PUSAT TUISYEN SINARAN INTENSIF

38A, Jalan Perkasa 2, Taman Ungku Tun Aminah

Contact: 07 – 556 9461 / 012 – 458 5826
Physics Form 4
Chapter 5: Light
Understanding Reflection of Light Understanding Refraction of Light

Understanding Total Internal

Understanding Lenses
Reflection

Prepared by: Sharvinder Singh

 Part 1: Understanding Reflection of Light
➢ Law of light reflection
❖ The reflected angle is always the same as the incident
angle.
❖ The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line are in
the same plane.
➢ Image characteristics of plane mirror
❖ Virtual, Upright
❖ Laterally inverted
❖ Same Size
❖ Same Distance
Reflection of Light of a Plane Mirror
 Reflection of Light of a Plane Mirror
Concave Mirror

Convex Mirror
 Applications (Plane Mirror)
Eye Chart
➢ The illuminated letters are inverted
for a person to see the letters
correctly in the mirror.
➢ The letters appear far behind than
they really are
➢ Thus, the room need not to be long.

Periscope
➢ It is used in a submarine to view
objects above the surface of the sea.
➢ The image observed is upright and
virtual.
Applications (Concave Mirror)
Applications (Convex Mirror)
 Part 2: Understanding Light Refraction

❑ A phenomenon where the direction of light is changed

(bending of light) when it crosses the boundary between
two materials of different optical densities.
❑ It occurs as a result of a change in the velocity of light as it
passes from one medium to another.
 Law of Refraction (Snell’s law)
❑ The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal at the point
of incidence, all lie on the same plane
sin 𝑖
❑ Refractive index, 𝑛 =
sin 𝑟
❑ Alternative formulas
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝐻
❑ 𝑛=
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ,ℎ

𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚, 𝑐

❑ 𝑛=
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚, 𝑣
 Example 1
A dancer stands at a distance of 2 m in
front of a plane mirror. What is the new
distance between object and image when
the dancer moves 3 m away from the
mirror.
Example 2
The refractive index of paraffin is 1.44.
What is the speed of light in paraffin?
[c = 3 x 108 m s-1]
 Example 3 Example 4
Figure shows a ray of light passing from The depth of a pool is 2 m. What is the
air to water at an angle of incidence of apparent depth if the refractive index of
60o.Calculate: water is 4/3?
a) the angle of refraction, r.
b) the speed of light in water.
[refractive index of water = 1.33]
12
 PUSAT TUISYEN SINARAN INTENSIF
38A, Jalan Perkasa 2, Taman Ungku Tun Aminah
Contact: 07 – 556 9461 / 012 – 458 5826

Critical Angle And Total Internal Reflection

 Critical Angle And Total Internal Reflection

❑ Critical angle, c is the value of the incident angle when

the refracted angle is 90°.
❑ When i is increased to be greater than c, the light will be
completely reflected back into the material. No light will
be refracted.
❑ This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.
 Example
A ray of light passes through a transparent medium as shown. Calculate:
a) the refractive index of the medium
b) The angle of incidence, i.
 Applications (Optical Fibres)
❑ Optical fibres come in
thousands of fine strands.
Light rays entering the fibre
will undergo many times of
total internal reflection
❑ Used widely in
telecommunications and
medical equipment like
endoscope
❑ The outer cladding must be of
less dense compared to the
inner core in order to allow
total internal reflection to
take place.
 Applications (Diamond)

❑ The critical angle of a diamond is about 24o

❑ Any light rays that enter the diamond at an angle greater
than 24o will be totally reflected at the bottom facets
❑ Multiple total internal reflections and dispersion of white
light makes a diamond sparkle.
 Applications (Mirage)

❑ The layers of air nearer the road warmer.

❑ The density of air decrease nearer to the road surface.
❑ The light travel from denser to less dense area.
❑ The light refract away from the normal
❑ When the angle of incidence exceed the critical angle,
total internal reflection occurs
Other Applications
20
Understanding Lenses (Concave Vs Convex)
 Lens equations

Lens equation Lens power Linear

magnification

Convex lens Concave lens

Object distance, u

Image distance, v

Focal length, f
 Example
An object of height 3 cm is placed at 30 cm from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm.
Determine the position and size of the image.
 Example
An object is placed at a distance of 30cm from a concave lens of focal length 15cm. The
image formed has a height of 2cm. Determine the position of the image, the linear
magnification, and the height of the object.
Lens Applications (Complex Microscope)
 LENS APPLICATIONS (COMPLEX MICROSCOPE)
➢ Application: to view very small objects like microorganisms

➢ Uses 2 powerful convex lenses of short focal lengths.

❖ Objective lens:

❖ Eyepiece lens:

➢ Focal length fo for objective lens is shorter than the focal length for eyepiece lens, fe

➢ Object to observed must be placed between Fo and 2Fo

➢ Characteristics of 1st image: real, inverted, magnified

➢ The eyepiece lens is used as a magnifying glass to magnify the first image formed by the
objective lens.

➢ The eyepiece lens must be positioned so that the first image is between the lens and Fe, the
focal point of the eyepiece lens.

➢ Characteristics of final image formed by the eyepiece lens: virtual, upright and magnified.

➢ Normal Adjustment: The distance between the lenses is greater than the sum of their
individual focal length (fo + fe)
Lens Applications (Astronomical Telescope)
 LENS APPLICATIONS (ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE)
➢ Application : view very distant objects like the planets and the stars.
➢ Made up of two convex lenses :Objective lens and eyepiece lens
➢ Focal length fo for objective lens is longer than the focal length for eyepiece
lens, fe
➢ The objective lens converges the parallel rays from a distant object and
forms a real, inverted and diminished image at its focal point.
➢ The eyepiece lens is used as a magnifying glass to form a virtual, upright
and magnified image.
➢ At normal adjustment the final image is formed at infinity.
➢ This is done by adjusting the position of the eyepiece lens so that the first
real image becomes the object at the focal point, fe of the eyepiece lens.
➢ Normal adjustment: The distance between the lenses is fo + fe