Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A
Practical Training Report
On
(Session 2018-19)
(28 May 2018-28 June 2018)
Submitted to: - Submitted by:-
Prof. R.R.Pais Saurabh Doye - 42
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Certificate
This is the certificate that the industrial case study report entitled “A
Project of EPCOS by ISHAAN DEVELOPERS is being submitted by
Mr Saurabh Doye is satisfactory manner under my guidance.
Prof. Rode
(Head of Department)
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Acknowledgement
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… 6
2. INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT……………………………….7
6. SITE CLEARANCE…………………………………………….12.
8. EXCAVATION………………………………………………….15
9. PLUM-CONCRETE WALL…………………………………….19
12. FORMWORK……………………………………………………26
13. SCAFFOLDING…………………………………………………29
15. CURING…………………………………………………………34
17. DRAWINGS……………………………………………………...40
19. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….46
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INTRODUCTION
6
INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
For this, Project the Tenders are invited by TDK-EPCOS and then A.B.L
Infrastructure was selected as contractor.
The Architectural Design work was given to S. Patil Associates and the
Structural Consultancy was given to Mr. J. Bhinge Consulting Engineers.
The Project includes the Construction of Boundary wall which was a retaining
wall made up of plum concrete.
It also includes construction of shop floor building.
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List of Materials and Machineries Used For Construction.
Rock
M 30 Concrete
M 20 Concrete
M 15 Concrete
Cement
Steel
Murum
Boulders
PVC Pipes
Poklain machine
JCB’s
Rollers
Steel Sections
Concrete Mixture
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This Picture shows us the Reinforced Steel before Casting
10
READY MIX CONCRETE
In our site the plant was situated at Sarul Village which was 10 km from site.
We ordered various Concrete Mixers of various volumes like 2 cu.m , 3cu.m,6
cu.m etc.
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12
SITE CLEARANCE
The very first step is the Site Clearance which involves removal of grass and
vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site
location.
First of all the whole are to be cleared is calculated. Site Clearance may contain
any objects like trees, shrubs, woods, rocks, etc.
The various machines used for Site Clearance are as follows:-
Bulldozer
Shovel
Scrapper
Tractor
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SURVEYING AND LAYOUT
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Layout of Building Terminology
Base line - A baseline is a straight reference line with respect to which corners of the
building are located on the ground. It may be outer boundary of a road or curb or
boundary of the area or simply a line joining any two points.
Horizontal Controls - Horizontal controls are the points that have known co-ordinates
with respect to a specific point. These points are then used to locate other points such as
corners of a layout using various techniques. There should be plenty of control points so
that each point of foundation plan can be located precisely on the ground.
Vertical Controls - In order that design points on the works can be positioned at
their correct levels, vertical control points of known elevation relative to some specified
vertical datum are established. In practice, 20mm diameter steel bolts and 100mmlong,
with known reduce levels driven into existing steps, ledges, footpaths etc. may serve as
vertical controls.
Offset pegs - Once points specifying the layout are located on ground pegs are driven
in the ground at that spot. Once excavations for foundations begin, the corner pegs will be
lost. To avoid these extra pegs called offset pegs are used. Batter boards are normally
erected near each offset peg and are used to relocate the points after the excavation has
been done.
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EXCAVATION
The following are the materials used for the earthwork for foundation.
Spade,
Kassi,
Pick Axe,
Crow Bar,
Rammer,
Wedge,
Boning Rod,
Sledge Hammer,
Basket,
Iron Pan,
Line and Pins
Drawings Required
Centreline Drawing
Layout Plan
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Scope of the work:
Work Procedure –
The extent of soil and rock strata is found by making trial pits in the
construction site. The excavation and depth is decided according to the
following guidelines in the site
i. For Isolated footing the depth to be one and half times the width of the
foundation
ii. For adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width (i.e.)
one and half times the length
In this site open foundation pits for columns and trenches for CR
Masonry was carried out. The maximum depth was upto 3m.
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Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation
lines and center lines etc. on the ground before the excavation is started.
The center line of the longest outer wall of the building is marked on the
ground by stretching a string between wooden or mild steel pegs. Each
peg may be projected about 25 to 50 mm form the ground level and 2m
from the edge of the excavation. The boundary is marked with the lime
powder. The center lines of other walls are marked perpendicular to the
longer walls. A right angle can be formed by forming 3, 4 and 5 triangles.
Similarly, outer lines of the foundation trench of each cross walls and are
set out.
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PLUM CONCRETE WALL
.
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FOOTING EXCAVATION
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LAYING OF PCC
Plain cement concrete (PCC) is used to provide rigid impervious bed to RCC
in foundation where the earth is soft and yielding. PCC can be used over
brick flat soling or without brick flat soling.
Plain cement concrete can also called only "cement concrete (CC)" or
"binding concrete".
Course Aggregate: We normally use brick chips for producing PCC. Stone
chips can also be used for this purpose. The size of the course aggregate is
20mm downgrade.
Tools used
Auto level instrument – 1 Nos
Wooden /Steel rammer – 1 Nos
Mixer machine – 1 Nos
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Thickness of PCC:
The thickness of PCC is normally 50mm over Brick Flat Soling (BFS). If we
don’t use BFS below PCC then the thickness should be 75-mm. when the
PCC is used in car park area then the thickness should be 75mm over BFS.
Scope of work
1. Verifying levels and dimension.
2. Ramming the earth surface.
3. Placing the concrete.
4. Ramming and finishing the concrete surface.
2. Make form work for PCC with wooden plank as per specified
dimension’s.
5. Make level pillars of fresh concrete in the area at suitable intervals but not
more than 2m c/c both ways.
6. Place the concrete gently (don’t through) from one side. Use the mixed
concrete within 45 minutes after the water is added.
8. Make the surface of PCC roughen for joining future work before the
concrete become harden.
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Curing of PCC:
After 24 hours of laying PCC, moist the concrete surface by flooding with
water or by covering with moist gunny bags at least for 7 days.
4. Check the thickness level of PCC before casting by putting steel pegs in
concreting area or putting level pillar of fresh concrete at suitable
distance.
5. Check the finish level of PCC by thread fixing with nails in form work.
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FORMWORK
Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage
with timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Application of
water impermeable cost to the surface of wood mitigates these defects.
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A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:
Economy in Formwork
The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of
formwork:
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Types of Formwork.
1. Timber Formwork
2. Plywood Formwork
3. Steel Formwork
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SCAFFOLDING
1. Single scaffolding
2. Double scaffolding
3. Cantilever scaffolding
4. Suspended scaffolding
5. Trestle scaffolding
6. Steel scaffolding
7. Patented scaffolding
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Cantilever Scaffolding:
This type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported on series
of needles and these needles are taken out through holes in the wall.
This is called single frame type scaffolding.
Suspended Scaffolding:
In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended from roofs
with the help of wire ropes or chains etc., it can be raised or lowered to
our required level. This type of scaffolding is used for repair works,
pointing, paintings etc...
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Steel Scaffolding:
Patented Scaffolding:
Patented scaffoldings are made up of steel but these are equipped with
special couplings and frames etc., these are readymade scaffoldings
which are available in the market. In this type of scaffolding working
platform is arranged on brackets which can be adjustable to our required
level.
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RETAINING WALL
A retaining wall is a structure that holds or retains soil behind it. There
are many types of materials that can be used to create retaining walls like
concrete blocks, poured concrete, treated timbers, rocks or boulders.
Some are easy to use, others have a shorter life span, but all can retain
soil.
A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall. But the term usually
refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure
without lateral support at its top. These are cantilevered from a footing
and rise above the grade on one side to retain a higher level grade on the
opposite side. The walls must resist the lateral pressures generated by
loose soils or, in some cases, water pressures.
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Types of Retaining wall
1. Gravity Walls
2. Brick
3. Brick Masonry Retaining wall
4. Stone
5. Reinforced Soil walls
Reinforced Soil
Soil Nailin
6. Hybrid System
1. Anchored Earth
2. Tailed Gabion
3. Tailed Concrete Block
4. Miscellaneous
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CURING
(b) Covering the surface with wet gunny bags, straw etc.
(c) Ponding
(b) Wet covering the surface: Columns and other vertical surfaces may be cured
by covering the surfaces with wet gunny bags or straw.
(c) Ponding: The horizontal surfaces like slab and floors are cured by stagnating
the water to a height of 25 to 50 mm by providing temporary small hunds with
mortar.
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1. SHADING OF CONCRETE WORK
The object of shading concrete work is to prevent the evaporation of water from
the surface even before setting. This is adopted mainly in case of large concrete
surfaces such as road slabs.
3. SPRINKLING OF WATER
4. PONDING METHOD
This is the best method of curing. It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces
such as floors, roof slabs, and road and air field pavements. The horizontal top
surfaces of beams can also be ponded. After placing the concrete, its exposed
surface is first covered with moist hessian or canvas. After 24 hours, these
covers are removed and small ponds of clay or sand are built across and along
the pavements. The area is thus divided into a number of rectangles. The water
is filled between the ponds.
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5. MEMBRANE CURING
The method of curing described above come under the category of moist curing.
Another method of curing is to cover the wetted concrete surface by a layer of
water proof material, which is kept in contact with the concrete surface of seven
days. This method of curing is termed as membrane curing. A membrane will
prevent the evaporation of water from the concrete. The membrane can be either
in solid or liquid form.
6. STEAM CURING
Steam curing and hot water curing is sometimes adopted. With these methods of
curing, the strength development of concrete is very rapid.
These methods can best be used in pre-cast concrete work. In steam curing the
temperature of steam should be restricted to a maximum of 750C as in the
absence of proper humidity (about 90%) the concrete may dry too soon. In case
of hot water curing, temperature may be raised to any limit, ay 1000C.
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QUALITY CONTROL
3. To establish whether the concrete has gained sufficient strength for the
intended purpose.
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There are so many tests available for testing different qualities of concrete.
Different tests give results for their respective quality of concrete. Thus it is
not possible to conduct all the tests as it involves cost and time. Thus, it is
very important to be sure about purpose of quality tests for concrete.
The most important test for quality check of concrete is to detect the
variation of concrete quality with the given specification and mix design
during concrete mixing and placement.
It will ensure that right quality of concrete is being placed at site and with
checks for concrete placement in place, the quality of constructed concrete
members will be as desired.
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Following are the lists of various tests conducted for Concrete Quality:
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DRAWINGS
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2. Centreline Plan
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3. Section Elevation
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CONCRETE CUBE TEST
This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have
any voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are
put in water for curing. The top surface of this specimen should be made
even and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading
smoothly on whole area of specimen..
The moulds are placed in Compression Testing Machine and then strength is
calculated.
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CONCLUSION
The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is
constructed within its desired properties. I got knowledge about the basic &
advanced techniques of building construction as well as saw the challenges
which a civil engineer have to face during construction i.e. labour problems,
cost management, environmental challenges etc. I cleared my many doubts
regarding building construction. I had seen dewatering system at project site for
construction which is not used at our state anymore, so it was a new thing for
me. Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we
have been Studied some mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the
ready mix plant because basic knowledge about their working is important for
an engineer but also because was the opportunity to see and understand them.
Overhaul it must be said that the construction methods and quality control on a
highway Project needs a very good coordination and large quantities of man
power, equipment and funds. During the period of one month all the company
staff helped me a lot to provide all the information about any query. So we are
grateful to all the staff of Ishaan Developers, as well as we are so thankful to
our Civil engineering faculties for their kind support.
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