create blogs in economics
Readymade sites, Paid sites

Online groups Yahoo and MicroSoft Network (MSN) each provide a free ‗groups‘ service
(http://groups .yahoo.com/ and http://groups.msn.com/) supported by online advertising.

The private can be created for the students which will include a discussion forum where
messages can be received by email or read on the Web.

Wikis for the more confident lecturer and in practice the more advanced students, a wiki may be
considered. A wiki is a user-editable Web page. Some allow anyone at all to make edits (for
example, the Wikipedia, a collaborative encyclopaedia http://en.wikipedia.org/), whereas some
are protected by a password.

Research Report

http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~pnikolov/resources/writingtips.pdf

Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources including time and talent people
have available, the land, buildings, equipment, and other tools on hand, and the knowledge of
how to combine them to create useful products and services.

Economics further includes the study of labour, land, and investments, of money, income, and
production, and of taxes and government expenditures.

Economists seek to measure well-being, to learn how well-being may increase overtime, and to
evaluate the well-being of the rich and the poor.

Examples

Research on International Economics helps to understand study trade among nations and the
flow of finance across international borders. Globalization and the deficit in the U.S. balance of
payments with other countries which are current concerns.

Research on Health, Education, and Welfare Economics focus on the markets and government
policies that directly shape access to health care while others focuses on schools and educational
policies, economic circumstances of the poor and evaluate alternative government programs to
improve the well-being of the poor.

Research on Business Administration and Business Economics analyses

Marketing, Accounting, Business economists study decisions made by firms.

What Information do we obtain from Research?

How do firms maximize profit?

What prices should they set and how much should they produce? What is the role of
incentives within the firm, entrepreneurship, and leadership.

Budget Preparation and Planning

Comparative study of Indian economy with other countries

Journal

Introduction/Meaning/Definition

Journal is a collection of articles, stories and write ups published at regular intervals.

Most journals include illustrations

Unlike newspaper journals are more durable, provide a thoughtful analysis of current cultural,
political economic and social events.

Beneficiaries

Widens knowledge in economics

Helps to know the facts of economics

Keeps abreast with latest happenings in socio economic environment

Basic facts associated with the information in journals help in enrichment o knowledge

Reading habit is cultivated

Quest of knowledge in economics is enhanced

Specialised journals provide with articles, news, comments in economics gives vivid information

Example:

Economic and Political weekly, Economic Review,

University news, human scape, Down to Earth

Document

A document is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational

outcomes.

A document is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol.

Documents are generally adopted by the Board of or senior governance body within an
organization whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by senior
executive officers.

The term may apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, as well as
individuals.

In economics Government policies like budget, five year plans, Industrial resolutions.

Document study may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions,

Document Analysis

Meaning

Policy document analysis is the evaluation of a policy---such as finance, planning, evaluation or

public relations---using a set of criteria that reflects different social, political and economic
dimensions in order to determine the policy's value.

Criteria

In document analysis, objectives must be clearly defined in an evaluative manner ( Five Year
Plan, Budget)

It must answer what exactly is the problem to be solved or purpose to be met.

Gather information and data on this objective and identify possible alternatives. (New Industrial
policy document, LPG concept)

Evaluation further includes efficiency, equity, administrative ease, legality and political
acceptability. These criteria are weighted or measured for each policy option.

The physical characteristics of the document

1) (How does the document look like?

2) Material? Condition?)
3) The internal characteristics of the document /The content in the document.
4) The aim of the document:
5) What is the aim of the document?
6) What is the message?
7) How near or far away is the document from the content?
8) Does the document really represent the intended content?
9) Where does the document come from?
10) Who wrote the document?
Module 4

Unit 7 Professional development of economics teachers

a) Challenges faced by economics teacher in teaching the subject.

 Scope
 Theory vs. Practice
 Bias
 Lack of learner autonomy
 Lack of access into the world of economics concepts and ideas

b) Need and avenues for continuous professional development

Need of the professional growth

• Reorient oneself with update knowledge and latest development

• Acquaint and acquire latest strategies techniques, methodology of teaching economics.
• Develop proper scientific attitude, temper and interest and learn ways of solving
economic problems.
• Acquire necessary knowledge ,abilities and skills necessary for organization of co-
curricular activities
• Acquire necessary competency in motivating the students for learning
• Acquire necessary skills for providing better guidance to students (E,P,V)
• Develop ability to contribute and participate in the construction and revision work of
economics curriculum ,revision of textbook, instructional material and scheme of
evaluation
Avenues for continuous professional development

1) School programmes-participation in various programmers of school/college may result

professional growth
 Observing classroom teaching…by senior colleagues or guest teachers
 Participating in the lively discussion ,seminars and workshops held in the institution for
improvement of economics education
 Seeking useful advice and help from the experienced teachers ,head of the dept and
subject experts for bringing improvement in own work
2) Seminars and conferences/workshops
3) Refresher courses and summer institutes (In service programme)
4) Contribution in paper and journals
5) Setting up of association
6) Talk by eminent personality
7) To go through professional literature
8) Visits
c) Role of teacher in inculcating values and skills—Entrepreneurship, consumerism and
global citizen

Importance of entrepreneur for economy

• Self employment
• Initiatives for new productions
• Creating employment for others
• Improve market condition
• Increase in national income
• Increase in employment opportunities –in terms of quality and quantity
• New trade circles (import and export)
• Increase in negotiation and collaboration globally

Qualities /role of an entrepreneur

• Proper planning and business activity
• Organizational ability
• Decision making ability
• Selling or marketing activities
• Coordination and overall supervision
• Budgeting and financial planning
• Calculating and Taking risks
• Innovative activities (business leader)
• Delegation of functions

Teachers’ role in inculcating this value

 Teacher can use different learning activities and provide varied experiences
 Teacher can arrange a talk of renowned businessman.
 Giving references of the business strategies followed by small and large scale
entrepreneurs.
 Discussing the biography of famous entrepreneur
 Giving examples of various articles published in magazines, newspaper on success stories
of businessman
 Arranging debate, essay writing competition on skills required for entrepreneurs.

Consumerism

Role of teacher for inculcating consumerism

Teacher should make the students aware that being a consumer …The best possible solution is
that the Consumers…
 must be aware of their rights,
 join voluntary Consumer organizations,
 raise voice against exploitation and
 seek redress of their grievances in time.
This can be done by …
  Arranging visit to consumer forum
 Asking them to be aware about things when they buy product…bill, quantity, expiry date,
stamp, batch no, date of manufacture

Global citizen
• A global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world
community and whose actions contribute to building this community‘s values and
practices
• Many thinkers and writers have put forth their own ideas of what it means to be a global
citizen in the 21st century. There may be disagreements as to the particulars, but the
overall philosophy has several consistent points.
• Respect fellow humans, regardless of race, gender, age, religion, or political views.
• Appreciate diversity and the benefits it can offer any advanced society.
• View no single society or culture as inherently superior to any other.
• Cherish the natural world and respect the rights of all living things
• Practice and encourage sustainable patterns of consumption and production.
• Work to eradicate poverty and inequality in all their forms.
• Support economic institutions that act transparently and in the public good.
• Strive to resolve conflicts without the use of violence.
• Feel responsibility to help solve pressing global challenges in whatever way they can
• Think globally, act locally

Unit 8 Evaluation of Economics

a) Areas of Continuous comprehensive evaluation in economics

The objectives of Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation:

• To help develop cognitive, psychomotor and affective skills
• To lay emphasis on thought process and de-emphasis memorization
• To make evaluation an integral part of teaching-learning process.
• To use evaluation for improvement of students achievement and teaching-learning
strategies on the basis of regular diagnosis followed by remedial instructions.
• To use evaluation as a quality control device to maintain desired standard of
performance.
• To determine social utility, desirability or effectiveness of a programme and take
appropriate decisions about the learner, the process of learning and the learning
environment.
• To make the process of teaching and learning a learner-centred activity.
Process of CCE
• The CCE assessment includes both scholastic and co-scholastic assessment.
• The desirable behaviour related to the learners knowledge, understanding, application,
evaluation, analysis, and creating in subjects and the ability to apply it in an unfamiliar
situation are some of the objectives in scholastic domain.
• The desirable behaviour related to learners Life Skills, attitudes, interests, values, co-
curricular activities and physical health are described as skills to be acquired in co-
scholastic domain.
Assessment
 • Both Scholastic and co-scholastic domains should be assessed in two ways,
 formative assessment and
 summative assessment.
• Formative assessment is carried out during a course of instruction for providing
continuous feedback to both the teachers and the learners for taking decisions regarding
appropriate modifications in the transactional procedures and learning activities.
• Summative assessment is carried out at the end of a course of learning. It measures or
sums-up how much a student has learned from the course. It is usually a graded test, i.e.,
it is marked according to a scale or set of grades.
Significance of CCE

• CCE is thus a curricular initiative, attempting to shift emphasis from memorizing to

holistic learning.
• It helps develop cognitive, psychomotor and affective skills.
• It aims at creating citizens possessing sound values, appropriate skills and desirable
qualities besides academic excellence.
• It is hoped that this will equip the learners to meet the challenges of life with confidence
and success.
• It is the task of school based co-scholastic assessment to focus on holistic development
that will lead to lifelong learning.
• It makes evaluation an integral part of teaching-learning process.
• It helps to use evaluation for improvement of students' achievement and teaching -
learning strategies on the basis of regular diagnosis followed by remedial measures.
• It makes evaluation a quality control devise to raise standards of performance.
• To helps to determine social utility, desirability or effectiveness of a programme and
take appropriate decisions about the learner, the process of learning and the learning
environment.
• To make the process of teaching and learning a learner-centered activity.

Preparation of drafting question papers for test (also unit plan and unit test)

THE UNIT - When the matter in the text book is not adequately grouped and prescribed the
teacher has to reorganize and regroup the given matter of a subject into suitable units.

DEFINITION OF UNIT- A unit may be defined as a large subdivision of the subject-matter

wherein a principle or a topic or a property is at the center of the well-organized matter.

FACTORS TO BE BORNE IN MIND WHILE PLANNING A UNIT

1. Objectives with Specifications(the why aspect of the unit);
2. Content analysis(the what aspect of the unit);
3. Learning activities(the how aspect of the unit);
4. Testing procedures (Evidence of achievement).

SUCCESSIVE STEPS IN UNIT PLANNING

A unit should be viewed as a whole. A teacher should be thoroughly familiar with content before
making an attempt to write out the successive steps:
 1. Content Analysis (terms , concepts , subunits)
2. Objectives with specifications
3. Learning activities (psychology of learner)
4. Testing procedures(achievement test) unit test

UNIT TEST

Effective instrument of evaluating:-

 Achievement of objectives
 The content
 The learning activities
WHY UNIT TEST testing improves learning if results are used for proper feedback --–proper
testing ----leads to good learning.
Testing should be preplanned, systematic and scientific.
For an adequate unit test an adequate unit plan is necessary. If the unit plan is properly drawn, it
facilities the setting of a unit test properly because a well planned unit plan will give us
 A full idea of how much weight age is given to content.
 The objectives
 The form of questions---while planning unit test
PURPOSE (NEED)

A unit test serves the following purposes:

 Ascertains the effectiveness of teaching learning process

 Modifying his teaching strategy
 Assess progress in learning of learners
 Finding out the strengths and weaknesses of learner
 Opportunities for self evaluation
The unit test is a short test to be given at the end of teaching a unit and is not a random
assortment of questions.

STEPS FOR SETTING UP A GOOD AND MEANINGFUL UNIT TEST

A) Planning (design) of the test

The design specifies weight ages to different areas:

1) Weight age to objectives
2) Weight age to different areas of content (subunits)
3) Weight age to different forms of questions
4) Weight age to difficulty level
5) Scheme of options
6) Sections in the question paper
B) Editing the unit test:
1) Selection of test items
2) Grouping the test items (E,S,O)
3) Instruction to examinee
4) Preparing marking scheme and scoring key(for uniformity in assessing)
5) Scoring key
c) Diagnostic testing and remedial teaching in economics

Following points must be kept in mind:

i)Who are the pupils who need help? ii) Where are the errors located? iii) Why did the error
occur ?

Purpose of diagnostic testing

It should reveal the inherent difficulties which the subject matter itself present to the learner. The
specific difficulty he has in mastering it. Inherent difficult subject---reconstructing and adjusting
materials to the learner‘s level. Inherent difficulty in learners habit—ability to grasp a situation
readily—involves practice exercises, perception, recognition and other mental function.

Diagnostic testing involves a number of activities such as—

 Case study
 General observation
 Study of students activities etc.

Importance of diagnostic testing

• Identify the weak links in teaching –learning process
• Finding out strength and weakness of learner
• Helpful for locating the causes
• Helpful for giving suggestion /measures
• Covering all domains
• Not allowing difficulties to occur (prevention).

The essential steps in educational diagnosis are

i) Identifying the students who are having trouble or need help.
ii) Locating the errors or learning difficulties.
iii) Discovering the causal factors of slow learning.

Remedial teaching…
Meaning of RT: While diagnosis is the process of investigating the learners‘ difficulties and the
reasons for this, its follow up leads to actions that may help children make up their deficiencies.
This step is generally termed Remedial Teaching.

Objectives of RT:
 To timely solve doubts of the students
 To solve the problems arise during teaching
 To develop good tendencies among the students
 To correct the emotional difficulties of students
 To overcome deficiencies in work, study and skills

Steps in remediation
The program that coincides most closely with the experience of successful teachers and with a
sound psychology of learning calls for the following steps in the order indicated
• (1) teach,
• (2) review,
• (3) test for weaknesses wherever they appear,
• (4) follow with remedial drill units on the specific weaknesses revealed by the tests.

Questions Bank (Economics Method)

1. Explain the characteristics of a good text-book of Economics.

2. Select any topic in Economics and state the core elements incorporated in it. Discuss the
evaluation techniques for the same.

3. Illustrate any five characteristics essential for a text book of Economics.

4. Identify the underlying core-elements of any one topic in Economics. Explain the
activities a teacher would plan to incorporate these core elements in the teaching learning
process.

5. ―Economics teacher will have to face lot of challenges in fulfilling the changing
requirement of the economics education‖. Comment

6. Which are the different challenges faced by economics teacher in the changing scenario?

7. ―A professionally updated economics teacher has enriched teaching competency‖. Justify

with reference to the need and ways to attain professional growth.

8. Describe the professional growth. Explain the ways to achieve the professional growth
for economics teacher

9. How would a teacher of economics inculcate the values of global citizen and
entrepreneurship in teaching of economics?

10. ―Values are important in economics teaching‖. Explain with reference to

entrepreneurship and consumerism?

11. ―A teacher of economics should make efforts to inculcate the values of entrepreneurship
and consumerism among students‖

12. Elucidate the areas of continuous comprehensive evaluation in economics.

13. Explain the term unit planning? Which factors are considered while unit planning ?

14. What do you mean by unit(achievement) test? Explain the criteria for preparing
achievement test?
 15. ―Remedial teaching in economics can bring the improvement in the achievement among
the students‖. Justify

16. What do you mean by diagnostic testing? How it helps the economics teacher in
improving the achievement of students?

Short Notes

• Steps of diagnostic testing

• Challenges faced by economics teacher

• Role of teacher in inculcating value of consumerism

• Need of professional growth for economics teacher

• Objectives of continuous and comprehensive evaluation of economics

• Need of (unit)achievement test

• Importance of remedial teaching