Chapter 17

Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
1. Which of these species would you expect to have the lowest standard entropy (S°)?
A) CH4(g) B) HF(g) C) NH3(g) D) H2O(g)
Ans: B Category: Easy Section: 17.3
2. Which of these species would you expect to have the highest standard entropy (S°)?
A) CH4(g) B) C2H2(g) C) C2H4(g) D) C2H6(g) E) C3H8(g)
Ans: E Category: Easy Section: 17.3
3. Which of these species would you expect to have the lowest standard entropy (S°)?
A) Br2(l) B) Cl2(g) C) F2(g) D) H2(g) E) I2(s)
Ans: E Category: Easy Section: 17.3
4. Which of these species has the highest entropy (S°) at 25°C?

A) CH3OH(l) B) CO(g) C) MgCO3(s) D) H2O(l) E) Ni(s)
5. Which of these species has the highest entropy (S°) at 25°C?

A) CO(g) B) CH4(g) C) NaCl(s) D) H2O(l) E) Fe(s)
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 17.3
6. Arrange these compounds in order of increasing standard molar entropy at 25°C:

C3H8(g), C2H4(g), ZnS(s), and H2O(l).
A) ZnS(s) < H2O(l) < C3H8(g) < C2H4(g)
B) C2H4(g) < H2O(l) < C3H8(g) < NaCl(s)
C) ZnS(s) < C3H8(g) < C2H4(g) < H2O(l)
D) C3H8(g) < C2H4(g) < H2O(l) < ZnS(s)
E) ZnS(s) < H2O(l) < C2H4(g) < C3H8(g)
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 17.3
7. Arrange the following substances in the order of increasing entropy at 25°C.

HF(g), NaF(s), SiF4(g), SiH4(g), Al(s)
lowest → highest
A) SiF4(g) < SiH4(g) < NaF(s) < HF(g) < Al(s)
B) HF(g) < Al(s) < NaF(s) < SiF4(g) < SiH4(g)
C) Al(s) < NaF(s) < HF(g) < SiH4(g) < SiF4(g)
D) Al(s) < HF(g) < NaF(s) < SiF4(g) < SiH4(g)
E) NaF(s) < Al(s) < HF(g) < SiF4(g) < SiH4(g)
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 17.3
Page 358
8. Which one of the following reactions would you expect to have the lowest ∆S°?
A) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
B) C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
C) C2H4(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
D) C2H6(g) + 7/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
9. Which one of the following reactions would you expect to have highest ∆S°?
A) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
B) C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
C) C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
D) C2H6(g) + 7/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 17.3
10. Which response includes all the following processes that are accompanied by an increase
in entropy?
1) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → SO3(g)
2) H2O(l) → H2O(s)
3) Br2(l) → Br2(g)
4) H2O2(l) → H2O(l) + 1/2O2(g)
A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 2 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 3, 4 E) 1, 4
11. Which response includes all of the following processes that are accompanied by an
increase in entropy?
1) I2(s) → I2(g)
2) 2I(g) → I2(g)
3) 2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g)
4) Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s)
A) 1, 2 B) 1, 3 C) 3, 4 D) 3 E) 2, 4
12. Which response includes all of the following processes that are accompanied by an
increase of entropy?
A) I and III B) II and III C) I, II and III D) II only E) III only

Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 17.3
Page 359
13. Without reference to a table, arrange these reactions according to increasing ∆S.
1) CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g)
2) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
3) H2O2(l) → H2O(l) + 1/2O2(g)
A) 1 < 3 < 2 B) 2 < 3 < 1 C) 2 < 1 < 3 D) 3 < 2 < 1 E) 3 < 1 < 2
14. Arrange these reactions according to increasing ∆S.

1) H2O(g) → H2O(l)
2) 2NO(g) → N2(g) + O2(g)
3) MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)
A) 1 < 2 < 3 B) 2 < 3 < 1 C) 3 < 2 < 1 D) 2 < 1 < 3 E) 1 < 3 < 2
15. Which of the following processes would be accompanied by an increase in entropy?

A) H2O(g) → H2O(s) D) H2O(s) → H2O(g)
B) H2O(l) → H2O(s) E) H2O(l, 50°C) → H2O(l, 25°C)
C) H2O(g) → H2O(l)
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 17.3
16. Which of the following processes would be accompanied by a decrease in entropy?

A) H2O(s) → H2O(g) D) H2O(g) → H2O(s)
B) H2O(l) → H2O(g) E) H2O(l, 50°C) → H2O(l, 75°C)
C) H2O(s) → H2O(l)
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 17.3
17. Which of the following is expected to have zero entropy?

I. N2(g) at 273 K
II. SiO2(s, amorphous) at 0 K
III. NaCl(s) perfectly ordered crystal at 25 K
IV. Na(s) perfectly ordered crystal at 0 K
A) I and IV B) III and IV C) I and II D) I, II, and III E) IV only
Page 360
18. Aluminum forms a layer of aluminum oxide when exposed to air which protects the bulk
metal from further corrosion.
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate ∆S° for this reaction.
S°(J/K·mol)
Al(s) 28.3
O2(g) 205.0
Al2O3(s) 50.99
A) 182.3 J/K·mol D) –626.2 J/K·mol

B) 131.5 J/K·mol E) –802.9 J/K·mol
C) –182.3 J/K·mol
19. Sulfur can be separated from lead in the mineral galena, PbS(s), by “roasting” the ore in
the presence of oxygen as shown in the following reaction:
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Calculate ∆S° for this reaction using the thermodynamic data provided below.
S°(J/K·mol)
PbS(s) 91.2
O2(g) 205.0
PbO(s) 69.45
SO2(g) 248.5
A) –410 J/K·mol D) 21.8 J/K·mol

B) –161.5 J/K·mol E) 43.5 J/K·mol
C) –47.7 J/K·mol
20. Determine ∆S° for the reaction SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(l).

S°(J/K·mol)
SO3 256.2
H2O 69.9
H2SO4 156.9
A) 169.2 J/K·mol D) –29.4 J/K·mol

B) 1343.2 J/K·mol E) 29.4 J/K·mol
C) –169.2 J/K·mol
Page 361
21. Calculate ∆S° for the reaction SO2(s) + NO2(g) → SO3(g) + NO(g).
S°(J/K·mol)
SO2(g) 248.5
SO3(g) 256.2
NO(g) 210.6
NO2(g) 240.5
A) 53.6 J/K·mol D) 474.8 J/K·mol

B) –53.6 J/K·mol E) –474.8 J/K·mol
C) –22.2 J/K·mol
22. Calculate ∆S° at 25°C for the reduction of PbO(s), 2PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)
given these absolute entropies:
S° (J/K·mol)
PbO(s) 69.45
C(s) 5.7
Pb(s) 64.89
CO2(g) 213.6
A) +198.8 J/K·mol D) –203.3 J/K·mol

B) +488.0 J/K·mol E) +203.3 J/K·mol
C) +353.6 J/K·mol
23. Which of the following is consistent with a spontaneous process in the forward direction?
A) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv > 0 D) ∆Suniv < 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv < 0
B) ∆Suniv < 0, ∆G > 0, T∆Suniv < 0 E) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G > 0, T∆Suniv > 0
C) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv < 0
24. Which of the following is consistent with a nonspontaneous process in the forward
direction?
A) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv > 0 D) ∆Suniv < 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv < 0
B) ∆Suniv < 0, ∆G > 0, T∆Suniv < 0 E) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G > 0, T∆Suniv > 0
C) ∆Suniv > 0, ∆G < 0, T∆Suniv < 0
25. HI has a normal boiling point of –35.4°C, and its ∆Hvap is 21.16 kJ/mol. Calculate the
molar entropy of vaporization (∆Svap).
A) 598 J/K·mol D) 0.068 J/K·mol
B) 68.6 J/K·mol E) 89.0 J/K·mol
C) 75.2 J/K·mol
Page 362
26. With respect to the system only, a reaction with ∆H > 0 and ∆S < 0 is predicted to be:
A) Spontaneous at all temperatures
B) Spontaneous at high temperatures only
C) Spontaneous at low temperatures only
D) Nonspontaneous at all temperatures
27. With respect to the system only, a reaction with ∆H < 0 and ∆S > 0 is predicted to be:
A) Spontaneous at all temperatures
B) Spontaneous at high temperatures only
C) Spontaneous at low temperatures only
D) Nonspontaneous at all temperatures
28. Which of the following is consistent with a spontaneous endothermic reaction?

A) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0 D) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0
B) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0 E) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G > 0
C) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0
29. Which of the following is consistent with an exothermic reaction that is spontaneous at
all temperatures?
A) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0 D) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0
B) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0 E) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G > 0
C) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0
30. Which of the following is consistent with an exothermic reaction that is nonspontaneous
at high temperatures?
A) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0 D) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0
B) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0 E) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G > 0
C) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0
31. Aluminum forms a layer of aluminum oxide when exposed to air which protects the bulk
metal from further corrosion.
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
Calculate ∆G° for this reaction, given that ∆G°f of aluminum oxide is –1576.4 kJ/mol.
A) –3152.8 kJ/mol D) 1576.4 kJ/mol
B) –1576.4 kJ/mol E) 3152.8 kJ/mol
C) –788.2 kJ/mol
Page 363
32. Calculate ∆G° for the reaction 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(l) + NO(g).
∆G°f (kJ/mol)
H2O(l) –237.2
HNO3(l) –79.9
NO(g) 86.7
NO2(g) 51.8
A) 8.7 kJ/mol D) –192 kJ/mol

B) 192 kJ/mol E) –155 kJ/mol
C) –414 kJ/mol
33. Ozone (O3) in the atmosphere can reaction with nitric oxide (NO):
O3(g) + NO(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g).
Calculate the ∆G° for this reaction at 25°C. (∆H° = –199 kJ/mol, ∆S° = –4.1 J/K·mol)
A) 1020 kJ/mol D) –1.42 × 103 kJ/mol
3
B) –1.22 × 10 kJ/mol E) –198 kJ/mol
C) 2.00 × 103 kJ/mol
34. Sodium carbonate can be made by heating sodium bicarbonate:

2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Given that ∆H° = 128.9 kJ/mol and ∆G° = 33.1 kJ/mol at 25°C, above what minimum
temperature will the reaction become spontaneous under standard state conditions?
A) 0.4 K B) 3.9 K C) 321 K D) 401 K E) 525 K
35. The element oxygen was prepared by Joseph Priestley in 1774 by heating mercury(II)
oxide:
HgO(s) → Hg(l) + 1/2O2(g), ∆H° = 90.84 kJ/mol.
Estimate the temperature at which this reaction will become spontaneous under standard
state conditions.
S°(Hg) = 76.02 J/K·mol
S°(O2) = 205.0 J/K·mol
S°(HgO) = 70.29 J/K·mol
A) 108 K B) 430 K C) 620 K D) 775 K E) 840 K
Page 364
36. For the reaction H2(g) + S(s) → H2S(g), ∆H° = –20.2 kJ/mol and ∆S° = +43.1 J/K·mol.
Which of these statements is true?
A) The reaction is only spontaneous at low temperatures.
B) The reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures.
C) ∆G° becomes less favorable as temperature increases.
D) The reaction is spontaneous only at high temperatures.
E) The reaction is at equilibrium at 25°C under standard conditions.
37. The normal freezing point of ammonia is –78°C. Predict the signs of ∆H, ∆S, and ∆G
for ammonia when it freezes at –80°C and 1 atm: NH3(l) → NH3(s)
A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
38. The normal melting point sulfur is 113 °C. If a sample of solid sulfur is at 95 °C, Predict
the signs of ∆H, ∆S, and ∆G for the melting process at this temperature.
A) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0 D) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0
B) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0 E) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G > 0
C) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0
39. The normal boiling point of acetic acid is 118.1°C. If a sample of the acetic acid is at
125.2°C, Predict the signs of ∆H, ∆S, and ∆G for the boiling process at this temperature.
A) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G < 0 D) ∆H < 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0
B) ∆H > 0, ∆S > 0, ∆G > 0 E) ∆H < 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G > 0
C) ∆H > 0, ∆S < 0, ∆G < 0
40. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes according to the equation

H2O2(l) → H2O(l) + 1/2O2(g).
Calculate Kp for this reaction at 25°C. (∆H° = –98.2 kJ/mol, ∆S° = 70.1 J/K·mol)
A) 1.3 × 10–21 B) 20.9 C) 3.46 × 1017 D) 7.5 × 1020 E) 8.6 × 104
Page 365
41. At 1500°C the equilibrium constant for the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) has
the value Kp = 1.4 × 10–7. Calculate ∆G° for this reaction at 1500°C.
A) 105 kJ/mol D) –105 kJ/mol
B) 1.07 kJ/mol E) 233 kJ/mol
C) –233 kJ/mol
42. Calculate Kp at 298 K for the reaction SO2(g) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g).
∆G°f
SO2(g) –300.4 kJ/mol
SO3(g) –370.4 kJ/mol
NO(g) 86.7 kJ/mol
NO2(g) 51.8 kJ/mol
A) 6.99 × 10–7 B) 5.71 × 10–8 C) 14.2 D) 475 E) 1.42 × 106

43. The equilibrium constant at 427°C for the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) is Kp =
–5
9.4 × 10 . Calculate the value of ∆G° for the reaction under these conditions.
A) –33 kJ/mol B) –54 kJ/mol C) 54 kJ/mol D) 33 kJ/mol E) 1.3
J/mol
44. Determine the equilibrium constant Kp at 25°C for the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
[∆G°f (NH3(g)) = –16.6 kJ/mol].
A) 1.52 × 10–6 B) 6.60 × 105 C) 8.28 × 10–2 D) 2.60 E) 13.4
45. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the decomposition of water

2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
at 25°C, given that ∆G°f (H2O(l)) = –237.2 kJ/mol.
A) 0.83 B) 6.3 × 10–84 C) 2.5 × 10–42 D) 1.6 × 1083 E) 4.7 × 105
46. Nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) decomposes at elevated temperatures according to the equation
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g). Calculate Kp for this reaction at 227°C. (∆H° = 81.2
kJ/mol, ∆S° = 128 J/K·mol)
A) 1.59 × 10–2 B) 2.10 × 10–7 C) 62.8 D) 4.90 × 106 E) 3.20 × 109
Page 366
47. The equilibrium constant for the reaction AgBr(s) Ag+(aq) + Br– (aq) is the solubility
product constant, Ksp = 7.7 × 10–13 at 25°C. Calculate ∆G for the reaction when [Ag+] =
1.0 × 10–2 M and [Br–] = 1.0 × 10–3 M. Is the reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous at
these concentrations?
A) ∆G = 69.1 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous D) ∆G = 40.6 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous
B) ∆G = –69.1 kJ/mol, spontaneous E) ∆G = –97.5 kJ/mol, nonspontaneous
C) ∆G = 97.5 kJ/mol, spontaneous
Ans: D Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
48. For the reaction 2C(graphite) + H2(g) → C2H2(g), ∆G°= +209.2 kJ/mol at 25°C. If
P(H2) = 100. atm, and P(C2H2) = 0.10 atm, calculate ∆G for this reaction.
A) +207.8 kJ/mol D) +17.3 kJ/mol
B) +226.3 kJ/mol E) –16.9 kJ/mol
C) +192.1 kJ/mol
49. For the reaction 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g), if initially P(SO2) = 1.2 atm, P(O2) = 1.8
atm, and P(SO3) = 2.1 atm, calculate ∆G for this reaction at 25°C. The following data is
valid at 25°C:
∆Gf° (kJ/mol)
SO2 –300.4
SO3 –370.4
A) –140.0 kJ/mol D) 1,174.7 kJ/mol

B) –137.6 kJ/mol E) –141.3 kJ/mol
C) –138.7 kJ/mol
50. For the reaction 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) if initially P(NO) = 1.5 atm, P(O2) = 1.4
atm, and P(NO2) = 2.0 atm, calculate ∆G for this reaction at 25°C. The following data is
valid at 25°C:
∆Gf° (kJ/mol)
NO 86.7
NO2 51.8
A) –69.9 kJ/mol D) –79.9 kJ/mol

B) –69.2 kJ/mol E) –35.0 kJ/mol
C) 522.1 kJ/mol
Page 367
51. Determine the equilibrium constant (Kp) at 25°C for the reaction
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) ∆G° = –28.5 kJ/mol.
A) 2.9 × 10–60 B) 1.0 × 10–4 C) 1.2 D) 1.0 × 105 E) 3.4 × 1059

52. Kw for the auto-ionization of water, H2O(l) → H+(aq) + OH– (aq), is 1.0 × 10–14. What
are the signs (+/–) of ∆S° and ∆H° for the reaction at 25°C?
A) ∆S° = (+) and ∆H° = (+) C) ∆S° = (–) and ∆H° = (+)
B) ∆S° = (+) and ∆H° = (–) D) ∆S° = (–) and ∆H° = (–)
53. Which of the following is consistent with a reaction at equilibrium?

A) ∆G = 0, Q = K D) ∆G < 0, Q = K
B) ∆G° = 0, Q > K E) ∆G° = 0, Q < K
C) ∆G > 0, Q = K
54. Which of the following is consistent with a reaction that proceeds spontaneously in the
forward direction?
A) ∆G > 0, Q < K D) ∆G° > 0, Q = K
B) ∆G° = 0, Q = K E) ∆G < 0, Q < K
C) ∆G < 0, Q > K
55. Which of the following is consistent with a reaction that proceeds spontaneously in the
reverse direction (assume all variables are in terms of the forward direction only)?
A) ∆G > 0, Q < K D) ∆G° > 0, Q = K
B) ∆G° = 0, Q = K E) ∆G > 0, Q > K
C) ∆G < 0, Q > K
56. The reaction rates of many spontaneous reactions are actually very slow. Which of these
statements is the best explanation for this observation?
A) Kp for the reaction is less than one.
B) The activation energy of the reaction is large.
C) ∆G° for the reaction is positive.
D) Such reactions are endothermic.
E) The entropy change is negative.
Page 368
57. The solubility product constant at 25°C for AgI(s) in water has the value 8.3 × 10–17.
Calculate ∆Grxn at 25°C for the process AgI(s) Ag+(aq) + I– (aq) where [Ag+] = 9.1 ×
–9 – –9
10 and [I ] = 9.1 × 10 .
A) +4.4 kJ/mol D) –91.7 kJ/mol
B) +91.7 kJ/mol E) –4.4 kJ/mol
C) 0.0 kJ/mol
58. Calculate ∆G° for the combustion of ethanol vapor, C2H5OH(g), at 750°C in oxygen to
form carbon dioxide and water vapor. The following data is valid at 25°C:
∆H°f (kJ/mol) ∆G°f (kJ/mol)

C2H5OH(g) –234.8 –167.9
O2(g) 0 0
H2O(g) –241.8 –228.6
CO2(g) –393.5 –394.4
A) –1407 kJ/mol D) –4486 kJ/mol

B) –2151 kJ/mol E) –1377 kJ/mol
C) –1307 kJ/mol
Ans: E Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
59. Find the temperature at which the reaction N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) will be in equilibrium
when both gases are present at partial pressures of 1.00 atm.
∆H°f (25°C) ∆G°f (25°C)

NO2(g) 33.85 kJ/mol 51.8 kJ/mol
N2O4(g) 9.66 kJ/mol 98.29 kJ/mol
A) 300°C B) 28°C C) 55°C D) 32°C E) 562°C

Ans: C Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
60. Predict the normal boiling point of triethylborane (C6H15B) using the following data:
∆H°f (25°C) ∆G°f (25°C)

C6H15B(l) –194.6 kJ/mol 9.4 kJ/mol
C6H15B(g) –157.7 kJ/mol 16.1 kJ/mol
A) 92°C B) –21°C C) 21°C D) 365°C E) 256°C

Ans: A Category: Difficult Section: 17.5
Page 369
61. A sample of solid naphthalene is introduced into an evacuated flask. Use the data below
to calculate the equilibrium vapor pressure of naphthalene (C10H8) in the flask at 35°C.
∆H°f (25°C) ∆G°f (25°C)

C10H8(s) 78.5 kJ/mol 201.6 kJ/mol
C10H8(g) 150.6 kJ/mol 224.1 kJ/mol
A) 890. mmHg D) 0.086 mmHg

B) 0.21 mmHg E) 833 mmHg
C) 696 mmHg
Ans: B Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
62. The standard free energy of formation of gaseous hydrogen iodide is 1.30 kJ/mol at 25°C.
Find Kp for the reaction H2(g) + I2(s) 2HI(g) at this temperature.
A) 7.0 B) 7100 C) 1.0 D) 2.4 E) 2.9
63. Find the temperature at which Kp = 4.00 for the reaction N2O4(g) 2NO2(g). [Given: at
25°C, for NO2(g), ∆H°f = 33.85 kJ/mol, S° = 240.46 J/mol·K; for N2O4(g), ∆H°f = 9.66
kJ/mol, S° = 304.3 J/mol·K; assume that ∆H° and ∆S° are independent of temperature.]
A) 197 °C B) 56 °C C) 36 °C D) 79 °C E) 476°C
64. Find the temperature at which Kp = 42.0 for the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g).
[Given: at 25°C, for H2(g), ∆H°f = 0, S° = 131.0 J/mol·K; for I2(g), ∆H°f = 62.26 kJ/mol,
S° = 260.6 J/mol·K; for HI(g), ∆H°f = 25.9 kJ/mol, S° = 206.3 J/mol·K; assume that ∆H°
and ∆S° are independent of temperature.]
A) 1040 K B) 168 K C) 539 K D) 1400 K E) 34,200 K
Ans: A Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
65. For the reaction HCONH2(g) NH3(g) + CO(g), Kc = 4.84 at 400 K. If ∆H° for this
reaction is 29 kJ/mol, find Kc at 500 K.
A) 5.8 B) 0.17 C) 27 D) 0.88 E) 10.3
Ans: C Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
66. In the gas phase, formic acid forms a dimmer, 2HCOOH(g) (HCOOH)2(g). For this
reaction, ∆H° = –60.1 kJ/mol and ∆G° = –13.9 kJ/mol at 25°C. Find the equilibrium
constant (Kp) for this reaction at 75 °C.
A) 8960 B) 273 C) 0.120 D) 8.33 E) 1.12 × 10–4
Page 370
67. In the gas phase, methyl isocyanate (CH3NC) isomerizes to acetonitrile (CH3CN),
H3C–N≡C (g) H3C–C≡N (g)
with ∆H° = –89.5 kJ/mol and ∆G° = – 73.8 kJ/mol at 25°C. Find the equilibrium
constant for this reaction at 100°C.
A) 1.68 × 10–10 D) 4.63 × 10–11
B) 5.96 × 109 E) 8.64 × 1012
10
C) 2.16 × 10
Ans: B Category: Difficult Section: 17.6
68. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate the standard change in entropy
when one mole of sodium nitrate is dissolved in water?
S° (J/K·mol)
NaNO3(s) 116.3
+
Na (aq) 60.25
NO3–(aq) 146.4
Will the solubility of sodium nitrate increase or decrease if the temperature of the system is
increased?
Ans: 90.4 J/K·mol; solubility increases with increasing temperature
Category: Medium Section: 17.5
69. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate the standard change in entropy
when one mole of sodium sulfate is dissolved in water?
S° (J/K·mol)
Na2SO4(s) 149.49
Na+(aq) 60.25
2–
SO4 (aq) 17.15
Will the solubility of sodium nitrate increase or decrease if the temperature of the system is
increased?
Ans: –11.84 J/K·mol; solubility decreases with increasing temperature
70. For the reaction CuS(s) + H2(g) H2S(g) + Cu(s),

∆G°f (CuS) = –53.6 kJ/mol
∆G°f (H2S) = –33.6 kJ/mol
∆H°f (CuS) = –53.1 kJ/mol
∆H°f (H2S) = – 20.6 kJ/mol
Will this reaction proceed spontaneously at 298 K and 1 atm pressure?
Ans: No
Page 371

∆G°f (H2S) = –33.6 kJ/mol
∆H°f (H2S) = – 20.6 kJ/mol
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant (Kp) for this reaction at 298 K.
Ans: 3.11 × 10–4

∆G°f (H2S) = –33.6 kJ/mol
∆H°f (H2S) = –20.6 kJ/mol
Calculate ∆G at 798 K and 1 atm pressure (assume ∆S° and ∆H° do not change with
temperature).
Ans: –1.02 kJ/mol
Category: Difficult Section: 17.6

∆G°f (H2S) = –33.6 kJ/mol
∆H°f (H2S) = –20.6 kJ/mol
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant (Kp) at 798 K and 1 atm pressure.
Ans: 1.17
74. For the reaction SbCl5(g) SbCl3(g) + Cl2(g),

∆G°f (SbCl5) = –334.34 kJ/mol
∆G°f (SbCl3) = –301.25 kJ/mol
∆H°f (SbCl5) = –394.34 kJ/mol
∆H°f (SbCl3) = –313.80 kJ/mol
Will this reaction proceed spontaneously at 298 K and 1 atm pressure?
Ans: No
Page 372

∆G°f (SbCl5) = –334.34 kJ/mol
∆G°f (SbCl3) = –301.25 kJ/mol
∆H°f (SbCl5) = –394.34 kJ/mol
∆H°f (SbCl3) = –313.80 kJ/mol
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant (Kp) for this reaction at 298 K.
Ans: 1.58 × 10–6

∆G°f (SbCl5) = –334.34 kJ/mol
∆G°f (SbCl3) = –301.25 kJ/mol
∆H°f (SbCl5) = –394.34 kJ/mol
∆H°f (SbCl3) = –313.80 kJ/mol
Calculate ∆G at 800 K and 1 atm pressure (assume ∆S° and ∆H° do not change with
temperature).
Ans: –46.66 kJ/mol

∆G°f (SbCl5) = –334.34 kJ/mol
∆G°f (SbCl3) = –301.25 kJ/mol
∆H°f (SbCl5) = –394.34 kJ/mol
∆H°f (SbCl3) = –313.80 kJ/mol
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant (Kp) at 800 K and 1 atm pressure.
Ans: 1.11 × 103
78. Assuming ∆S° and ∆H° do not vary with temperature, at what temperature will the
reaction shown below become spontaneous?
C(s) + H2O(g) → H2(g) + CO(s) (∆S° = 133.6 J/K·mol; ∆H° = 131.3
kJ/mol)
Ans: 710°C
79. Rubidium has a heat of vaporization of 69.0 kJ/mol at its boiling point (686°C). Calculate
∆S for this process, Rb(l) → Rb(g), at 1 atm and 686°C.
Ans: 71.9 J/K·mol
Page 373
80. The free energy of formation of nitric oxide, NO, at 1000 K (roughly the temperature in
an automobile engine during ignition) is about 78 kJ/mol. Calculate the equilibrium
constant Kp for the reaction N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) at this temperature.
–9
Ans: Kp = 7.1 × 10
81. Predict the signs (–, +, or 0) of ∆H and ∆S, in that order, for the reaction: O2(g) → 2O(g).
Ans: +, +
82. Under what conditions (always, never, high temperature only, low temperature only) is
the reaction O2(g) → 2O(g) expected to be spontaneous?
Ans: high temperatures only
83. Predict the signs (–, +, or 0) of ∆H and ∆S, in that order, for the expansion of an ideal gas
into a vacuum.
Ans: 0, +
the expansion of an ideal gas into a vacuum expected to be spontaneous?
Ans: always
85. Predict the signs (–, +, or 0) of ∆H and ∆S, in that order, for the process: H2O(l) →
H2O(s).
Ans: –, –
the process: H2O(l) → H2O(s) expected to be spontaneous?
Ans: low temperature only
87. Predict the signs (–, +, or 0) of ∆H and ∆S, in that order, for the reaction: 6CO2(g) +
6H2O(g) → C6H12O6(g) + 6O2(g).
Ans: +, –
88. Under which of the following conditions (always, never, high temperature only, low
temperature only) is the reaction: 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) → C6H12O6(g) + 6O2(g) expected
to be spontaneous?
Ans: never
Page 374
89. What is the free energy change for the reaction SiO2(s) + Pb(s) → PbO2(s) + Si(s)?
∆G°f (PbO2) = –217 kJ/mol
∆G°f (SiO2) = –856 kJ/mol
Ans: 639 kJ/mol
90. Is the reaction SiO2(s) + Pb(s) → PbO2(s) + Si(s) spontaneous?

∆G°f (PbO2) = –217 kJ/mol
∆G°f (SiO2) = –856 kJ/mol
Ans: No
91. For a certain reaction, ∆G° = 87 kJ/mol, ∆H° = 100 kJ/mol at STP. At what
temperature, in K, is the reaction in equilibrium, assuming that ∆S° and ∆H° are
temperature-independent?
Ans: 2,100 K
92. The heat of vaporization of water is 2.27 kJ/g. What is ∆Svap per mole at the normal
boiling point?
Ans: 110. J/K·mol
93. Calculate the free energy of formation of NaBr(s) given the following information:
NaBr(s) → Na(s) + 1/2Br2(l), ∆G° = 349 kJ/mol
Ans: –349 kJ/mol
Category: Easy Section: 17.5
94. The following reaction is nonspontaneous at 25°C:

Cu2O(s) → 2Cu(s) + 1/2O2(g), ∆G° = 141 kJ/mol
If ∆S° = 75.8 J/K·mol, what is the lowest temperature at which the reaction will be
spontaneous?
Ans: 2160 K
95. For the reaction 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g), Kc = 9.0 at 350°C. Calculate ∆G° at
350°C.
Ans: 29.4 kJ/mol
96. For the reaction 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g), Kc = 9.0 at 350°C. In what direction does
this reaction proceed at 350°C under standard state conditions?
Ans: right to left
Page 375
97. For the reaction 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g), Kc = 9.0 at 350°C. What is the value of
∆G at this temperature when 1.0 mol NH3, 5.0 mol N2, and 5.0 mol H2 are mixed in a 2.5
L reactor?
Ans: –35.2 kJ/mol
98. For the reaction 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g), Kc = 9.0 at 350°C. In what direction does
the reaction proceed when 1.0 mol NH3, 5.0 mol N2, and 5.0 mol H2 are mixed in a 2.5 L
reactor?
Ans: left to right
99. Consider the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(l) at 25°C.

∆G°f (CO) = –137.3 kJ/mol
∆G°f (CH3OH) = –166.3 kJ/mol
∆H°f (CO) = –110.5 kJ/mol
∆H°f (CH3OH) = –238.7 kJ/mol
S°(CO) = 197.9 J/K·mol
S°(CH3OH) = 126.8 J/K·mol
Calculate ∆G° at 25°C.
Ans: –29.0 kJ/mol

∆G°f (CO) = –137.3 kJ/mol
∆G°f (CH3OH) = –166.3 kJ/mol
∆H°f (CO) = –110.5 kJ/mol
∆H°f (CH3OH) = –238.7 kJ/mol
S°(CO) = 197.9 J/K·mol
Calculate value of the equilibrium constant (Kp) for this reaction at 25°C.
Ans: 1.21 × 10 5

∆G°f (CO) = –137.3 kJ/mol
∆G°f (CH3OH) = –166.3 kJ/mol
∆H°f (CO) = –110.5 kJ/mol
∆H°f (CH3OH) = –238.7 kJ/mol
S°(CO) = 197.9 J/K·mol
Calculate S°(H2(g)).
Ans: 131 J/K·mol
Page 376
102. For the reaction H2O2(g) → H2O(g) + 1/2O2(g), ∆H° = –106 kJ/mol and ∆S° = 58 J/K·mol
at 25°C. Calculate ∆G° for this reaction at this temperature.
Ans: –123 kJ/mol
103. For the reaction H2O2(g) → H2O(g) + 1/2O2(g), ∆H° = –106 kJ/mol and ∆S° = 58 J/K·mol
at 25°C. Is H2O2(g) stable with respect to dissociation into water vapor and oxygen gas
at 25°C?
Ans: No
104. Choose the substance with the higher entropy per mole at a given temperature: O2(g) at 5
atm or O2(g) at 0.5 atm.
Ans: O2(g) at 0.5 atm
105. Choose the substance with the higher entropy per mole at a given temperature: Br2(l) or
Br2(g).
Ans: Br2(g)
106. Choose the substance with the higher entropy per mole at a given temperature: 1 mole of
N2(g) in a 22.4 L container or 1 mole of N2(g) in a 2.24 L container.
Ans: 1 mole of N2(g) in a 22.4 L container
107. Choose the substance with the higher entropy per mole at a given temperature: CO2(g) or
CO2(aq).
Ans: CO2(g)
108. ∆Hvap for ethanol is 38.7 kJ/mol at its boiling point (78°C). What is ∆Ssurr when 1.00
mole of ethanol is boiled?
Ans: –110 J/K·mol
Page 377
109. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, determine the temperature in °C at which
the decomposition of solid calcium carbonate to form solid calcium oxide and oxygen
becomes spontaneous.
∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

CO2(g) –393.5 213.6
CaO(s) –635.6 39.8
CaCO3(s) –1206.9 92.9
Ans: 834.6°C
110. Sulfur can be separated from lead in the mineral galena, PbS(s), by “roasting” the ore in
the presence of oxygen as shown in the following reaction:
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Determine ∆G for the above reaction at 850°C.
∆H°f (kJ/mol) S°(J/K·mol)

PbS(s) –94.3 91.2
O2(g) 0 205.0
PbO(s) –217.86 69.45
SO2(g) –296.4 248.5
Ans: –660 kJ/mol

111. Given the following data, calculate the boiling point of HCOOH (formic acid).

HCOOH(l) –410 130
HCOOH(g) –363 251
Ans: 115°C
112. Given the following data, estimate the boiling point of carbon disulfide, CS2, assuming
that ∆S° and ∆H° are temperature-independent.

CS2(g) 115.3 237.8
CS2(l) 87.3 151.0
Ans: 49.4°C
Page 378
113. Given the following data, estimate the boiling point of bromine, Br2, assuming that ∆S°
and ∆H° are temperature-independent.

Br2(g) 30.91 245.3
Br2(l) 0 152.3
Ans: 59.2°C
114. At 700 K, the equilibrium constant for the reaction CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
is 5.10. What is ∆G° for this reaction at this temperature?
Ans: –9.48 kJ/mol
115. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ka for HCN(aq) at 25°.

H+(aq) 0 0
CN–(aq) 151.0 117.99
HCN(aq) 105.4 128.9
Ans: 2.8 × 10–9 (compared to the experimental value of 4.9 × 10–10)

116. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ka1 for H2CO3(aq) at 25°.

+
H (aq) 0 0
H2CO3(aq) –698.7 191
HCO3–(aq) –691.11 95.0
CO32– (aq) –676.26 –53.1
Ans: 5 × 10–7 (compared to the experimental value of 4.5 × 10–7)

Page 379
117. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ka2 for H2CO3(aq) at 25°.

+
H (aq) 0 0
H2CO3(aq) –698.7 191
HCO3–(aq) –691.11 95.0
CO32– (aq) –676.26 –53.1
Ans: 4.59 × 10–11 (which agrees well with the experimental value of 4.7 × 10–11)
118. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ksp for ZnS(s) at 25°.

2+
Zn (aq) –152.4 –106.5
S2–(aq) 41.8 22
ZnS(s) –203 57.7
Ans: 2.4 × 10–24 (the experimental value is 2.0 × 10–22)

119. Using the thermodynamic data provided below, calculate Ksp for Mg(OH)2(s) at 25°.

Mg2+(aq) –461.96 –117.99
OH–(aq) –229.94 –10.5
Mg(OH)2(s) –924.66 63.1
Ans: 8.90 × 10–12 (agrees reasonably well with the experimental value of 1.2 × 10–11)
120. The standard entropy of any pure substance is 0 J/mol.

Ans: False Category: Easy Section: 17.4
121. The entropy of any pure substance at 0 K is 0 J/mol.

122. The entropy of a perfectly ordered crystalline substance at 0 K is 0 J/mol.

Ans: True Category: Easy Section: 17.4
123. Melting an ionic solid always results in an increase in entropy.

Ans: True Category: Easy Section: 17.3
124. Dissolving an ionic solid in water always results in an increase in entropy.

Page 380
125. For a given substance the entropy always increases in the following order:
S (gas) < S (liq) < S (solid).
126. The entropy change ∆S° for the reaction NH4Cl(s) → NH3(g) + HCl(g) will be negative.
127. The following reaction is spontaneous under standard state conditions at 25°C:
AgCl(s) → Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) (∆G° = 55 kJ/mol)
128. For any pure substance, if ∆Hf° = 0 and ∆Gf° = 0, than S° = 0

Page 381

Chapter 17

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Chapter 17

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

4. Which of these species has the highest entropy (S°) at 25°C?

5. Which of these species has the highest entropy (S°) at 25°C?

6. Arrange these compounds in order of increasing standard molar entropy at 25°C:

7. Arrange the following substances in the order of increasing entropy at 25°C.

A) I and III B) II and III C) I, II and III D) II only E) III only

14. Arrange these reactions according to increasing ∆S.

15. Which of the following processes would be accompanied by an increase in entropy?

16. Which of the following processes would be accompanied by a decrease in entropy?

17. Which of the following is expected to have zero entropy?

A) 182.3 J/K·mol D) –626.2 J/K·mol

A) –410 J/K·mol D) 21.8 J/K·mol

20. Determine ∆S° for the reaction SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(l).

A) 169.2 J/K·mol D) –29.4 J/K·mol

A) 53.6 J/K·mol D) 474.8 J/K·mol

A) +198.8 J/K·mol D) –203.3 J/K·mol

28. Which of the following is consistent with a spontaneous endothermic reaction?

A) 8.7 kJ/mol D) –192 kJ/mol

34. Sodium carbonate can be made by heating sodium bicarbonate:

40. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes according to the equation

A) 6.99 × 10–7 B) 5.71 × 10–8 C) 14.2 D) 475 E) 1.42 × 106

45. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the decomposition of water

A) –140.0 kJ/mol D) 1,174.7 kJ/mol

A) –69.9 kJ/mol D) –79.9 kJ/mol

A) 2.9 × 10–60 B) 1.0 × 10–4 C) 1.2 D) 1.0 × 105 E) 3.4 × 1059

53. Which of the following is consistent with a reaction at equilibrium?

∆H°f (kJ/mol) ∆G°f (kJ/mol)

A) –1407 kJ/mol D) –4486 kJ/mol

∆H°f (25°C) ∆G°f (25°C)

A) 300°C B) 28°C C) 55°C D) 32°C E) 562°C

∆H°f (25°C) ∆G°f (25°C)

A) 92°C B) –21°C C) 21°C D) 365°C E) 256°C

∆H°f (25°C) ∆G°f (25°C)

A) 890. mmHg D) 0.086 mmHg

70. For the reaction CuS(s) + H2(g) H2S(g) + Cu(s),

71. For the reaction CuS(s) + H2(g) H2S(g) + Cu(s),

72. For the reaction CuS(s) + H2(g) H2S(g) + Cu(s),

73. For the reaction CuS(s) + H2(g) H2S(g) + Cu(s),

74. For the reaction SbCl5(g) SbCl3(g) + Cl2(g),

75. For the reaction SbCl5(g) SbCl3(g) + Cl2(g),

76. For the reaction SbCl5(g) SbCl3(g) + Cl2(g),

77. For the reaction SbCl5(g) SbCl3(g) + Cl2(g),

90. Is the reaction SiO2(s) + Pb(s) → PbO2(s) + Si(s) spontaneous?

94. The following reaction is nonspontaneous at 25°C:

99. Consider the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(l) at 25°C.

100. Consider the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(l) at 25°C.

101. Consider the reaction CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(l) at 25°C.

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S°(J/K·mol)

Ans: –660 kJ/mol

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

Ans: 2.8 × 10–9 (compared to the experimental value of 4.9 × 10–10)

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

Ans: 5 × 10–7 (compared to the experimental value of 4.5 × 10–7)

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

Ans: 2.4 × 10–24 (the experimental value is 2.0 × 10–22)

∆H°f (kJ/mol) S° (J/K·mol)

120. The standard entropy of any pure substance is 0 J/mol.

121. The entropy of any pure substance at 0 K is 0 J/mol.

122. The entropy of a perfectly ordered crystalline substance at 0 K is 0 J/mol.