Design & Fabrication of Magnetic Repulsive

Engine
A Project Report
SUBMITTED INPARTIALFULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFOR THE
AWARD OF THEDEGREEOF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted To

Department of Mechanical Engineering

IITE, INDUS UNIVERSITY, Ahmedabad

Submitted By
NAME ENROLLMENT NO.
Harsh Sheth IU1441110160
Khushali Sheth IU1441110161
Raj Solanki IU1441110165
Sushil Thakkar IU1441110174

Guided By

Prof. Palak Joshi

Mechanical Department

Indus Institute of Technology and Engineering, Rancharda

Indus University, Ahmedabad
November 2017

I
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY& ENGINEERING
Indus University, Ahmedabad

Certificate
This is to certify that project work entitled “Design & Fabrication of
Magnetic Repulsive Engine” is an original work carried out by “Harsh
Sheth, Khushali Sheth, Raj Solanki, Sushil Thakkar” in partial
fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering, Indus Institute of Technology &
Engineering at Indus University, Ahmedabad during the academic
year 2017-2018. The project report has been approved as it satisfies
the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for
the Bachelor of Technology Degree.
Date:
Head of Department
Name& Sign of Internal Guide

Name& Sign of external Guide Head

Mechanical Engineering

INDUS UNIVERSITY

II
 Declaration
I hereby certify that I am the author of this report and that neither any part of
this report nor the whole of therefore has been submitted for a degree to any other
University or Institution.

I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my report does not infringe up on

anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques,
quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my
report, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the
standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included
copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of
the Indian Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the
copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my report and have included copies
of such copyright clearances to my appendix.

I declare that this is a true copy of my report, including any final revisions, as
approved by my report review committee.

Date:

Place:

ENROLLMENT
NAME SIGN
NO.
Harsh Sheth IU1441110160
Khushali Sheth IU1441110161
Raj Solanki IU1441110165
Sushil Thakkar IU1441110174

III
 Acknowledgement

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my guide Prof.

Palak Joshi for the continuous support of my Project study and research, for
his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance
helped me in all the time of research and writing of this report. I could not
have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my Project study.
Besides my advisor, I would like to thank Prof. Mitesh J Mungla,
HOD, Mechanical Engineering department, who gives guidance for the
Project work and their insistence for meeting deadlines we can do such
excellent work.
I offer my special gratitude to all the faculty members, Mechanical
Engineering Department, Indus University for their help and support. I thank
my friends for providing me such a warm atmosphere to make my study more
delightful and memorable.
I would like to express endless gratitude to “My Parents” who gave me
everything they could to enable me to reach the highest possible education
level. I only hope that they know how their love, support and patience
encouraged me to fulfill their dream.
I would like to thank all people who have helped and inspired me during
my report study.

IV
 Table of Contents

Title Page I

Certificate II

Declaration III

Acknowledgement IV

Table of Contents V

List of Figures VI

Abstract VII

Chapter-1 Introduction 1

Chapter-2 Literature Survey 3

Chapter-3 Method and Procedure 6

3.1 Methodology 6

3.2 Working Principle 7

Chapter-4 Overview 10

4.1 Objective & Aim 10

4.2 Advantages 10
Chapter-5 Components and Description 11
Chapter-6 Design Calculations 14
6.1 Calculations 14
6.2 Dimensions 17
References. 20

V
 List of Figures
FIGURE 1 : FLOW CHART OF METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 6
FIGURE 2 : PRINCIPLE OF MAGNETISM .............................................................................................. 7
FIGURE 3 : PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNET ..................................................................................... 8
FIGURE 4 : ELECTROMAGNETISM ..................................................................................................... 8
FIGURE 5 : WORKING DIAGRAM OF ELECTROMAGNET REPULSION ENGINE .................................... 9
FIGURE 6 : ORTHOGONAL VIEW OF CYLINDER ............................................................................... 17
FIGURE 7 : ORTHOGONAL VIEW OF PISTON .................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 8 : ORTHOGONAL VIEW OF FLYWHEEL .............................................................................. 18
FIGURE 9 : ORTHOGONAL VIEW OF CONNECTING ROD .................................................................. 19
FIGURE 10 : ORTHOGONAL VIEW OF ELECTROMAGNET ................................................................. 19

VI
 ABSTRACT

In modern science and technology there is a demand in fossil fuels. Nowadays

scientists are searching for an alternative fuel. The main aim of the project is

the zero-point fuel consumption. Magnetism possesses a magnificent opening

for development. Magnetic Repulsion Engine is an alternative technology

which uses magnetic flux density to run the engine and thus eliminates the use

of fossil fuels. Since the exhaust temperature is slightly less than atmospheric

temperature it is used to reduce global warming, since there is no emission of

CO2 and hydrocarbon content there is no chance of global warming. The

working of magnetic repulsion engine is based on inversion of Faraday’s

electromagnetic principle (when a magnetic flux linking with circuit changes,

an electromotive force is induced in the circuit proportional to the rate of

change of flux.

VII
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

• With reduction in fossil fuel resources & increasing demand of energy with consideration of
environmental conditions, engines using alternate energy sources like bio fuels, solar power,
wind power, stored power etc. are developed around world.

• However, these engines have some limitations like they do not meet increasing demands
around the globe as solar power has its own limitations, wind power is unlike to achieve always
and stored power has its own energy loses. Hence due to absence of vibrant alternatives,
switching to new technology by changing from typical internal combustion engine is highly
desirable.

• With the rising need of switching to alternative fuels & alternative sources of energy,
Magnetism shows a bright spot in the current scenario. Magnetism is a phenomenon which
exists in our body, our earth as well as our universe. The virtual concept of black hole contains
same phenomenon of magnetism itself.

• As magnetism possess such a potential, then tapping it in the right way can create wonders for
human kind.

• The electromagnetic repulsion engine works on the basic principle of the magnetism. The
general property of magnet i.e. attraction and repulsion forces is converted into mechanical
work. A magnet has two poles. A north pole and a south pole. When like poles are brought
near each other they repel and attract when like poles are brought together. 1

• The development the magnetic repulsion piston engine refers to the system where piston
attached with permanent magnet is being pushed by an electromagnet & again being attracted.
The reciprocating motion of piston is converted into rotary motion by the con rod and crank.

1
• The uniqueness of the development is that Magnetic Repulsion Piston Engine can be
incorporated in various machines performing various tasks. Not only in automobiles, but it can
also be used as the prime mover in locomotives, lawnmowers, golf cart, space vehicles. 2

• They can complement or replace typical IC engines that use fossil fuels. This system is
environmentally friendly doesn’t pollute the eco system and its application tends limitless with
working cost being minimal.

2
 Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

• Suhel et al., DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ELECTROMAGANTIC ENGINE

(2017) concludes that the windings of the electromagnet got loosened up which increases the
gaps between the windings. This causes a drop in the potential energy from the power source
and prevents the effective generation of magnetic flux. It also says that the energy of the
permanent magnet is higher than that of electromagnet.

• N. G. Lokhande, V.B. Emche, V.M. Khanke A Review of Magnetic Repulsion Engine

(2017) stated about various types of magnets, their grades, power, availability, operating
condition, factors affecting magnet power, various magnetically operating engines and their
technical specification. It also shows the working model of the Magnetic Repulsion engine.

• J.L. Dune et al., AN INNOVATIVE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNETIC

RECIPROCATING ENGINE (2016) have studied that Very less amount of electric power
is required to magnetize the electromagnets and these electromagnets can supply the enough
power continuously. So, it can produce the maximum amount of the power with having the
accurate design of the electromagnet and the other components. It also explains about the
circuit diagram of switching the polarity for the electromagnet, where the switching knob
reduce all the complications regard to use of sensors and relays.

• K. Muralidharan, Nagraj Shaktivel Nadar, Karthikprabhu T. Study of Electric

Reciprocating Engine (2016) discussed that to increase the output power required the desire
things to be achieve are: speed increases with increase in current, windings must be tight and
machine wound and windings must be insulated to avoid drop of efficiency.

3
• Butler et al., Electromagnetic Reciprocating Engine White Paper (2015) studied about the
problems of using the fossil fuels, oil dependency, oil expenses, oil cost projections, natural
gas dependency, other fuels dependency, climate change because of using such fuels, and gives
the comparison between various engine.

• Ramanan.M, balasubramanian.M, ilaiyaraja.S Experimental Investigation on

Magnetized Piston Powered Engine (2014) have discussed about the magnetic piston
operated engine in which the key properties have been studied about the demagnetization that
Permanent magnets can be demagnetized in the following ways: - Heat - Heating a magnet
until it is red hot, makes the magnetic properties to fail, Contact with another magnet, Stroking
one magnet with another in a random fashion, will demagnetize the magnet being stroked,
Hammering or jarring will loosen the magnet's atoms from their magnetic attraction.

• Piyush Hota, Mahima Rathore and Danish Shaikh Magnetic Repulsion Piston Engine
(2015) have designed the magnetic repulsion engine which gives the design calculation of the
electromagnets and the forces transmitted by the electromagnet and about the force transmitted
by the permanent magnet. It has concluded that the working of the engine is noise less have
having less friction in comparison of the conventional engine.

• A.T. Vasu et al., Mechanical power generated by developing magnetic Flux (2015), have
concluded by making the electromagnetic engine that there is no combustion taking place
inside the cylinder there is only very little heat generation. This eliminates the need for a
cooling system. As magnetic energy is being used the need for air filter, fuel tank, supply
system, fuel filtre, fuel injector, fuel pump, valves etc. Are eliminated and the design of the
engine is made simple. Also using materials like Aluminum, titanium etc. we can reduce the
weight of the engine.

• Gopi Krishna. N, Vehicle Propulsion using Switching Magnetic(SM) Energy (2014) have
carried out the certain experiments by fabricating the propulsion engine using magnetic flux
and discussed the various efficiency such as Coil efficiency, Piston efficiency Crank,

4
Transmission efficiency & Overall efficiency. It also gives the scope of the improvement like
the efficiency could be increased significantly by using bigger and more efficient design of
coils, installation of flywheels, cooling systems for the coils, by reversing polarity using
polarity timer & using permanent magnets as the piston material, by inducing repulsion
simultaneously in the other coil the efficiency could be further enhanced.

5
 Chapter 3
Method and Procedure

3.1 Methodology

Collection of Data

Literature Survey

Development

Mathematical Derivation

Design

Analysis

Fabrication & Assembly

Testing & Performance.

Figure 1 : Flow chart of methodology

6
3.2 Working Principle

- The working of the electromagnetic repulsion engine is based on the principle of

magnetism. A magnet contains two poles one is the north pole and other is the south
pole. By principle of magnetism, when like poles of a magnet is brought together then
they repel away from each other. When unlike poles are brought near each other then
they attract. This phenomenon can apply same for electromagnet and a permanent
magnet too. So, the idea is to modify the piston head into magnet and cylinder head
into electromagnet so that force can be generated between them.

Figure 2 : Principle of magnetism

- Here an electromagnet is attached to the cylinder head. So, the working of the
electromagnet is based on the inversion of Faraday’s electromagnetic principle. If a
wire carrying an electric current is formed into a series of loops, the magnetic field
can be concentrated within the loops. The magnetic field can be strengthened even
more by wrapping the wire around a core. The atoms of certain materials, such as
iron, nickel and cobalt, each behave like magnets.

7
 Figure 3 : Principle of Electromagnet

- When the electromagnet is charged, it attracts or repels the magnet, that will exert the
force to the piston downwards or upwards thereby rotating the crankshaft. This is how
we get the power by using the principle of the magnetism. It utilizes both attractive
and repulsive forces of electromagnet to push or pull the piston. The electromagnet
repulsion engine performs the same as the internal combustion engine.

Figure 4 : Electromagnetism

- Now let us take a situation, first we will rotate the crank shaft by self-starting or by
other means. When the crank shaft will rotate the piston will start to reciprocate.

8
- When the piston reaches to the TDC with the help of a relay and timer circuit the
Electromagnet will be energized thus pushing the magnetic piston downwards. The
strength of the electromagnet depends upon the number of turns and current carrying.
So, by increasing the current the strength of electromagnet increase. This increased
strength will push the piston with larger amount of force.
- Then the piston will move downwards transferring reciprocating movement to
rotational movement by crank shaft. The crank shaft is connected to the flywheel. The
flywheel stores the rotational energy.
- When the piston tends to reach at the BDC, the electromagnet is deenergized by the
relay circuit and when the piston reaches the BDC the rotational energy stored in the
flywheel, provide this energy to move piston upwards.
- The continuous process through piston is move to (up and down) which also rotate
the fly wheel to get continuous power output at the wheels.

Figure 5 : Working Diagram of Electromagnet Repulsion Engine

9
 Chapter 4
OVERVIEW

4.1 Objective & Aim

1. Sample Preparation and Testing.

2. To conduct series of experiments to derive data for higher efficiency.

3. Analysis of the results.

4. To increase efficiency as of typical IC engine.

5. Cost reduction in prime mover systems.

6. To Evaluate the Performance of Electromagnetic Repulsion Engine.

7. Comparison of the magnetic engine with the conventional engine.

• Advantages
1. As there is no use of fuel. Hence, it is pollution free.
2. It is easy to design because the engine doesn’t have combustion, valves, fuel pump, fuel
lines, air and fuel filters and inlet and exhaust manifolds etc. can be eliminated from the
engine.
3. Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance.
4. The price of fueling magnetic powered engine will be significantly cheaper than current
fuel.
5. Life time of the magnet is high, so it can run for a long period.
6. Reduced global warming.
7. Less heat is produced.
8. Less noise

10
 Chapter 5
COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

1. CYLINDER
-A different kind of cylinder design that is needed in electromagnet repulsion engine.
Since these type of engine uses only magnets for its operation, the cylinder must avoid
unwanted magnetic fields and other losses. Further, the cylinder material itself should not
get attracted to the magnets and resist the movement of the piston. So, to take care of it
the cylinder is made up of non-magnetic materials such as stainless steel, titanium or
similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. Usage of such
materials limits the magnetic field within the boundaries of cylinder.

2. PISTON
-The hollow piston casing is made up of non-magnetic materials such as cast iron, cast
steel, aluminum alloy. The flat surface (which is also the pole of the magnet) of the piston
that is nearer to the pole the magnet is called the magnetic head or piston head of the
piston. Powerful Permanent magnet is mounted on the piston head. The other end of the
piston case connects to the piston rod that connects to the crankshaft. The crankshaft and
the piston rod convert the linear reciprocating movement of the piston to the rotational
movement.

3. MAGNET
-The powerful permanent magnet made of these materials such as Neodymium Iron
Boron (NdFeB), samarium-cobalt (SmCo) or similar high field strength magnetic
materials are used here.

4. ELECTROMAGNET
-An electromagnetic coil is made by winding insulated copper wires over the cylinder
(iron core, nickel or cobalt). The copper wires are coated with varnish or wrapped with

11
 insulating tape. When electricity is passed through winding the electromagnet is
energized, it produces magnetic field.

5. CONNECTING ROD
-It is used to connect the piston to crank shaft. It used to convert linear or reciprocating
motion of piston into rotational motion to crank shaft. The non-magnetic material is used
to avoid interferences of magnetic field. (aluminum alloy).

6. FLYWHEEL
-The main function of flywheel is to convert reciprocating energy into rotational energy.
It also regulates engine’s rotation make a constant speed. The amount of energy stored in
a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. It is used to store the
rotation kinetic energy. Non-magnetic material (mild steel) is used.

7. CRANCK SHAFT
-The motion is transmitted to flywheel through crankshaft. It is made up of steel alloy

8. RELAY
-Relay is an electromechanical or electronic device through which a heavy load can be
switched ON & OFF with nominal input of current and voltage. It is an electrically
operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field
which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off
so relays have two switch positions. It allows one circuit to switch a second circuit which
can be separate from the first.

9. TIMER
-Timer is an automatic mechanism control by micro controller for activating a device at
present time.

12
10. MICROCONTROLLER
-It is a compact microcomputer designed to govern the operation of embedded systems in
motor vehicles, robots. It controls the power splitter, timer, and relay switch.

11. SPEED REGULATOR

-Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) is an electronic circuit used with a purpose to vary
speed of this engine by varying flow of current.

12. BATTERY
-Here high values of load current is necessary, the lead-acid cell is most commonly used
for it. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

13
 Chapter 6
DESIGN

5.1. Calculations

• Input Power
Input voltage = 36 V
Input current = 1A
Input Power = Voltage × Current= 36 × 1 = 36W

• Force exerted by electromagnet on piston (𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 )

(𝑁𝑁 2 𝐼𝐼 2 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾)
𝐹𝐹1 =
2𝐺𝐺 2
Where, N = number of turns = 1000
I = Current flowing through coil = 1A
K = Permeability of free space = 4π×10-7
A = Cross-sectional area of electromagnet (radius r = 0.0325m)
G = Least distance between electromagnet and permanent magnet = 0.01m
d = diameter of electromagnet = 0.065 m

- On substitution we get,
Max Force (𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 ) = 20.82 N

• Force exerted by permanent magnet (𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐 )

𝐵𝐵 2 𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹2 =
2𝜇𝜇

14
 Where, B = Flux density (T)
A = Cross-sectional area of magnet (radius r = 0.0125 m)
μ= Permeability of free space = 4π×10^-7

𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 𝐷𝐷 + 𝑍𝑍 𝑍𝑍
𝐵𝐵 = ×[ + ]
2 �𝑅𝑅 2 + (𝐷𝐷 + 𝑍𝑍)2 √𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑍𝑍 2
Where, Br = Remanence field = 1.21 T
z = distance from a pole face = 0.005 m
D = thickness of magnet = 0.012 m
R = semi-diameter of the magnet = 0.0125 m

On substitution we get flux density, B = 0.2547 T

Now substituting B in the equation of force,
𝐹𝐹2 = 12.67 N

• Total Force (F)

𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹1 + 𝐹𝐹2
𝐹𝐹 = 33.49 N

• Torque
T = F× r
Where F = total force on piston = 33.49 N
r = crank radius = 0.01m
T = 33.49× 0.01
Torque T = 0.335 N-m

• Mass of Flywheel

15
 (2πN)
ω=
60
where N = speed = 200rpm,
Therefore ω = 20.94 rad/s
Energy stored on flywheel,
E=T×θ
Where T = torque
θ = Angle of rotation = 180° = π radians
On substitution we get energy stored E = 1.052 J
Also, E = 0.5 × I × ω2
Where, I = moment of inertia of flywheel
ω = angular velocity
On substitution we get moment of inertia,
I = 4.78× 10−3 Kg-𝑚𝑚2
Moment of inertia,
I = 0.5 × m × 𝑟𝑟 2
Where, m = mass of fly wheel
r = radius of fly wheel = 0.085 m
On substitution, we get m = 1.328 Kg

• Output Power

2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑃𝑃 =
60
Where,
N = speed= 200rpm
T = Torque= 0.335 N-m
On substitution, we get
P = 7.01W

• Efficiency

16
 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
Ƞ=
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
7.01
Ƞ= = .234
30

Ƞ=23.34%

5.2. Dimensions

1. Cylinder

Figure 6 : Orthogonal View of Cylinder

17
2. Piston

Figure 7 : Orthogonal View of Piston

3. Flywheel

Figure 8 : Orthogonal View of Flywheel

18
4. Connecting Rod

Figure 9 : Orthogonal View of Connecting Rod

5. Electromagnet

Figure 10 : Orthogonal View of Electromagnet

19
 References

 Balasubramanian, M., RAMANAN, M., & ILAIYARAJA, S. (2014). Experimental

Investigation on Magnetized Piston Powered Engine. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and
Civil Engineering, 1-7.
 BUTLER. (2015). Electromagnetic Reciprocating Engine White Paper. Innovative
Energy Policies, 1-11.
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OPERATED ENGINE. International Journal of Advance Research in Science and
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TUDAMWAR, S. M. (2015). Magnetic Engine. IJSRD - International Journal for
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 LOKHANDE, N. G., EMCHE, V. B., & KHANKE, V. (2017). A Review of Magnetic
Repulsion Engine. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research,
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Engine. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 509-510.

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 N, K. G. (2014). VEHICLE PROPULSION USING SWITCHING MAGNETIC
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