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PRIYADARSHINI INDIRA GANDHI COLLEEGE OF

ENGINEERING, DIGDOH, NAGPUR

A
Practical Training Report
On

Construction of TDK-EPCOS Company

(Session 2018-19)
(28 May 2018-28 June 2018)
Submitted to: - Submitted by:-
Prof. R.R.Pais Saurabh Doye - 42

PRIYADARSHINI INDIRA GANDHI COLLEGE OF


ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1
Certificate

This is the certificate that the industrial case study report entitled “A
Project of EPCOS by ISHAAN DEVELOPERS is being submitted by
Mr Saurabh Doye is satisfactory manner under my guidance.

Prof. Rode
(Head of Department)

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3
Acknowledgement

As the Professional Courses not require theoretical knowledge but practical


knowledge too, that is why university started conducting training programs, for
the students, so that they can get an ample view of practical problems on site.
It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly
contributed in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking,
behavior, and acts during the training.
I express my sincere gratitude to Mr.B.S.Tambe (Director), for providing me an
opportunity to undergo summer training at Ishaan Developers, Nasik.
I also extend my sincere appreciation to my faculty members (Civil Engineering
Department), who provided there valuable suggestions and precious time in
accomplishing my project report.
Besides, this training program makes me realized the value of working together
as a team and as a new experience in working environment, which challenges us
every minute. Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their
moral support and my friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience
and received lots of suggestions that improved my quality of work.

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… 6

2. INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT……………………………….7

3. LIST OF BUILDING MATERIALS…………………………….8

4. REINFORED CEMENT CONCRETE…………………………..9

5. READY MIX CONCRETE……………………………………..11

6. SITE CLEARANCE…………………………………………….12.

7. SURVEYING AND LAYOUT………………………………….14

8. EXCAVATION………………………………………………….15

9. PLUM-CONCRETE WALL…………………………………….19

10. FOOTING EXCAVATION……………………………………...21

11. LAYING OF PCC………………………………………………..23

12. FORMWORK……………………………………………………26

13. SCAFFOLDING…………………………………………………29

14. RETAINING WALL…………………………………………….32

15. CURING…………………………………………………………34

16. QUALITY CONTROL…………………………………………..37

17. DRAWINGS……………………………………………………...40

18. CONCRETE CUBE TEST………………………………………..44

19. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….46

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INTRODUCTION

The building is defined as any structure what so ever purpose and of


whatsoever materials constructed and ever part thereof whether used as
human habitation or not.

For this practical training, I reported at A.B.L Infrastructure, at


construction of TDK-EPCOS (Industrial Building) Compound wall and
Shop floor Building.

I have reported to Mr. K.Wagh (Project Manager) at this site, furthers


ordered me to join project site. The Sr. Engineer Mr. P. Jain meets me at
the site and gives me brief introduction of this project as
Under.

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INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT

The TDK-EPCOS Project located in Satpur MIDC in Nashik, is the latest


project launched by A.B.L Infrastructure. The objective of project is to increase
the production of Film Capacitors by Constructing a Shop Floor Building and
Manufacturing unit.

For this, Project the Tenders are invited by TDK-EPCOS and then A.B.L
Infrastructure was selected as contractor.

The Architectural Design work was given to S. Patil Associates and the
Structural Consultancy was given to Mr. J. Bhinge Consulting Engineers.
The Project includes the Construction of Boundary wall which was a retaining
wall made up of plum concrete.
It also includes construction of shop floor building.

The Total Cost of Project was 20Cr.


Units of Building
Shop Floor - 72.00 X 120.00 Sq. m
Warehouse – 72.00 X 30.00 Sq.m
Wire Cutting & Can encasing – 9.00 X 18.00 Sq.m
A.H.U - 8.00 X 6.00 Sq.m
Dust Collector – 12.00 X 35.00

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List of Materials and Machineries Used For Construction.

 Rock

 M 30 Concrete

 M 20 Concrete

 M 15 Concrete

 Cement

 Steel

 Murum

 Boulders

 PVC Pipes

 Concrete Needle Machine

 Poklain machine

 JCB’s

 Rollers

 Steel Sections

 Concrete Mixture

 Bar Bending Machine


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Reinforced Cement Concrete

Reinforced concrete (RC) is a composite material in which concrete's relatively


low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of
reinforcement having higher tensile strength and/or ductility. The reinforcement
is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (rebar) and is usually
embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing
schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of
the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure.
Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of
steel, polymers or alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not.
Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed (in compression), so as
to improve the behaviour of the final structure under working loads. In the
United States, the most common methods of doing this are known as pre-
tensioning and post-tensioning.

 For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement needs to


have the following properties at least:

 High relative strength


 High toleration of tensile strain
 Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar
factors
 Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response to
changing temperatures.

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This Picture shows us the Reinforced Steel before Casting

This Picture shows us the after casting.

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READY MIX CONCRETE

Ready-mix concrete is concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching


plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site by truck
mounted in transit mixers. This results in a precise mixture, allowing
specialty concrete mixers to be developed and implemented on construction
sites. The first ready-mix factory was built in the 1930s, but the industry did not
begin to expand significantly until the 1960s, and it has continued to grow since
then.
Ready-mix concrete is often preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of
the precision of the mixture and reduced work site confusion.
Ready-mix concrete, or RMC as it is popularly called, refers to concrete that is
specifically is bought and sold by volume - usually expressed in cubic meters
(cubic yards in the US).manufactured for delivery to the customer's construction
site in a freshly mixed and plastic or unhardened state. Concrete itself is a
mixture of Portland cement, water and aggregates comprising sand and gravel
or crushed stone. Ready-mix concrete

In our site the plant was situated at Sarul Village which was 10 km from site.
We ordered various Concrete Mixers of various volumes like 2 cu.m , 3cu.m,6
cu.m etc.

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SITE CLEARANCE

The very first step is the Site Clearance which involves removal of grass and
vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site
location.

First of all the whole are to be cleared is calculated. Site Clearance may contain
any objects like trees, shrubs, woods, rocks, etc.
The various machines used for Site Clearance are as follows:-
 Bulldozer
 Shovel
 Scrapper
 Tractor

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SURVEYING AND LAYOUT

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of


determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the
distances and angles between them.
A land surveying professional is
called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the
Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for
ownership, locations like building corners or the surface location of
subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil
law, such as property sales.

Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression


analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages and
the law. They use equipment like total stations, robotic total stations, GPS
receivers, retro reflectors, 3D scanners, radios, handheld tablets, digital
levels, drones, GIS and surveying software.

Surveying has been an element in the development of the human


environment since the beginning of recorded history. The planning and
execution of most forms of construction require it. It is also used in
transport, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal
boundaries for land ownership.

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Layout of Building Terminology

 Base line - A baseline is a straight reference line with respect to which corners of the
building are located on the ground. It may be outer boundary of a road or curb or
boundary of the area or simply a line joining any two points.

 Horizontal Controls - Horizontal controls are the points that have known co-ordinates
with respect to a specific point. These points are then used to locate other points such as
corners of a layout using various techniques. There should be plenty of control points so
that each point of foundation plan can be located precisely on the ground.

 Vertical Controls - In order that design points on the works can be positioned at
their correct levels, vertical control points of known elevation relative to some specified
vertical datum are established. In practice, 20mm diameter steel bolts and 100mmlong,
with known reduce levels driven into existing steps, ledges, footpaths etc. may serve as
vertical controls.

 Offset pegs - Once points specifying the layout are located on ground pegs are driven
in the ground at that spot. Once excavations for foundations begin, the corner pegs will be
lost. To avoid these extra pegs called offset pegs are used. Batter boards are normally
erected near each offset peg and are used to relocate the points after the excavation has
been done.

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EXCAVATION

Excavation is the preliminary activity of the construction project. It starts


from the pits for the building foundations and continues up to the handing
over of the project.

The following are the materials used for the earthwork for foundation.

 Spade,
 Kassi,
 Pick Axe,
 Crow Bar,
 Rammer,
 Wedge,
 Boning Rod,
 Sledge Hammer,
 Basket,
 Iron Pan,
 Line and Pins

Drawings Required

 Centreline Drawing

 Layout Plan

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Scope of the work:

 Setting out of corner benchmarks.


 Survey for ground levels.
 Survey for top levels
 Excavation to approved depth.
 Dressing of loose soil.
 Making up to cut off level
 Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.
 Marking boundaries of the building.
 Constructing protection bunds and drains

Work Procedure –
 The extent of soil and rock strata is found by making trial pits in the
construction site. The excavation and depth is decided according to the
following guidelines in the site

i. For Isolated footing the depth to be one and half times the width of the
foundation

ii. For adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width (i.e.)
one and half times the length

iii. 1.5m in general and 3.5 m in black cotton soils

In this site open foundation pits for columns and trenches for CR
Masonry was carried out. The maximum depth was upto 3m.

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Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation
lines and center lines etc. on the ground before the excavation is started.
The center line of the longest outer wall of the building is marked on the
ground by stretching a string between wooden or mild steel pegs. Each
peg may be projected about 25 to 50 mm form the ground level and 2m
from the edge of the excavation. The boundary is marked with the lime
powder. The center lines of other walls are marked perpendicular to the
longer walls. A right angle can be formed by forming 3, 4 and 5 triangles.
Similarly, outer lines of the foundation trench of each cross walls and are
set out.

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PLUM CONCRETE WALL

 Plum Concrete Retaining Wall is a composition of boulders and concrete.


In this concrete mix used with plums (large stones) mixed with concrete.

 It is used in gravity dams, embankments and below the structure.


Plum concrete is usually done where the surface is uneven and to
minimise the costing of concrete. For e.g. below footings of residential
buildings where in a small portion where the slope of ground below
single footing is 1:10 to 1:50 in that case to save the cost of concrete
plum is usually preferred. This finally leads to minimise the construction
cost of building in all.

 Plum concrete also known as Cyclopean Concrete; this is a variety of


concrete consisting of large sized stones (Plums) with interstices filled with
concrete. Used mostly in mass concrete works like concrete gravity dams.

.
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FOOTING EXCAVATION

 For small buildings, excavation is carried out manually by means of pick


axes, crow bars, spades etc.
 In case of large buildings and deep excavation, mechanical earth cutting
equipment can be used.
 For hard soils when the depth of excavation is less than 1.5 m, the sides of
the trench do not need any external support. If the soil is loose or the
excavation is deeper, some sort of shoring is required to support the sides
from falling.
 Planking and strutting can be intermittent or continuous depending on the
nature of soil and the depth of excavation. In the case of intermittent or
"open" planking and strutting the entire sides of trenches are not covered.
Vertical boards (known as poling boards) of size 250 x 40 mm of the
required length can be placed with gaps of about 50 cm.
 These shall be kept apart by horizontal waling of strong timber f section 100
x 100 mm at a minimum spacing of 1.2 m and strutted by a cross piece of
100 x 100 square or 100 nun diameter.
 In the case of soft soils continuous or "close" planking is adopted and the
vertical boards are kept touching each other without any gap as shown.

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LAYING OF PCC

 Plain cement concrete (PCC) is used to provide rigid impervious bed to RCC
in foundation where the earth is soft and yielding. PCC can be used over
brick flat soling or without brick flat soling.
 Plain cement concrete can also called only "cement concrete (CC)" or
"binding concrete".

 Materials used for producing PCC:

Cement: we generally use Portland cement as bonding material in PCC.

Fine Aggregate: Sand is used as fine aggregate. The FM of sand should be


1.2 to 1.5.

Course Aggregate: We normally use brick chips for producing PCC. Stone
chips can also be used for this purpose. The size of the course aggregate is
20mm downgrade.

Water: Pure drinkable water should be used in PCC.

 Tools used
Auto level instrument – 1 Nos
Wooden /Steel rammer – 1 Nos
Mixer machine – 1 Nos

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 Thickness of PCC:
The thickness of PCC is normally 50mm over Brick Flat Soling (BFS). If we
don’t use BFS below PCC then the thickness should be 75-mm. when the
PCC is used in car park area then the thickness should be 75mm over BFS.

 Material proportion for PCC:


The proportion of cement, sand and brick chips by volume in foundation or
basement is 1:3:6. But, in car park area, the proportion should be 1:2:4.

 Scope of work
1. Verifying levels and dimension.
2. Ramming the earth surface.
3. Placing the concrete.
4. Ramming and finishing the concrete surface.

 Placing and Compaction of PCC:


1. Make sure brick soling/sand bed level for PCC is ok.

2. Make form work for PCC with wooden plank as per specified
dimension’s.

3. Clean dust or foreign or loose earth from concreting area.

4. Spread polythene over the bed of PCC.

5. Make level pillars of fresh concrete in the area at suitable intervals but not
more than 2m c/c both ways.

6. Place the concrete gently (don’t through) from one side. Use the mixed
concrete within 45 minutes after the water is added.

7. Use wooden rammer for compaction and finishing of PCC.

8. Make the surface of PCC roughen for joining future work before the
concrete become harden.
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 Curing of PCC:
After 24 hours of laying PCC, moist the concrete surface by flooding with
water or by covering with moist gunny bags at least for 7 days.

 Checking and Inspection:

1. Check the dimensions of form work of PCC before mixing concrete.

2. Check polythene sheet is laid over PCC bed.

3. Check the concrete slump (maximum slump should be 75mm)

4. Check the thickness level of PCC before casting by putting steel pegs in
concreting area or putting level pillar of fresh concrete at suitable
distance.

5. Check the finish level of PCC by thread fixing with nails in form work.

6. Inspect if the concrete is placing gently.

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FORMWORK

 Formwork in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in


which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. A type of
formwork for concrete construction depends on formwork material and type
of structural element.

 Formworks can also be named based on the type of structural member


construction such as slab formwork for use in slab, beam formwork, column
formwork for use in beams and columns respectively etc.

 The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure upto 20


to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. Design of these temporary
structures is made to economic expenditure. The operation of removing the
formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable
forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary forms.

 Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage
with timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Application of
water impermeable cost to the surface of wood mitigates these defects.

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 A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live


loads.
2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced
both horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement
grout.
4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in
desired sequences without damage to the concrete.
5. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and
should be suitable for reuse.
6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels
should have plane surface.
7. It should be as light as possible.
8. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when
exposed to the elements.
9. It should rest on firm base.

 Economy in Formwork

The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of
formwork:

1. The plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations in


the size of rooms, floor area etc. so as to permit reuse of the formwork
repeatedly.
2. Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most
economical way.
3. Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable
reuse of the material a number of times. The quantity of surface finish
depends on the quality of the formwork.

 Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or


fiberglass used separately or in combination. Steel forms are used in
situation where large numbers of re-use of the same forms are necessary. For
small works, timber formwork proves useful. Fibre glass made of precast
concrete and aluminium are used in cast-in-situ construction such as slabs or
members involving curved surfaces.

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 Types of Formwork.

1. Timber Formwork
2. Plywood Formwork
3. Steel Formwork

 Period of Removal of Formwork

S. No. Description of structural member Period of time


1 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1 to 2 days
2 Slabs (props left under) 3 days
3 Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days
4 Removal of props to slabs
(a) For slabs spanning upto 4.5 m 7 days
(b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
5 Removal of props to beams and arches
(a) Spanning upto 6 m 14 days
(b) spanning over 6 m 21 days

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SCAFFOLDING

 Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the original structure as well


as workmen used it as a platform to carry on the construction works. Types
of scaffolding vary with the type of construction work. Scaffolding is made
up of timber or steel.

 It should be stable and strong to support workmen and other construction


material placed on it.

 Types of Scaffolding used in Construction:

Following are types of Scaffolding in construction:

1. Single scaffolding
2. Double scaffolding
3. Cantilever scaffolding
4. Suspended scaffolding
5. Trestle scaffolding
6. Steel scaffolding
7. Patented scaffolding

 Single Scaffolding: Single scaffolding is generally used for brick


masonry and is also called as brick layer’s scaffolding.

 Double Scaffolding: Double Scaffolding is generally used for


stonemasonry so, it is also called as mason’s scaffolding.

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 Cantilever Scaffolding:
This type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported on series
of needles and these needles are taken out through holes in the wall.
This is called single frame type scaffolding.

 Suspended Scaffolding:
In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended from roofs
with the help of wire ropes or chains etc., it can be raised or lowered to
our required level. This type of scaffolding is used for repair works,
pointing, paintings etc...

 Trestle Scaffolding: In Trestle scaffolding, the working platform is


supported on movable tripods or ladders. This is generally used for work
inside the room, such as paintings, repairs etc., up to a height of 5m.

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 Steel Scaffolding:

Steel scaffolding is constructed by steel tubes which are fixed together by


steel couplers or fittings. It is very easy to construct or dismantle. It has
greater strength, greater durability and higher fire resistance. It is not
economical but will give more safety for workers. So, it is used
extensively nowadays.

 Patented Scaffolding:

Patented scaffoldings are made up of steel but these are equipped with
special couplings and frames etc., these are readymade scaffoldings
which are available in the market. In this type of scaffolding working
platform is arranged on brackets which can be adjustable to our required
level.

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RETAINING WALL

 A retaining wall is a structure that holds or retains soil behind it. There
are many types of materials that can be used to create retaining walls like
concrete blocks, poured concrete, treated timbers, rocks or boulders.
Some are easy to use, others have a shorter life span, but all can retain
soil.

 A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the


lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground elevation
that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil.

 A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall. But the term usually
refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure
without lateral support at its top. These are cantilevered from a footing
and rise above the grade on one side to retain a higher level grade on the
opposite side. The walls must resist the lateral pressures generated by
loose soils or, in some cases, water pressures.

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 Types of Retaining wall

1. Gravity Walls

 Reinforced Gravity Walls

1. Concrete Cantilever retaining wall


2. Counter-fort / Buttressed retaining wall
3. Precast concrete retaining wall
4. Prestressed retaining wall

2. Brick
3. Brick Masonry Retaining wall
4. Stone
5. Reinforced Soil walls

 Reinforced Soil
 Soil Nailin

6. Hybrid System
1. Anchored Earth
2. Tailed Gabion
3. Tailed Concrete Block
4. Miscellaneous

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CURING

 Curing may be defined as the process of maintaining satisfactory


moisture and temperature conditions for freshly placed concrete for some
specified time for proper hardening of concrete.
 Curing in the early ages of concrete is more important. Curing for 14
days is very important. Better to continue it for 7 to 14 days more. If
curing is not done properly, the strength of concrete reduces. Cracks
develop due shrinkage.

 The following curing methods are employed:

(a) Spraying of water

(b) Covering the surface with wet gunny bags, straw etc.

(c) Ponding

(d) Steam curing and

(e) Application of curing compounds.

(a) Spraying of water: Walls, columns, plastered surfaces are cured by


sprinkling water.

(b) Wet covering the surface: Columns and other vertical surfaces may be cured
by covering the surfaces with wet gunny bags or straw.

(c) Ponding: The horizontal surfaces like slab and floors are cured by stagnating
the water to a height of 25 to 50 mm by providing temporary small hunds with
mortar.

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1. SHADING OF CONCRETE WORK

The object of shading concrete work is to prevent the evaporation of water from
the surface even before setting. This is adopted mainly in case of large concrete
surfaces such as road slabs.

2. COVERING CONCRETE SURFACES WITH HESSIAN OR GUNNY


BAGS.

This is a widely used method of curing, particularly for structural concrete.


Thus exposed surface of concrete is prevented from drying out by covering it
with hessian, canvas or empty cement bags. The covering over vertical and
sloping surfaces should be secured properly. These are periodically wetted. The
interval of wetting will depend upon the rate of evaporation of water.

3. SPRINKLING OF WATER

Sprinkling of water continuously on the concrete surface provides an efficient


curing. It is mostly used for curing floor slabs. The concrete should be allowed
to set sufficiently before sprinkling is started. The spray can be obtained from a
perforated plastic box.

4. PONDING METHOD

This is the best method of curing. It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces
such as floors, roof slabs, and road and air field pavements. The horizontal top
surfaces of beams can also be ponded. After placing the concrete, its exposed
surface is first covered with moist hessian or canvas. After 24 hours, these
covers are removed and small ponds of clay or sand are built across and along
the pavements. The area is thus divided into a number of rectangles. The water
is filled between the ponds.

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5. MEMBRANE CURING

The method of curing described above come under the category of moist curing.
Another method of curing is to cover the wetted concrete surface by a layer of
water proof material, which is kept in contact with the concrete surface of seven
days. This method of curing is termed as membrane curing. A membrane will
prevent the evaporation of water from the concrete. The membrane can be either
in solid or liquid form.

6. STEAM CURING

Steam curing and hot water curing is sometimes adopted. With these methods of
curing, the strength development of concrete is very rapid.

These methods can best be used in pre-cast concrete work. In steam curing the
temperature of steam should be restricted to a maximum of 750C as in the
absence of proper humidity (about 90%) the concrete may dry too soon. In case
of hot water curing, temperature may be raised to any limit, ay 1000C.

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QUALITY CONTROL

 Quality control, or QC for short, is a process by which entities review the


quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality
control as "A part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality
requirements".

 The quality of concrete and cement should be examined according to IS-


Specifications.

Tests for checking quality of concrete should be done for the


following possible purposes:

1. To detect the variation of quality of concrete being supplied for a given


specification.

2. To establish whether the concrete has attained a sufficient strength or


concrete has set sufficiently for stripping, stressing, de-propping, opening to
traffic etc.

3. To establish whether the concrete has gained sufficient strength for the
intended purpose.

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 There are so many tests available for testing different qualities of concrete.
Different tests give results for their respective quality of concrete. Thus it is
not possible to conduct all the tests as it involves cost and time. Thus, it is
very important to be sure about purpose of quality tests for concrete.

 The most important test for quality check of concrete is to detect the
variation of concrete quality with the given specification and mix design
during concrete mixing and placement.

 It will ensure that right quality of concrete is being placed at site and with
checks for concrete placement in place, the quality of constructed concrete
members will be as desired.

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 Following are the lists of various tests conducted for Concrete Quality:

1. Tests on hardened concrete:

i. Compressive strength (cylinder, cube, core)


ii. Tensile strength: Direct tension
iii. Modulus of rupture
iv. Indirect (splitting) Test
v. Density
vi. Shrinkage
vii. Creep
viii. Modulus of elasticity
ix. Absorption
x. Permeability Tests on Concrete
xi. Freeze/thaw resistance
xii. Resistance to aggressive chemicals
xiii. Resistance to abrasion
xiv. Bond to reinforcement
xv. Analysis for cement content and proportions
xvi. In situ tests: Schmidt Hammer, Concrete pull-out, break-off, cones etc.
xvii. Ultrasonic, nuclear.

2. Tests on fresh concrete:

i. Workability Tests (slump test and others)


ii. Bleeding
iii. Air content
iv. Setting time
v. Segregation resistance
vi. Unit weight
vii. Wet analysis
viii. Temperature
ix. Heat generation

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DRAWINGS

1. Typical Retaining Wall

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2. Centreline Plan

41
3. Section Elevation

42
CONCRETE CUBE TEST

 Compressive strength of concrete: Out of many test applied to the concrete,


this is the utmost important which gives an idea about all the characteristics
of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been
done properly or not.

 Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-


cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control
during production of concrete etc

 For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15


cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm depending upon the size of aggregate are used.
For most of the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm are
commonly used.

 This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have
any voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are
put in water for curing. The top surface of this specimen should be made
even and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading
smoothly on whole area of specimen..

 The moulds are placed in Compression Testing Machine and then strength is
calculated.

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CONCLUSION

The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is
constructed within its desired properties. I got knowledge about the basic &
advanced techniques of building construction as well as saw the challenges
which a civil engineer have to face during construction i.e. labour problems,
cost management, environmental challenges etc. I cleared my many doubts
regarding building construction. I had seen dewatering system at project site for
construction which is not used at our state anymore, so it was a new thing for
me. Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we
have been Studied some mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the
ready mix plant because basic knowledge about their working is important for
an engineer but also because was the opportunity to see and understand them.
Overhaul it must be said that the construction methods and quality control on a
highway Project needs a very good coordination and large quantities of man
power, equipment and funds. During the period of one month all the company
staff helped me a lot to provide all the information about any query. So we are
grateful to all the staff of Ishaan Developers, as well as we are so thankful to
our Civil engineering faculties for their kind support.

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