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Final Report
March 2017
Sumitomo Corporation
Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure
in Andhra Pradesh State, India
Final Report
Table of Contents
i
Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure
in Andhra Pradesh State, India
Final Report
ii
Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure
in Andhra Pradesh State, India
Final Report
List of Tables
Table 2.1.1: 2050 Population for Amaravati by Land Use ................................................................ 2-3
Table 2.1.2: Forecasted Population for Amaravati 2020-2050.......................................................... 2-3
Table 2.1.3: Land Use Allocation in Amaravati ................................................................................ 2-5
Table 2.1.4: Land Use Plan for Vijayawada Urban Area - 2021 ....................................................... 2-6
Table 2.1.5: Population of Guntur City [1961 to 2011] .................................................................... 2-7
Table 2.1.6: Existing Land Use in Guntur ........................................................................................ 2-7
Table 2.1.7: Short Term Project ...................................................................................................... 2-11
Table 2.1.8 Capacity of Existing WTP in Vijayawada .................................................................... 2-13
Table 2.1.9 Projected Water Demand .............................................................................................. 2-15
Table 2.1.10: Demand-Supply Gap in Water Treatment Capacity .................................................. 2-15
Table 2.1.11: Summary of Existing Water Distribution System ..................................................... 2-16
Table 2.1.12: Status of STPs in Vijayawada ................................................................................... 2-17
Table 2.1.13: Summary of Existing Storm Water Drains ................................................................ 2-18
Table 2.1.14: Summary of Planned STPs in VMC ......................................................................... 2-18
Table 2.1.15: Total Generation Capacity at Vijayawada ................................................................. 2-20
Table 2.1.16: List of Substation in Vijayawada Circle .................................................................... 2-21
Table 2.1.17: Distribution of Road Network in Guntur City .......................................................... 2-28
Table 2.1.18: Carriage Way Details ................................................................................................ 2-28
Table 2.1.19: Details of Water Supply System in Guntur City ....................................................... 2-31
Table 2.1.20: Service Reservoir Capacities..................................................................................... 2-32
Table 2.1.21: Water Supply Demand Projections............................................................................ 2-33
Table 2.1.22: Sewerage Future Generation ..................................................................................... 2-34
Table 2.1.23: Summary of Storm Water Drains .............................................................................. 2-35
Table 3.1.1: Amount of Economic Loss the Major Indian Cities Are Predicted to Suffer due
to Flooding Over the Next 10 Years (Estimate) .......................................................... 3-26
Table 3.1.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations .............................................. 3-29
Table 3.2.1: Weather Observation at Vijayawada City (2013) ........................................................ 3-36
Table 3.2.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations .............................................. 3-41
Table 3.2.3: Function Overview of Real Estate Registration Services ........................................... 3-44
Table 3.3.1: Processing Scale of Traffic Signal Control System..................................................... 3-57
Table 3.3.2: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists ........................... 3-57
Table 3.3.3: Processing Scale of Traffic Information System ......................................................... 3-60
Table 3.3.4: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists ........................... 3-60
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Table 3.3.5: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Construction Work ................................... 3-61
Table 3.3.6: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Maintenance and Management of
System......................................................................................................................... 3-62
Table 3.3.7: Reduction of CO2 accompanied by Centralized Control of Signals ........................... 3-62
Table 3.3.8: Effect of Delay Time Reduction by MOVEMENT..................................................... 3-64
Table 3.3.9: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekday) ........................... 3-65
Table 3.3.10: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekend) ......................... 3-66
Table 3.4.1: Organization Related to Waterworks........................................................................... 3-67
Table 3.4.2: Basic Policy to Design WTP Facilities (Purpose and Design Policy) ......................... 3-75
Table 3.4.3: U-BCF Specifications ................................................................................................. 3-79
Table 3.4.4: Water Treatment Performance (Average Concentration and Average Removal
Rate) ............................................................................................................................ 3-81
Table 3.4.5: MIB Removal Performance ........................................................................................ 3-81
Table 3.4.6: Comparison between Two Water Treatment Systems ................................................. 3-83
Table 3.4.7: Chemical Reduction Effect ......................................................................................... 3-83
Table 3.4.8: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of Conventional Type ............................. 3-86
Table 3.4.9: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of OSF .................................................... 3-86
Table 3.4.10: Comparison between Conventional Type and OSF................................................... 3-87
Table 3.4.11: Expected Influence on Environment ......................................................................... 3-88
Table 3.4.12: Outline of Environmental Effect and Mitigation Measures ...................................... 3-91
Table 3.5.1: Vijayawada City—General Information ..................................................................... 3-94
Table 3.5.2: Details of STPs in Vijayawada City ............................................................................ 3-94
Table 3.5.3: Comparison of Systems 1 ......................................................................................... 3-100
Table 3.5.4: Comparison of Systems 2 ......................................................................................... 3-101
Table 3.5.5: Annual Average ......................................................................................................... 3-102
Table 3.5.6: Influent Water Quality Fluctuations .......................................................................... 3-102
Table 3.5.7: Technology Verification of PTF ................................................................................ 3-103
Table 3.5.8: Treated Water Quality ............................................................................................... 3-112
Table 5.1.1: Summary of Proposal .................................................................................................... 5-1
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List of Figures
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Figure 3.3.11: Traffic Congestion Intersections and Signal Installed Intersections ........................ 3-53
Figure 3.3.12: Distribution of Signalized Intersections for Dispersion of Traffic Congestion
and Crossing of Pedestrians ........................................................................................ 3-54
Figure 3.3.13: System Scheme........................................................................................................ 3-55
Figure 3.3.14: Outlines of MODERATO ........................................................................................ 3-56
Figure 3.3.15: Outlines of Movement Control ................................................................................ 3-57
Figure 3.3.16: Display Image of Traffic Status on Road Traffic Information Board ...................... 3-59
Figure 3.3.17: Image of Traffic Status Display by Smartphone...................................................... 3-59
Figure 3.3.18: Status of Scattering Existing Cables........................................................................ 3-61
Figure 3.3.19: Reduction of Traffic Fatalities accompanied by Centralized Control of
Signals ......................................................................................................................... 3-63
Figure 3.3.20: Target Intersection of Movement Control ............................................................... 3-63
Figure 3.3.21: Phase of Movement ................................................................................................. 3-64
Figure 3.3.22: Target Intersections in Yangon ................................................................................ 3-65
Figure 3.4.1: Existing Water Purification Plants ............................................................................. 3-68
Figure 3.4.2: Homepage of VMC (Water Supply Condition) ......................................................... 3-69
Figure 3.4.3: Guntur Water Purification Plant ................................................................................ 3-69
Figure 3.4.4: Vijayawada Water Purification Plant ......................................................................... 3-70
Figure 3.4.5: Existing Water Supply Facilities of New Capital City Area ...................................... 3-70
Figure 3.4.6: Previous Master Plan Target on Water Supply System.............................................. 3-71
Figure 3.4.7: RFP for Previous MP ................................................................................................. 3-72
Figure 3.4.8: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site .................................................................... 3-74
Figure 3.4.9: Existing Water Pumping Station (Thullur Pump Station).......................................... 3-74
Figure 3.4.10: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site (East Adjacent Area of Thurllur
Pump Station).............................................................................................................. 3-74
Figure 3.4.11: Locations of Raw Water Sampling Points ............................................................... 3-77
Figure 3.4.12: Status of Each Water Intake Point (at First-Time Water Intake).............................. 3-77
Figure 3.4.13: Existing WTP Flow ................................................................................................. 3-77
Figure 3.4.14: Proposed WTP Flow ................................................................................................ 3-78
Figure 3.4.15: U-BCF Facility ........................................................................................................ 3-79
Figure 3.4.16: U-BCF System ........................................................................................................ 3-79
Figure 3.4.17: Daily Variation in Ammonia Nitrogen..................................................................... 3-82
Figure 3.4.18: Life-cycle CO2(LC-CO2) Emissions by Coagulation/Sedimentation and
Sand Filter (LC-C02 Accumulated during Each Process)........................................... 3-84
Figure 3.4.19: Development History of OSF .................................................................................. 3-85
Figure 3.4.20: Comparison of Conventional Type and OSF ........................................................... 3-86
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Figure 3.4.21: Suggested Water Purification Plant – General Layout Drawing.............................. 3-87
Figure 3.5.1: Organization Relationships for New City Development Planning ............................ 3-93
Figure 3.5.2: PTF System and ASP System .................................................................................... 3-96
Figure 3.5.3: PTF System and Trickling Filter System................................................................... 3-97
Figure 3.5.4: PTF System Flow ...................................................................................................... 3-98
Figure 3.5.5: FSF (Floating Sponge Filter) ..................................................................................... 3-99
Figure 3.5.6: HTF (High-rate Trickling Filter) ............................................................................. 3-100
Figure 3.5.7: SLS (Final Solid-Liquid Separator)......................................................................... 3-100
Figure 3.5.8: Layout plan .............................................................................................................. 3-104
Figure 3.5.9: Sludge Treatment Building ...................................................................................... 3-105
Figure 3.5.10: Overview of Water Reuse Technology .................................................................. 3-109
Figure 3.5.11: New Value in Water Reuse Market ........................................................................ 3-109
Figure 3.5.12: Water Reuse Plant in Tokyo (7,000 m3/day) .......................................................... 3-110
Figure 3.5.13: Transparency of Treated Water .............................................................................. 3-110
Figure 3.5.14: Actual Usage of Reclaimed Water in Tokyo ...........................................................3-111
Figure 4.2.1: Outlined Schedule (Disaster Prevention System Development Project) ..................... 4-1
Figure 4.2.2: Outlined Schedule (Data Center and Cloud Computing Development Project).......... 4-2
Figure 4.2.3: Outlined Schedule (Traffic Information System Development Project) ..................... 4-2
Table 4.2.4: Outlined Schedule (Water Supply System Development Project) ................................ 4-3
Figure 4.2.5: Outlined Schedule (Sewerage System Development Project) ..................................... 4-3
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Abbreviations
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1 Introduction
In 2014, the former Andhra Pradesh state was divided into 2 states. The west region became a
new state called Telangana and the former capital city Hyderabad remained in it. On the other
hand, the east region became the residual Andhra Pradesh state (hereinafter “AP”) and the
new capital city must be developed in the state. The new capital city will be developed in the
area called Amaravati, which is located in the south of midstream of Krishna River. In this
land, they are going to develop a new capital city with high-end infrastructure representing
India and basic infrastructure from purchase of the land and reclamation work.
Sumitomo Corporation and the former Andhra Pradesh state have been in a good and close
relationship for over 25 years since the construction of hydro power plants and thermal power
plants in the state. In 2014, both parties have concluded a MOU for the development of a new
capital city in AP and we were ready to work together.
On the other hand, Guizhou International Investment Corp (hereinafter “GIIC”) of a Chinese
consulting company and Aarvee Associates architects engineer & consultants pvt, ltd..
(hereinafter “Aarvee”) have been working for the Master Plan of developing infrastructures
for the capital city area. Therefore, we would appreciate it if we could confirm their concept
and content of master plan.
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These fields became our targets as we found our technologies advantageous after our study
and we assume there are several Japanese companies which have interests in these fields.
These fields will be covered by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, NIPPON SIGNAL CO., LTD.,
Internet Initiative Japan Inc., Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd. and METAWATER Co., Ltd. in
order. We also contracted NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.to see if there are any more fields where
we can bring benefits to AP.
Also, Vijayawada which is located in the north of Krishna River and Guntur which is located
in the Southeast will be studied.
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Population forecast is prepared for 30 years considering 2020 as base year. The expected
forecasted population growth trend is presented in Figure 2.1.1 and the population figures are
tabulated in Table 2.1.2.
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B. Vijayawada City
(1) Population
Vijayawada is the third largest city in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The main economic
activity of the City Vijayawada is agriculture and commercial. The Vijayawada Municipal
Corporation (VMC) population as per 2001 census is 845,217 and as per 2011 census is
1,048,000. Its urban/metropolitan population is 1,491,202. The contributors to population
growth are mainly the natural increase and the in migration from the surrounding villages.
The total area of the city is 261.88 km2 out of which the VMC area constitutes of 61.88 km2.
(2) Land Use
Master plan has been prepared for Vijayawada city including Guntur, Tenali and Mangalagiri
(VGTM), which is now under Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority
(APCRDA) regional area. Now APCRDA has appointed a new consultant to prepare the
master plan for erstwhile VGTM Urban Development Area. The approved Master Plan [2021]
for Vijayawada city is shown in Figure 2.1.4.
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Source: VMC
Figure 2.1.4: Land Use Plan [2021] for Vijayawada
Table 2.1.4: Land Use Plan for Vijayawada Urban Area - 2021
Within City Vijayawada Urban
No Land Use
Area (ha) % Area (ha) %
1 Residential including mixed Residential 3,331 54 6,651 48
2 Commercial 274 4 553 4
3 Industrial 151 2 667 5
4 Public & Semipublic including institutional 405 7 1,198 9
5 Recreational including parks and play grounds 177 3 1,623 12
6 Transport & Communication including railways 800 13 1,925 14
7 Water bodies 717 12 821 6
8 Hills 334 5 334 2
Total 6,188 - 13,770 -
Source: Study Team, based on data through the Survey
C. Guntur City
(1) Population
Guntur is one of the largest urban centers and fast-growing cities in the state. The comparison
of Guntur city’s population to the total population and urban population in the state and
district is presented in Table 2.1.5 and the variation is presented in Figure 2.1.5.
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Source: GMC
Figure 2.1.6: Land Use Plan [2021] for Guntur
2.1.2 Infrastructure
A. New Capital City (Amaravati)
Based on field investigation, it was confirmed that the current condition is mostly farm land,
no urbanization area with urban infrastructure services, such as water supply. Existing villages
have own underground water supply facilities. Wastewater is treated by septic tank. Moreover,
the road also not yet prepared in many places, which means infrastructure still limited and
there are huge development needs for new capital city. APCRDA was established to develop
necessary infrastructure. APCRDA is subletting infrastructure development master plan for
Capital City Area with 217km2 land size to GIIC and Aarvee joint venture. Therefore, it was
necessary to discuss with GIIC-Aarvee to prepare the proposal on infrastructure development
for New Capital City. In addition, ADC as an infrastructure implementation agency, ITE&C
as an informatics relevant agency, Irrigation Department as for water management body, are
related to this project. Discussion with Police of Vijayawada City, where will be linked by the
transportation system, was conducted as well.
During our study, construction of some trunk road was started, but infrastructure development
master plan is still under preparation by GIIC-Aarvee, and it seems the development of new
Capital City is still required curtain time. To reply the needs of AP State Government,
Japanese side is required to accelerate the implementation of infrastructure project
immediately.
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B. Vijayawada City
(1) Road Network
(i) Sector Overview
As total 92km of road network covers Vijayawada city area, due to highly traffic volume,
traffic congestion is occurred from junctions along trunk roads such as NH-5 and NH-9
during peak hour. As of 2009, intensity of the traffic was estimated as 0.2 million
vehicles (enter & exit) a day.
Since economic connection between Vijayawada and Guntur is traditionally strong,
many workers and traders are moving between these cities. However, because Krishna
river runs between, only one railway line and 2 roads (Barrage road (NH-5) and
Vijayawada-Guntur highway) are connecting cities. Amaravati is also planned in Guntur
side (south-western bank of Krishna river), connectivity over Krishna river has to be
well planned and enhanced for further development as shown in Figure: 2.1.7.
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2) Road Facility
• Footpath Facility
Only limited roads such as arterial roads have footpath and majority of other
roads don’t have any footpath facility.
• Street light
Streetlight facility is covered 73% of road length in Vijayawada city.
• Traffic light
About 80% of road length doesn’t have traffic light in 2006.
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Improvement of Eluru road, Bandar road and Central area are proposed. Stretches of
Eluru road and Bandar road are shown in Figure 2.1.10.
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capacities 22.73 MLD installed in the year 1965, 72.74 MLD, one module of it is
operated from the year 1980 and other module operated from 1994. Additionally, new
Water Treatment Plant (WTP) of capacity 36.37 MLD has been in operation from 2004
and other WTP of capacity 50.01 MLD installed and operational from 2009. The
schematic diagram showing the layout of existing WTPs sketch is shown in Figure
2.1.11 and the capacity of existing WTP is shown in Table 2.1.8.
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Source: VMC
Figure 2.1.11: Existing Water Treatment Facility of Vijayawada
However, it has been reported that VMC supplies potable water to the city for few hours
(1.5 to 2 hours) twice in a day and sometimes, once in a day. This is due to the problems
encountered in distribution system due to insufficient capacity as informed by VMC.
Projected water demand is as shown in Table 2.1.9 and the demand-supply gap for the
treatment capacity is as presented in Table 2.1.10.
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Based on the demand-supply gap, it is necessary to create new water treatment capacities
to meet the present water demand (2017), prospective (2032) and ultimate (2047) water
demands.
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VMC has a plan to mitigate the pollution of water bodies by connecting all households in
the city through service connections. The total length of the collection network is 798 km
and length of the pumping main is 35.50 km.
A survey was conducted by VMC along the longitudinal section of River for a length of
18.00 km within the city limits and 11 polluting points have been identified discharging
in to River as shown in Figure 2.1.14 and Figure 2.1.15. The summary of the existing
storm water drains is provided in Table 2.1.13.
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Source: VMC
Figure 2.1.15: Potential Polluting Points along River Krishna in VMC
Table 2.1.13: Summary of Existing Storm Water Drains
Length (km) Share (%)
Total Road Length in VMC 1240.72 -
Length of Roads with Drain on one Side 86.68 6.99
Length of Roads with Drain on Two Sides 517.88 41.74
Total Length of Roads with Drains 604.56 48.73
Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey
At present, the STPs are under construction and expected to be commissioned by March
2017. The city is planned with 4 nos. of Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) as shown in
Table 2.1.14. And Figure 2.1.16 shows the sewerage zones along with planned STP
locations.
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Source: VMC
Figure 2.1.16: Plan for Sewage Treatment Plants
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Source: APTRANSCO
Figure 2.1.17: Grid Map of AP State
The detailed transmission map of Vijayawada zone showing the lines and
substations is shown in Figure 2.1.18, Figure 2.1.19 and Figure 2.1.20 for the
district. All the transmission lines in the district are overhead.
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Source: APTRANSCO
Figure 2.1.18: Grid Map of Krishna District
Source: APTRANSCO
Figure 2.1.19: Grid Map of Vijayawada Zone
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Source: APTRANSCO
Figure 2.1.20: Internal Transmission Grid Map of Krishna District
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2) Cable Network
Underground copper cables of length around 2,800 km of different sizes were laid
in all urban and rural areas.
3) Optical Fiber Network
Optical fiber cables were laid length and breadth of Vijayawada at a total length of
300 km and around 3,000 fibers, consisting different sizes (96, 48, 24, 12 and 6
fiber cables) in all main and sub routes.
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4) Broadband Network
This has got one Broad Band Network Gateway of 32K capacity, 3 Tier1 nodes of
10G capacity and 7 Tier2 nodes of 10G capacity in different areas and 275
DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) of different capacities (64,
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120, 240 and 480), for providing good quality of Internet service to the customers.
5) GSM
2G and 3G services are existing. However, most of the Mobile services are
provided through GSM Technology.
6) CDMA
Fixed wireless services were provided through CDMA Technology mostly used in
rural areas, where cable pairs not available.
(iii) Existing Development Plans
The GoAP has an ambitious plan of implementing e-Governance and establishing
environment conducive for development of IT industry in the State over the next 5 years.
To this end, GoAP has published a Blueprint, has notified an IT Policy and is in the
process of developing an Enterprise Architecture for e-Governance. The Vision of the
Government is:
“To develop Andhra Pradesh as a knowledge society of global repute, with a focus on
enhancing the quality of life of its citizens, through high-quality education and
healthcare, increased productivity in agriculture and allied activities, creation of requisite
employment potential by promoting electronics and IT industries, and above all, by
providing good governance.”
• Introduction of new technology in telecom sector
• Replacing switching system with NEW GENARATION NETWORK SWITCHES
• Providing internet facility to all needed and encouraging rural public to join the main
stream using technology
• Getting ready to meet requirements world class smart city
• Upgrading mobile network to 4G
• Providing WIFI facility at public places
(iv) Constrains and Challenges
Constrains and Challenges on telecommunication development are listed as below:
• Sharing of Towers is just started and may go in way in future to cut down expenses;
• Initial development cost burden to procuring sites with all amenities, installation of
equipment and laying cables in the developing areas;
• Coordination with private service providers and related agencies who require
e-Government system;
• Early entering, commissioning and starting services as early as possible and getting
customers by entering first in the newly developing areas with attractive tariff will
give good results;
• Introduction of new technology with better facilities and competitive prices will be an
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added advantage;
• Simple and easy way to get connection and good customer support will get better
customer base and trust;
• Computability with existing technologies is to be taken care for interconnection.
C. Guntur City
(1) Roads
(a) Existing road Network
Table: 2.1.17 provides the length and width of the various roads in the city, and details
of the carriage way is shown in Table 2.1.18.
Out of the total road network, about 502 km of roads are prepared with Water Bound
Macadam (WBM) base layer, about 440 km of roads having Black Top (BT) including a
few roads with Cement Concrete (CC). Further, 162 km of the roads are unsurfaced.
The primary road network in the city has 48 junctions out of which only 8 junctions have
signalized junctions and rest are neither signalized nor manned.
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Out of the total trips made in the city, the cycle and walking trips are account for 24.1%
and 22.5% of total trips, respectively. The Non-Motor Transport (NMT) trips are account
for 51.4% of the total trips made. This indicates the need for improving pedestrian and
NMT infrastructure in the city.
Within the city, the private operators are operating the city bus service in 11 routes. As
on date, 93 private city buses are running on daily basis out of which 63 buses are 22
seat buses and 30 buses are 44 seat buses.
Guntur attracts huge floating population and daily visitors due to presence of wholesale
markets, health care and education facilities and district level organizations. While
Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is operating intercity
public transport facilities, private operators run city level services. In order to facilitate
the public transportation system in the city, 33 bus shelters have been developed across
the city. Further, the city has three major bus terminals namely APSRTC bus terminal,
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Raw Water
Water Supply WTP Year of Operational
Source Transmission
System Capacity Commissioning Status
Length (m)
17,200m
pumping main
Undavalli Raw water Water is drawn
from
intake from Mangalagiri treated at for balance 3
1987 Mangalagiri months from
Krishna system Takkellapadu
pump house to April to June
River WTP
Takkellapadu
pump house
S.J.Mundi Water is
9.10 1958 available only
(Original)
for 10.5 months
in a year from
16th June to 30th
S.J.Mundi April and for the
Buckingham pump house to remaining 0.5
Canal S.J.Mundi summer months, the
18.20 1971
(Upgraded) storage tank WTP is operated
from the water
pumped from
the impounding
reservoir located
nearby.
Infiltration During summer
Infiltration period, the
gallery at 2.27 1905 NA quantity reduces
Gallery
Vengalayapalem substantially.
Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey
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The water supply source is far from the city, and water is not available in the canals
throughout the year.
(4) Sewerage System
(i) Existing Sewerage System
Guntur city is predominantly dependent on storm water drains for disposal of waste
water. The underground drainage system is available in parts of the core city. In the rest
of the areas, the sewage is disposed into storm water drains or un-lined trenches. The
sewerage treatment plant which is located at Suddapalli donka is not in operation due to
technical issues. Hence, the sewage collected through the storm water channels is being
let into the agricultural fields.
(Sewerage network and coverage)
The total generation of sewage in the city is estimated to be about 72 MLD, which
includes sullage, grey water, and night soil. The total number of individual toilets in
Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC) is 88,569. Of the individual toilets, 71,130 are
connected to septic tanks and the remaining 17,239 are connected to sewer lines.
The analysis of distribution of households as per toilet facility shows that 48% of
households have on site treatment facility; 12% of the households are connected to sewer
lines; 12% of the households are dependent on community or shared toilets and 28% of
the households lack access to safe sanitation facility.
(Sewerage treatment)
Sewage collected from the main drains is discharged into Peekalavagu, and other drains
discharge into Suddapalli Donka at the south-west of the city. A 9 MLD STP is located at
Suddapallidonka. Presently, the plant is defunct since the outfall sewer, screening
chambers, and grit channels are choked up. Hence all the sewage is being diverted to
Peekalavagu through a network of lined and un-lined drains.
(ii) Future Sewage Generation
The sewage generation has been estimated at 80% of the water supplied. The sewage
generation projected has been presented in Table 2.1.22 below.
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• The 9 MLD STP at Suddapallidonka is presently defunct due to which the untreated
sewage from open drains and effluent channels is disposed into agricultural fields;
• The existing sewage disposal system is emerging as an environmental threat for the
city and the neighboring villages.
(5) Storm Water Drainage
(i) Existing Drainage System
There are about five major outfall drains, namely, the Peekala Vagu Drain, Nandhiveelgu
Drain, Suddapalli Donka Drain, Budampadu Drain, and the Kankaragunta Drain. Out of
the total length of the existing outfall drains of 31 km, only about 0.8 km is lined outfall
drains. The rest of the streams are earthen trenches. About 84% of the roads in the city
are covered with the storm water network. However, only 15% of the road length is
covered with lined drains. The rest of the areas have either un-lined drains or open
trenches for collection of storm water. The summary of Storm water drains within the
city is presented in Table 2.1.23.
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The total installed utility power generation capacity is nearly 20,000 MW in the state.
However, only 11,400 MW is the committed power supply to the state. Rest of the
capacity is exporting to Telangana state depending on fuel availability. The per capita
electricity consumption is 1,003 units, 48,323 million KWh of electricity supplied in the
year 2014-15.
Andhra Pradesh has total 127.53 lakhs households (Rural - 88.59 lakhs, Urban - 38.94
lakhs), out of which around 5.84 lakhs are un-electrified. At present, the un-electrified
households are being electrified under RGGVY scheme of Govt. of India.
Guntur district is having 1 numbers 400/220 kV substation, 3 numbers 220/132 kV sub
stations and 15 numbers 132/33 KV substations. The city of Guntur meets its power
needs mainly from 2 numbers 132KV substation. The max demand met to Guntur district
is 1,549.9MVA and for Guntur town is 133.87 MVA.
(ii) Planned Power Supply Project
AP Transco is proposed to construct 1 no. 400/220KV substation in Ainavolu, 3no.
220/132KV substations in Malkapuram, Maddur and upgrade Tadepalli substation and 9
no. 132/33KV substations in Dondapadu, Uddandarayapalem, Krishnayanapalem,
Navuluru, 6th Battalion area, Nagarjuna university, Amaravathi, Peddaparimi and
Atchempet.
The 400KV transmission line from VTPS to Sattenapalli connected to proposed
Ainavolu 400/220KV substation as LILO. The 220KV transmission line from VTPS to
Podili connected to proposed Malkapuram 220/132KV substation as LILO and 220KV
transmission line from VTPS to Tadepalli connected to proposed Amaravathi 220/132KV
substation as LILO. It is also Proposed to upgrade existing Tadepalli 132KV substation
to 220/132KV and connect it to 440KV Ainavolu substation and 220KV Malkapuram.
(7) Telecommunications infrastructure underlying data center and cloud computing
(a) Overview
Guntur Telecom District provides services to Guntur city, municipal corporations Tenali,
Narasaraopeta, Chilalakaluripeta, Repalle, Bapatla and other potential areas Sattenpalli,
Macherla, Vinukonda, the upcoming AP Capital Region and all other villages in Guntur
district.
The present switching capacity Guntur is 40,000 Lines, with 1 main exchange and 9
remote switching units spread all over the city urban and rural areas. This is sufficient for
the present demand. The working connections are around 36,749. The technology used in
this area is EWSD. Trunk Switching Center is also located in Guntur city with capacity
of 24k.
Underground copper cables of length 631.097 km of different sizes and 128,902.5 CKM
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were laid in different parts of Guntur city and 437.767 km of various sizes and 60,535.76
CKM in Capital Region. Through these cables voice and data connections are being
provided.
Optical fiber cables were laid length and breadth of Guntur at a total length of 354.182
km, consisting different sizes (96, 48, 24, 12 and 6 fiber cables) in all main and sub
routes.
Broad Band network provides internet connection to the public, through Gateway of 16
G capacity, three (3) Tier1 nodes of10G capacity and eight (8) Tier2 nodes of 10G
capacity in different areas and 52 DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)
of different capacities (64.120, 240,480 and 960) with a total port capacity of 6,000, for
providing good quality of Internet service to the customers in both urban and rural areas.
A total of 36,000 subscribers were provided data connection through BSNL BROAD
BAND.
Most of the Mobile services are provided through GSM Technology with good quality
and reliable network. Both 2G and 3G services are being provided. BSNL mobile
services are spread over rural areas also. The customer base is around 4 lakhs in Guntur
District.
Fixed wireless services were provided through CDMA Technology, where cable pairs not
available, mostly in rural areas.
(b) Constrains & Challenges
Constrains and Challenges on telecommunication development are listed as below:
• Sharing of Towers is just started and may go in way in future to cut down expenses;
• Initial development cost burden to procuring sites with all amenities, installation of
equipment and laying cables in the developing areas;
• Coordination with private service providers and related agencies who require
e-Government system;
• Early entering, commissioning and starting services as early as possible and getting
customers by entering first in the newly developing areas with attractive tariff will
give good results;
• Introduction of new technology with better facilities and competitive prices will be an
added advantage;
• Simple and easy way to get connection and good customer support will get better
customer base and trust;
• Computability with existing technologies is to be taken care for interconnection.
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Source: APCRDA
Figure 2.2.1: Phase Wise Development Plan of Amaravati
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Source: APCRDA
Figure 2.2.3: Location Map of Seed Capital of Amaravati
(2) Traffic
In the new capital city, where rapid development of new government office buildings, urban
housing and industrial parks are expected within next 5 years, it is necessary and essential to
develop a public transport system to meet the short-term development requirements targeted
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(3) Telecommunications
It is expected that the registration work of residents and companies will occur enormously in
the short term including the relocation of government officials in the near future. In
accordance with this, it is necessary to simplify the work and procedures by digitalization, and
to improve the infrastructure that enables various data aggregation and batch management.
In the development of the new capital city, the land rights are is organized and authorized by
land pooling system, so it is important to introduce the electronic register, which will facilitate
land sales and development activities to progress smoothly.
(5) Sewage
For effective utilization of existing water sources, it is necessary to introduce the water
recycling technology to recycle sewage and industrial effluents from the upcoming
developments in capital city.
(2) Traffic
As a measure to mitigate congestion in the existing cities, it is ideal to increase the road
capacity by widening roads and lanes. These measures require considerable time and expenses
are required for land acquisition, hence, as a prompt countermeasure, traffic lights, traffic
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(3) Telecommunications
It is necessary to introduce infrastructure that enables aggregation, management and
utilization of city big data collectively. Japanese technology including data centers and smart
city practices that make use of this technology make it possible to create the cities that
contribute to housing, jobs and academics.
(5) Sewage
It is possible to develop highly advanced treatment facilities, which greatly exceed the
standard values prescribed in India, thereby contributing to water savings and provide
reusable water resources.
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1
Planning Commission, Government of India. “Twelfth Five-Year Plan 2012–17. Faster, More Inclusive
and Sustainable Growth Volume 1”: 171
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regional levels. So, the need to invest in disaster prevention including mainstreaming
disaster-prevention and early warning systems has been recognized not only at the national
level but also the federal government.
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4. Organizational Framework of Disaster Prevention by the Central Government and the Local
Government
The institutional framework for disaster prevention in India is composed of three
administrative levels (central, state, and district) in accordance with the Disaster Management
Act and the NPDM. Its distinctive feature in comparison with other countries is that each state
2
Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015, “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in India: Final
Report (Summary)”
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government is entitled to have extensive authority since the federation government system is
adopted in India.
In such an institutional framework on disaster prevention in India, the NDMA is responsible
for making policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster prevention, and coordinating to
implement them.
The central ministries and agencies as well as the state governments are required to create
their respective disaster-prevention plan. In the state governments, the State Disaster
Management Authority (SDMA) is drafting policies and plans for the disaster prevention of
each state, and a state disaster-prevention plan has to be formulated in conformity with the
guidelines issued by the NDMA 3.
Source: Made by Study Team from “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in India: Final Report
(Summary)” Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015
Figure 3.1.1: Institutional Framework on Disaster Prevention of Federal Parliament,
State, and District
3 Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015, “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in
India: Final Report (Summary)”
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6. Standard Operating Procedures and Emergency Management Center for Emergency Response
The Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) have been made by the Ministry of Home Affairs
in order to respond to natural disasters. They stipulate actions that should be taken by the
central, state, and district governments at the time of an emergency. SOP mainly consists of
text on an institutional structure, preparedness for disaster, early warning, and emergency
response and rescue.
In addition, the Emergency Operation Center (EOC) has been set up in the central, state, and
district governments with responsibility to receive and announce the disaster information
from or to the relevant organizations, to communicate with the specified institutions, and to
coordinate with the ministries, agencies, and institutions that monitor emergency activities
and carry out emergency activities 4.
4 Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015, “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in
India: Final Report (Summary)”
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Source: Made by Study Team from page 8 of “Final Report of Data Collection Survey for Disaster
Prevention in India (Summary)” Yachiyo Engineering 2015
Figure 3.1.2: Ministries and Institutions in charge of Early Warning for Cyclones,
Tornados, Hurricanes, etc in India
5
Ministry of Home Affairs 2011, “Disaster Management in India”
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III. Current Situation and Challenges and Proposal for Measures in AP State
1. Current Situation and Challenges of River Management and Information Transmitting System
in the Event of a Disaster
Actual conditions of flood control and information-transmitting system in AP State that are
confirmed through the field survey are as follows.
(1) Normal Times
River management and transmission of disaster information are under the authority of
the Irrigation Department and Water Resources Department of AP State, which measures
the water level on a daily basis and conveys the information. At normal times, an officer
in charge of measuring the water level who is stationed at sluice barrages and reservoirs,
measures the water level visually from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. every day, and transmits the data
to the Assistant Engineer via an SMS text message. Then, the Assistant Engineer records
the data in a dedicated water level log, while writing information about a sluice barrage
in a “sheet”, and reports to his/her superior Executive Engineer. The Executive Engineer
confirms the given information and reports to the Super-Independent Engineer who
ranks higher. Then, the Super-Independent Engineer organizes the information on water
level gathered in the sheet and the book to publicize it on the APSPDS website
(dashboard) for the residents.
Further, the dashboard provides not only information on the water level of sluices and
reservoirs but also other information such as the water level of Krishna River and rainfall
predictions. The Chief Engineer who is ranked the highest in the information
transmitting system at normal times, judges whether the information on water level is
ordinary or at a disaster level based on information from the Super-Independent Engineer.
Water levels are measured at normal times not only by the Irrigation Department and
Water Resources Department of AP State but also responsible officers of the Water
Resources Department of the Federal Government of India who are stationed at sluice
barrages. However, the information produced by the officers in charge of measuring is
reported directly to CWC without passing through the above transmission route within
AP State. If the CWC judges that given information is comparable to a disaster, the
information measured by the federal government officer in AP State will be reported
directly to the Government of India.
In this way, water gate information is transmitted through a cellular phone network;
however, the network will be interrupted in the event of a cyclone, etc. So, there is a
possibility that data may not be obtainable, and it could be hard to transmit information
on water levels. Securing multiple data communication routes is a future task. Further,
the barrages are manually opened and closed according to the water level, and
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3 4 5 6 7
AP State AP State AP State AP State AP State
Irrigation Dept./ Irrigation Dept. / Irrigation Dept./ Irrigation Dept. /
Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources
Dept. Dept. Dept. Dept.
Chief Secretary
Executive Superintendence Chief Engineering (in charge of
Engineer (“EE”) Engineer (“SE”) Engineer (“CE”) Chief (“ENC”) Irrigation)
Input the information into Summarize the info of
the dashboard based on
the information of the book
each barrage
2 AP State
and paper 8 • Decide/instruct the
Irrigation Dept./ AP State residents' evacuation
Water Resources
Complete the water level
Dept. District • Has legal authority on
Assistant
information, enter details
in the book and Collector evacuation
Engineer (“AE”)
summarize in paper to
report it to EE
1 9 • Execute evacuation
AP State
Measure the water AP State instructions (in charge
Irrigation Dept./
Water Resources level at bridge/dam of instruction
Deputy
Dept. and barrage transmission to the
District Collector
Gazing Guy mandals/villages)
• Deputy District
1 2 Collector is located in
Government of Government of 13 departments of
India (“GoI”) India (“GoI”),
Central Water
・In case of disaster, the information will be police, hospitals,
Commission escalated to GOI education, etc.
Gazing Guy
(“CWC”)
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State. However, the meteorological radars of the IMD are primarily aimed at issuing
preliminary warnings for cyclones at an international level, and thus they are not suitable for
issuing appropriate warnings at the regional level.
Since issuing early preliminary warning to control the water gate leads to mitigation of flood
damage, AP State also thinks that it is desirable to issue preliminary warnings earlier than
under the current system. So, it can be said that the introduction of an early warning system
utilizing Japan’s technology matches the current situation and issues of AP State (the details to
be explained later).
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Looking over the low land along Krishana River The top of the disaster-prevention embankment
from the disaster-prevention embankment functions as a roadway
Barrage
Reservoir of Amaravati area Water volume of a stream is controlled by a
barrage at the eastern end of Amaravati area
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SMS to convey information on the water level Sheet that compiles information of a barrage
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.1.5: Existing Facilities for Disaster Prevention
IV. Summary of the New State Capital’s Master Plan for Disaster Prevention
Regarding the infrastructure development of the new state capital, master plans for other
matters besides disaster prevention have been formulated by GIIC/Aarvee, such as plans
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concerning water and sewage, roads, railways, electricity, and ICT. The master plan for the
disaster-prevention sector as of December 2016, the “Draft Concept Plan-Disaster
Management Planning,” states that the new capital aims at urban development adopting
advanced technology as a smart city model of India, and emphasizes the need to tackle
disaster mitigation in a comprehensive manner, considering the increasing risk of urban-type
disasters owing to urbanization. In particular as measures against natural disasters caused by
weather such as floods, it says that efforts at normal times are more important than those in
the time of a disaster, and emphasizes the need to adopt advanced technology. In addition, it
compiles the responses that should be taken in the field of transportation, water, shelter, and
fire prevention, according to disaster levels that are prescribed in the NDMA’s guidelines.
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V. Issues with Flood Countermeasures of the New State Capital based on the Current
Situation and Development Plan
(1) AP State is already trying to implement the disaster management system development
plan of the Amaravati area.
The survey revealed that the AP State government is planning advanced
disaster-prevention infrastructure, taking a lead over others cities, based on the concept
of mainstreaming disaster prevention, and it has already started some disaster
countermeasures in the new state capital, including (1) formulation of the master plan of
disaster management including advanced disaster countermeasures and reconstruction
plan, etc., (2) establishment of flood control plan including installment of small-scale
streams and reservoirs, (3) construction of disaster-prevention dikes, and (4)
development plan of information transmitting system through control command center.
(2) Disaster-Prediction and Early Warning System is Undeveloped in the Current System of
AP State
On the other hand, the following situations are found in the existing flood control and
disaster information transmission system.
1. The main flood countermeasures are information dissemination, warning, and
evacuation instructions based on water level information, while systems for weather
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(3) Need for 24-hour Observation and Early Warning System is Also Stressed in the Master
Plan
Given this situation, the disaster management master plan emphasizes the need to have
comprehensive disaster mitigation from not only the standpoint of post-disaster
operations but also during normal times, and the introduction of advanced technology
such as expansion of the early warning system based on observation and monitoring with
a 24-hour real-time system.
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linking it with a datacenter that will be established in the new state capital in the future.
Amaravati
(1-hour advance forecast)
2) Alarm etc.
Phased Array
Weather Radar
urban platform
(data center)
Conduct analysis by utilizing data center
AP state
dashboard
META Rainfall Early
Analysis Analysis
Alarm/alert
warning
System extensibility
in the future
IMD Weather
Radar Network Alarm
lamp
ON Sewage pump
Sewage Mgmt. activated
Road Mgmt.
Underpass
closed
River Mgmt.
Evacuation
advisory issued
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In addition, the AP State government has also requested comprehensive cooperation including
capacity building in order to operate the system. By introducing advancements gradually, it
will be possible also for Japanese corporations not only to sell the urban-type
disaster-prevention radar but also increase business opportunities even more by being
involved in future system expansion, infrastructure connection and control.
In the first phase, the project will install the urban-type disaster prevention meteorological
radar, and in addition to the information provided by the present dashboard, disseminate the
information on observations and predictions from the disaster-prevention radar through the
dashboard to achieve preliminary warnings at an earlier timing. Simultaneously, it will
centralize information with the observation data from the past India IMD radar, analyze the
observation data at the datacenter, link it to the early warning system of the APSDPS, and
send out more precise early warnings in the dashboard to the residents of Amaravati and the
related ministries and agencies of AP State. At the same time, it will systematize
communication on preliminary warning information between the disaster-prevention and
flood control and other disaster-related institutions.
In the second phase, basic infrastructure such as transportation, roads, and water gates will be
connected with the early preliminary warning system in the future, and automatic control will
be made possible at the time of a disaster.
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Draft Detailed Master Plan of Capital City AMARAVATI
9
Based on an interview with the company that owns urban-type disaster prevention weather radar
technology
10
Based on an interview with the company that owns urban-type disaster prevention radar technology
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Osamu Suzuki 2010, “Furukute Atarashii Kannsoku Souchi Radar no Hanashi” (Old and new stories
about observation device weather radars)
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Radar 12
Compared with weather radar using electron tubes, the prevailing type in India, the X-band
solid-state weather radar has the following advantages: lower operation costs (the
introduction cost is the same), higher energy efficiency, and more environmentally friendly.
Furthermore, the X-band phased-array weather radar can perform 3D observation and rapid
analysis 20 times faster than the conventional X-band solid-state weather radar. Using it, early
prediction and announcement of preliminary warnings for local downpours becomes feasible.
This X-band phased-array weather radar is a product that Japanese companies succeed in
developing for the first time in the world, and it has international competitiveness.
The X-band Phased Array Weather Radar has already been introduced in Japan in great
numbers, and Japanese products have been introduced in India as well.
The X-band phased-array weather radar is currently operating in Japan for research purposes,
but it has been proved that it can issue a warning one hour earlier than the conventional
prediction system.
By introducing weather radars (X-band phased-array weather radar and X-band solid-state
weather radar), which enable accurate weather observation and early warnings, the following
disaster-prevention measures are expected.
12
Based on an interview with the company that owns urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar
technology
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Inundation of rivers and inland water can be prevented by controlling water gates in
advance.
Damage to humans can be mitigated by evacuating people from dangerous zones.
Economic loss can be reduced by moving out facility equipment and important assets.
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Table 3.1.1: Amount of Economic Loss the Major Indian Cities Are Predicted to Suffer
due to Flooding Over the Next 10 Years (Estimate)
GDP@Risk Affected Population
(US$ million) (million)
Delhi 11,280 18.6
Kolkata 2,460 5
Chennai 1,207 9.8
Hyderabad 1,710 11.7
Bengaluru 1,260 11.5
Amaravati 126 1.2
Source: Reference—Lloyd’s City Risk Index 2015–2025 & Demographic World Urban Areas 12th
Annual Edition: 2016:04
26m
126m* (-20%)
100m
No With Early
Warning Warning
1 hour ahead
(1) Contribution to “Sendai Cooperation Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction” toward
Mainstreaming Disaster Prevention by the Japanese Government
In the Sendai Cooperation Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction, the basic idea is
presented as placing importance on mainstreaming disaster prevention. It introduces the
standpoint of stopping disasters into all development policies and plans, and aims to
build a society that can withstand disasters together with the international community
while sharing Japan’s knowledge and technology with the world as Japan is a developed
country in the field of disaster prevention. Further, its basic policy suggests the long-term
perspective of making investment in disaster prevention, and prior investment in disaster
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prevention, which is more cost effective than post-disaster emergency response and
reconstruction. Therefore, introducing the urban-type disaster-prevention radar at the
early stage of urban development will contribute to the initiative that Japan and
international society agreed upon 13.
(2) Possibility of Sales Expansion into Other Areas in India and Surrounding Countries with
Amaravati Being Showcase
From AP State, the needs for introducing the urban-type disaster-prevention weather
radar system into areas other than Amaravati have been confirmed. Introducing the
urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early warning system into the new state
capital that advocates a smart city model town of India may act as a showcase. There is a
possibility of expanding sales into other areas in India as well as the surrounding regions
in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It will contribute to the “G7 Ise-Shima Principles for
Promoting Quality Infrastructure Investment” advocated in the Ise-Shima Summit in
2016.
2. Response to Issue that Detailed Design Plan is Not Formulated Only in Disaster-Prevention
13
“Sendai Cooperation Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction”
http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000070615.pdf) (information as of Feb. 2, 2017)
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Sector
Regarding the basic infrastructure development in Amaravati, such as roads, transportation,
water and sewage, electric power, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT), in
addition to the concept master plan by GIIC/Aarvee, there is a plan to formulate a detailed
design in the future.
As for disaster-prevention-related infrastructure, however, the formulation of a detailed design
plan only covering disaster-prevention facility development is not scheduled, since it is said
that at the time of a disaster, cross-sector initiatives are required to manage roads, dams and
rivers, and railways.
On this account, continuous and specific efforts to persuade the state government as well as
constant governmental-level consultation among Japan, India, and AP State are required in
order to introduce the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early warning system.
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(1) Air Quality oxides (NOx), and soot and dust) emitted from the proposed
n
14
Masakazu Wada, Ryuichi Muto, and Junichi Horikomi 2008, “5GHz Solid-State Weather Radar
Contributing to Efficient Use of Radio Wave Resources”
15
Based on an interview with the company that possesses the urban-type disaster-prevention radar
technology
16
Based on an interview with the company that possesses the urban-type disaster-prevention radar
technology
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endangered species designated by the country’s laws or ④the amount of water is not used.
international treaties and conventions? We just observe the water level
(2) Ecosystem ③ If significant ecological impacts are anticipated, are adequate
protection measures taken to reduce the impacts on the
ecosystem?
④ Is there a possibility that the amount of water (e.g., surface
water, groundwater) used by the project will adversely affect
aquatic environments, such as rivers? Are adequate measures
taken to reduce the impacts on aquatic environments, such as
aquatic organisms?
① Is there a possibility that hydrologic changes due to the no
(3) Hydrology project will adversely affect surface water and groundwater
flows?
① Is there a possibility the project will cause large-scale no
(4) Topography and
Geology alteration of the topographic features and geologic structures in
the project site and surrounding areas?
① Is involuntary resettlement caused by project ①no
implementation? If involuntary resettlement is caused, are ②-⑦involuntary resettlement
efforts made to minimize the impacts caused by the resettlement? will not happen
② Is adequate explanation on relocation and compensation given
to affected persons prior to resettlement?
③ Is the resettlement plan, including proper compensation,
restoration of livelihoods and living standards developed based
4 Social Environment
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The needs of APCRDA, ADC and ITE & C regarding data center preparation were as follows:
- A data center to begin operation by the end of 2018, at the same timing of the completion
of AP State Government Complex Area, with the necessary capacity.
- Expand the data center facility in accordance with the growth of the Capital City Area
(217km2) (an estimated 3.5 million populations by 2050).
- Further expand the data center facility to hold systems and data belonging to the AP State
before the shifting of capital (scheduled in 2024).
The study revealed that ITE & C and GoAP desire the data center built in the new state capital
Amaravati should be shared by both Amaravati and the AP State from investment point of
view and OPEX point of view to reduce costs.
The area to be covered by the new data center is both the Capital City Area (217 km2) and the
AP State (160,200km2). The coverage area is shown in Figure 3.2.1.
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APSDC in Hyderabad renovated an office building and converted it into a data center by
covering the windows with plywood boards and had little consideration of power efficiency.
IT racks were placed randomly in a large room and had no hot aisle, cold aisle configuration.
According to the operator at APSDC, PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) which is the key
indicator commonly used to measure data center efficiency, is over 2.0 (This numeric value
will be explained more in detail in the latter part of this report.)
In addition, the IT equipment installed in APSDC, is in general owned and operated by ITE &
C, does not use virtualization technology. Therefore, the operating conditions of IT equipment
were significantly different, some high, some low, resulting in uneconomical and inefficient
usage.
The ICT Detailed Master Plan planned by GIIC and Aarvee which are covering the upcoming
capital city are yet very much conceptual. Although the Plan mentions the necessity and
importance of having and introducing the highly efficient data center and cloud computing
platform and various smart applications that realizes the smart city, specific functions and
implementation timings are not specified. For this reason, details of the technology to be used
and the scale of each component are also not included in the Plane. This fact that the Plan is
yet very much at its conceptual level has been confirmed by the AP State officials which is
why they strongly desired the support from Japan.
Based on the above, we proposed to the AP state officials the "high-efficient data center and
cloud computing platform", which will be the core of the Smart City.
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(2) Topography
The planned construction site was previously agricultural land and a solid rock layer is
present at 8m below the ground surface. The altitude using GPS shows that the planned
construction site is not located in a depression and that water is not likely to remain even if
flooding occurs. AP State officials stated that flood control measures are expected to be
implemented in preparation for river flooding and similar problems. For example, 500m2 area
capable of storing water will be provided for every 10,000m2 land. This flood control
measures shall be sufficient to deal with water levels that could come once in a hundred years
from the nearby Krishna River.
(3) Climate and temperature
According to the annual weather data of Vijayawada City (2013), the lowest temperature is
13 C, therefore, energy saving measures utilizing outside air cooling can be utilized.
Meanwhile, the highest temperature is 48 C and there is intense sunlight from the southwest
direction at around 12 noon, thus, measures for shielding direct sunlight in the direction of the
setting sun in order to achieve efficient cooling shall be taken.
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Item (month) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average high
30.7 3 1.2 3 2.9 3 4.7 38.3 37.2 33.3 33.6 33.2 31.7 30.7 29.9
temperature (degC)
Average lowest
18.7 19.4 21.5 26.3 28.5 26.1 25.1 25.1 24.7 24.5 21.3 17.9
temperature (degC)
Highest temperature
34.4 37.8 43.3 44.4 47.6 46.7 41.0 38.3 38.6 37.9 35.2 34.2
(degC)
Lowest temperature
13.6 15.4 17.0 19.4 20.3 20.2 21.5 21.5 18.2 17.6 14.6 13.0
(degC)
Source: APCRDA Facts & Figures, Edition No: 2 Status: April 2016
(4) Power
Power will be received at a power receiving voltage of 33kV by a loop power receiving
system (configuration in which the distribution network of substations and multiple customers
is connected in a ring) as a power receiving system. There are several power facilities that
must be acquired locally.
(5) Earthquake countermeasures
The foundation to support this data center is possible to ensure earthquake resistance
through improvement of the ground by striking piles into the solid rock layer. In addition,
seismic isolation devices manufactured in Japan can be installed on site in order to improve
earthquake resistance.
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thereby achieving efficient cooling. Moreover, co-IZmo/I can provide 8kW per IT rack, which
is required for cloud computing era.
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In addition to the above, such as solar panels can be installed on the top of the modular data
center or in open spaces of the data center to take advantage of renewable energy, and
additionally, carbon sinks can be created by forestation in open spaces in the facility.
Table below is the checklist of environmental and social considerations.
(1) EIA and ③ Have EIA reports been unconditionally approved? If conditions
Environmental are imposed on the approval of EIA reports, are the conditions N/A
Permits satisfied?
④ In addition to the above approvals, have other required
environmental permits been obtained from the appropriate
regulatory authorities of the host country’s government?
① Are contents of the project and the potential impacts adequately
explained to the public based on appropriate procedures, including
(2) Explanation
information disclosure? Is understanding obtained from the public? N/A
to the Public
② Are proper responses made to comments from the public and
regulatory authorities?
① Do air pollutants, (such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides
2 Mitigation Measures
(1) Air Quality (NOx), and soot and dust) emitted from the proposed infrastructure N/A
facilities and ancillary facilities comply with the country’s emission
standards and ambient air quality standards?
① Do effluents or leachates from various facilities, such as
(2) Water
infrastructure facilities and the ancillary facilities comply with the N/A
Quality
country’s effluent standards and ambient water quality standards?
① Are wastes from the infrastructure facilities and ancillary
(3) Wastes facilities properly treated and disposed of in accordance with the N/A
country’s standards?
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resettlement?
⑥ Is the organizational framework established to properly
implement resettlement? Are the capacity and budget secured to
implement the plan?
⑦ Is a plan developed to monitor the impacts of resettlement?
① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the
(2) Living and
living conditions of inhabitants? Are adequate measures considered N/A
Livelihood
to reduce the impacts, if necessary?
① Is there a possibility that the project will damage the local
archeological, historical, cultural, and religious heritage sites? Are
(3) Heritage N/A
adequate measures considered to protect these sites in accordance
with the country’s laws?
① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the
(4) Landscape N/A
local landscape? Are necessary measures taken?
(5) Ethnic ① Does the project comply with the country’s laws for rights of
Minorities and ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples?
N/A
Indigenous ② Are considerations given to reduce the impacts on culture and
Peoples lifestyle of ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples?
(1) Impacts ① Are adequate measures considered to reduce impacts during
Othe
during N/A
rs
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Source: APCRDA
Figure 3.2.10: City Planning Diagram created by APCRDA
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b) Traffic manners
Vehicle drivers and pedestrians ignore traffic lights. Therefore, vehicles and
pedestrians are often mingled at intersections. (Figure 3.3.6)
Many drivers are driving vehicles with an extremely short following distance
(Figure 3.3.7). They increase or decrease the speed extremely much especially at
lane change.
At intersections, the number of stopped vehicles is more than the number of lanes.
Motorbikes and rickshaws are going through vehicles. They are going in the
opposite direction on some roads. (Figure 3.3.8)
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(2) Issues
We have sorted out the issues based on the traffic state investigation result.
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controllers, traffic lights for vehicles, traffic lights for pedestrians, vehicle detectors, etc.
Central units consist of equipment that conducts appropriate signal control based on
information collected by vehicle detectors and equipment that checks the status of signal
control.
ii) Development of traffic information system
A system is to be developed that provides traffic status in Vijayawada to drivers in order
to disperse traffic demand into the entire road network. This system consists of road
traffic information boards and a central unit, and the central unit consists of equipment
for generating traffic status based on information obtained by vehicle detectors, that for
providing traffic status to road traffic information boards and others, and that for
checking information provision status, etc.
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If congestion occurs at intersections without signals, entering the main road from the crossing
side and crossing the main road by pedestrians are difficult and the likelihood of accidents is
high. In such a case, there is a need to disperse traffic congestion and make entering the main
road from the crossing side and crossing the main road by pedestrians easy.
Dispersion of traffic congestion will be achieved by installing signals at intersections around
the traffic congestion intersections. On top of that, in order to prevent accidents at
intersections, lights for pedestrians will be installed so that pedestrians can cross the road
safely.
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a. Outlines of MODERATO
MODERATO (Management by Origin-Destination Related Adaptation for Traffic
Optimization) (Figure 3.3.14) calculates the congestion level of each entrance road
based on information obtained from vehicle detectors installed on roads and determines
the signal control timing (cycle length, split, and offset). By means of this, longer green
intervals are set for the direction whose congestion level is higher (the direction with
worse congestion).
MODERATO is currently the standard signal control method in Japan and has been
installed in the entire country.
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b. Outlines of MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT is a control that sets a green interval for each stream line (movement) at
respective entrance roads such as straight stream line (straight movement) and right-turn
stream line (right-turn movement). It calculates the congestion level for each movement
and determines the signal control timing such as cycle length, and green interval of
movement. At signal controllers, extension/shortening control of the green interval of
each movement can be done according to the existence of vehicles. By means of this,
finely tuned control can be done based on variation of the traffic state (Figure 3.3.15).
Furthermore, by the signal display that keeps right-turn vehicles away from vehicles
coming straight in the opposite direction, effect of preventing traffic accident occurrence
can be expected.
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Table 3.3.2: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists
Classification Main Equipment Main Functions Remarks
Communication connection with Control is done
central unit based on
MOVEMENT instructions from the
Signal controller
Progressive control central unit.
Vehicle-actuated control
Terminal unit UPS built-in
Traffic light for Lighted based on instructions from
vehicle/pedestrian signal controller
Measurement of traffic Shared with the
Vehicle detector volume/occupancy time traffic information
Measurement of speed system
MODERATO Information for
Central unit Signal control server MOVEMENT signal control is sent
Pattern selection control to signal controllers.
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b. Smartphone
Information provided to smartphones is on a deformed map so that users can intuitively
grasp the information of the road sections where congestion can be measured (Figure
3.3.17).
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Table 3.3.4: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists
Classification Main equipment Main functions Remarks
Text display Control is done
Road traffic Design display based on
Terminal unit
information board instructions from
the central unit.
Generating traffic information
Traffic information
Providing information to road traffic
generating server
information board
Generating information to provide
Traffic information
Providing information to
providing server
smartphones
Image collection Collecting images from the CCTV
server center
Accumulating traffic information
Central unit Accumulating information to
DB server provide
Accumulation of equipment
abnormity
Inquiry of traffic information Shared with the
Inquiry of information to provide traffic information
Image display of CCTV camera system
HMI device
Intervention to road traffic
information board
Inquiry of equipment abnormity
Source: Study Team
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100 intersections, construction work has to be done efficiently. In order to do the work
efficiently, heavy equipment, construction tools, and construction members need to be
procured quickly and the work needs to be conducted under a clearly defined construction
work organization.
Besides, since cables for existing equipment are scattered about at intersections where
infrastructures are provided (Figure 3.3.18), construction needs to be done after sorting out
the existing cables. The issues and solution strategies concerning construction work are shown
in Table 3.3.5.
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traffic infrastructure. In order to continue this operation for long time, periodic maintenance
of equipment and quick response at the time of failure are necessary. The issues and solution
strategies concerning maintenance and management of the system is shown in Table 3.3.6.
Table 3.3.6: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Maintenance and Management of
System
Issue Solution strategy
Strengthening Clarification of operation organization
operation Guidance and education by transportation management
organization engineers with much experience in Japan
Advance training for engineers in Japan
Strengthening Building organization capable of maintenance for 24 hours per
maintenance day and 365 days per year.
organization Guidance and education for engineers by maintenance engineers
with much experience in Japan
Advance training for engineers in Japan
Source: Study Team
Furthermore, you can find the traffic fatalities also decrease by centralized control of
signals (Figure 3.3.19).
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信号機の集中信号制御機数
Number of central signal controllers
Number of central signal controllers and
number of fatalities by traffic accidents 人口10万人当たりの死者数
Fatalities per population of 100,000
100,000 (person)
40 5
30 4
3
20
2
10 1
0 0
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Source: Excerpt from White Paper on Transport, Traffic Bureau, National Police Agency, 2015
Figure 3.3.19: Reduction of Traffic Fatalities accompanied by Centralized Control of
Signals
t 23 s
a u
N d
o in
T o
T
To the east
To the west
1
th
r
o
n
e
h
t
o
T
To Tsu
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Name Function
(CGWB) manages the groundwater resource quantity and creates groundwater
system diagrams.
Regarding Indian environment, this ministry has a responsibility to
make policies, procedures and laws, project promotion guidance and
Ministry of Environment and
various standards, to establish development guidelines, to give
Forests (MEF)
financial and technical assistance, and to carry out research and
education.
National Rivers Conservation This directorate, a department of MEF, creates and supervises action
Directorate (CPCB) plans for environmental improvement of Indian rivers.
This board, a department of MEF, conducts operations relating to the
Central Rivers Conservation river basin pollution control measures, the treated sewage release
Board (CPCB) standards of Water Pollution Control Board of each state, and the
measures against violation.
Source: Study Team
Now APCRDA has a control over the processes from the planning of the new capital region to the
construction of facilities. After the water supply facilities have been constructed, like Vijayawada
City and Guntur City, Amaravati Municipal Corporation (AMC) which is a corporation of the new
capital region (city) is to operate the waterworks services and to operate and manage the water
supply facilities.
Vijayawada water system under the control of VMC and Guntur water system under the control of
GMC are operated as urban water facilities (existing) in the neighborhood of the planned site of the
new capital region in AP State (Ref. Figure 3.4.1).
As is the case with the water supply system of the new capital region, these water supply systems are
taking water from the Krishna River. The water purified at these water purification plants is sent to
the distribution reservoirs placed strategically in the City and then supplied to each home.
The water purification and distribution system of Vijayawada is remotely monitored through
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and information on the quantity of
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purified water, the status of water distribution, and, as shown in Figure 3.4.2 below, the regional
water demand, water supply situation, etc. is released on the Internet, which can be viewed by
inhabitants using a PC etc. In addition, this modern system allows an inhabitant to pay his or her
water bill by the Internet.
Because the water purification plant (5 water purification facilities) of Vijayawada was constructed
between 1965 and 2009, the facilities are significantly decrepit and the mechanical and electrical
equipment in particular has deteriorated seriously, making it impossible to perform optimum water
purifying constantly. In addition, water is supplied for only 2 hours twice (in the morning and
evening) a day, which is a big problem.
The water purification plant of Guntur is also in a similar situation and the water purification
facilities constructed in 1980, in particular, have various problems. Because the mechanical and
electrical equipment are broken and the coagulating agent and disinfection agent are injected
manually in a simple manner, the injection volume is unequal and it is difficult to perform water
purifying operation optimally and constantly (Ref Figure 3.4.3). At Guntur water purification plant,
in order to improve the water supply capacity and meet the increasing demand, water purification
facilities with a water supply capacity of 42,000 m3/day are now being constructed beside the
existing facilities, which project is funded by the World Bank.
(Manual method due to failure of meter and injector at Guntur water purification plant)
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.4.3: Guntur Water Purification Plant
At both water purification plants, when the rapid filtration media is back-washed, the valve is
operated by manual. Therefore, the backwash flow rate is not constant and poor washing is observed.
In terms of safety and environment, there is a very dangerous situation because some places are
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equipped with chlorine gas (disinfectant) injection equipment with no measures against leakage or
not equipped with such equipment. If a leakage accident should occur, not only the lives of the
operators may be put in danger but also neighborhood inhabitants may be affected (Ref. Figure
3.4.4)
(Rapid filtration tank manual backwash and chlorine disinfection tank at Vijayawada water
purification plant)
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.4.4: Vijayawada Water Purification Plant
In the case of the water quality of the Krishna River which serves as a water source, though the load
of substance of concern is relatively low, the concentration of organic substance and ammonia
nitrogen tends to be high (result of water quality inspection in this survey). There is fear that
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increased environmental pollution loads caused by future urban development and economic growth
of the large cities such as Hyderabad City, Pune City and small/medium cities and villages in the
upper reaches of the Krishna River in addition the possible eutrophication of water impounded in the
dams and barrages will degrade the river water quality in the future.
(2) Challenges
The new capital region development master plan requires “Reliable water supplies”, “1-week
24-hour water supply” and “Establishment of water facilities and systems that allow people to drink
water directly from a tap and make the new capital region best in India”. (Ref. Figure 3.4.6)
Master plan created in 2015 Description content in the red box on the left
Source: APCRDA
Figure 3.4.6: Previous Master Plan Target on Water Supply System
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Considering the quality of raw water that is anticipated to be degraded in the future, it is not possible
to meet the requirements by using the existing water purification process and technology. Therefore,
the latest technology to make safe and delicious water is needed. The master plan requires that water
facilities be implemented as simply as possible and that the implemented facilities allow simple
operation and management and enable as effective and inexpensive (construction cost and operation
maintenance cost) as possible treatment. To meet this target request, the latest technology is required.
(Ref. Figure 3.4.7)
The infrastructure project including the water supply is now in progress in accordance with the new
capital region development master plan, but it is not completed within the period of this survey. The
water supply facilities are to be constructed in a planned manner based on the master plan, but it is
difficult to assume concrete processes. At the same time as the creation of the master plan, the
architectural plan and infrastructure project in Government Complex (GC) area are in progress. In
GC area, government buildings, court buildings, etc. playing a central role in AP State are to be
constructed, which makes it one of the most important areas in the new capital region. This
infrastructure plan is also not completed within the period of this survey and detailed information
cannot be obtained. In this survey, therefore, these
proposals are made based on available
documentation and information. It is therefore
necessary to review these proposals when the
above-mentioned plants are completed.
What if, to solve these problems, Japanese advanced water purification technologies are used to
purify and supply expected “Safe and delicious water” to GC area through another system. If it is
possible to connect, using valves etc., this system to the main water system supplying water to the
master plan area in the future so as to make it possible to perform water diverting and supplying as
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necessary, it may become a desired system. (Previous GC area plan and potable water demand plan.)
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and that this pump station be utilized as intake facilities for the proposed water purification plant. In
consideration of the fact that the Krishna River’s water level is low with drought for 2 to 3 months
between May and July, it is proposed to have water well facilities to take subsoil water in the drought
period.
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Table 3.4.2: Basic Policy to Design WTP Facilities (Purpose and Design Policy)
Purpose Design Policy
Compliant with the drinking water quality standard of India
• BIS 10500:2012/Indian Standard DRINKING WATER – SPECIFICATION
Select a WTP system supplying quality treated water
• Select a water purification process by which soluble substances contained in raw
water can be removed at a low cost while the conventional purification process
Safe, secure, and cannot remove or reduce.,.
stable treatment and • Select a water purification process capable of coping with future further
supply of high degradation of water quality.
quality of potable
water Ensure operation control which can be maintained and managed simply and easily.
• Introduce equipment to prevent malfunction or unstable system operation as
manual operations.
Design facilities capable of ensuring stable supply
• Ensure the standby capacity of major apparatuses such as mixers or pumps.
• Take into account ensuring water intake quantity in the drought season.
Introduce biological contact filtration (U-BCF) as enhanced purification capability
• Pretreatment by biological contact filtration (U-BCF) ⇒ Reduction of organic
substances and ammonia nitrogen ⇒ Reduction of chemicals (energy saving) and
by-products (safety)
• Adoption of up-flow fluidization bed ⇒ The plant can be operated at high flow
rate because of high contact efficiency. ⇒ Head loss is small because of small
quantity of captured turbidity ⇒ Gravitation flow-down method
Introduce the open syphon filter (OSF)
• Filtration of self balancing type ⇒ Simple control and perfect automatic operation,
Transfer of advanced superior maintenance & management ability (safety).
Japanese • A backwash water tank is used ⇒ The filtration media can be washed as desired,
technologies (design so operation can be managed easily. Best washing effect is ensured (safety).
as taking into • Complicated control instruments, large-diameter motor valves, and large washing
account water quality pumps are not needed, so the facilities can be maintained and managed simply and
and the environment) easily (safety).
Install proper chemical injection equipment
• Adoption of the quantitative pumping method to inject chemicals ⇒ Stable
treatment
• Preparation of chlorine gas injection equipment with safety equipment ⇒ Stable
treatment and safety securement
Install wastewater treatment equipment
• There are no wastewater treatment facilities not only in the WTP of existing VMC
and GMC WTP but also in the WTP plants of neighboring towns. In this proposal,
we install wastewater treatment facility to appropriately treat wastewater and
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Discharge Dischage
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Chemical injection is controlled properly by the quantitative pumping method. The sludge and
backwash wastewater resultant from the WTP process are treated by the sludge treatment
facility. This is an environmentally friendly closed method collecting the water used by
treatment and returning it to the receiving well.
In addition, water intake equipment using a shallow well is also built in preparation for the
drought season in which river’s water level is lowered and sufficient quantity of water cannot
be taken by the existing water intake tower.
Pre-Chorine
Coagulant Post-chorine
Chemical
Krishna Biological Contact Sadimentation Treated
Intake Well Rapid Filter Transmission
river Filter Facilities water
Shallow Well
Wastewater
Treatmant Facilities
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powdered activated carbon used by the entire water purification facility has been reduced, an
improvement in system maintenance and a reduction in chemical costs can be attained. As a
result thereof, U-BCF contributes considerably to reducing the environmental load of the plant
as a whole.
Merits of U-BCF
Figure 3.4.15, Figure 3.4.16, and Table 3.4.3 show the appearance, device structure, and
device specification of U-BCF, respectively.
The raw water flows from the inlet conduit into the pressure conduit through the raw water
regulating valve. It is evenly distributed from the pressure conduit by the bottom water
distribution device, and passes through the supporting gravel bed and moves upward at a high
flow rate, while expanding the filter bed (biological activated carbon layer) and keeping the
fluidization state. In this method, dissolved solids in the raw water can be efficiently eliminated
without clogging the filter bed.
Raw Water Filtered Water
Air
Pressure Conduit
Water
Extraction
Tank
The filtered water is collected in the overflow troughs located in the upper part and then flows
out into the outlet conduit. The use of this up-flow biological fluidized bed process causes only
minimal head loss and, thereby, the filter can perform adequately with approximately a 1.0 m
difference in water level between the inlet and outlet conduits.
Since U-BCF primarily aims at removing soluble substances but removes no turbidity,
clarification facilities employing the process of coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration or
nanofiltration are placed in the latter part.
It is best for the U-BCF system not to capture turbidity; however, a small amount
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(approximately 10 to 20%) of turbidity is captured in the bottom water distribution device and
supporting gravel bed.
In addition, organism growth is observed in the bottom water distribution device and supporting
gravel bed, as well as in the filter bed because of biological treatment. Under these undesirable
conditions, head loss increases with the continuation of water passing, and thus the system must
be washed periodically. Therefore, turbidity and part of the adhering organisms are efficiently
discharged by cleaning the system in the order from “air washing,” “air + water washing,” and
“water washing”.
With regard to the drain water resultant from washing, since a clarification facility is placed in
the latter part, only highly turbid drain water is supplied to the drain water treatment facility.
It is necessary to operate the plant at a flow rate within a constant range to keep the fluidization
state of the filter bed. So, there are two methods usable, which are the basin count control
method keeping the flow rate per basin constant by adjusting the number of basins employed
for system operation, and the raw water quality control method utilizing a circulation pump to
keep the raw water quantity constant. It has a negative effect on the biological treatment
function not to operate the system for a long period because the treatment is based on biology.
In order to keep system performance, the basin count control method must change water of the
non-operational basins periodically, and the raw water quality control method must circulate
treatment water.
The merits of U-BCF are as follows:
1) An up-flow fluidized bed enables the effective utilization of the whole contact filtration
layer, and thus provides high contact efficiency.
2) Activated carbon of a small particle size, which is used for the carrier, has a larger specific
surface area, bringing higher treatment effects.
3) It is estimated that the adsorption capacity of activated carbon is maintained for a long
period of time owing to the regenerative function of organisms adhered to granular activated
carbon particles.
4) A system built with an up-flow fluidized bed is space-saving because contact filtration of
high-turbidity raw water can also be carried out at a high flow rate.
5) Because of the small quantity of captured suspended substances, head loss is low and the
system can adopt the gravity flow method without pressure equipment such as an
intermediate pump.
6) Since ammonia nitrogen and other substances are biologically oxidized through the direct
biological treatment of raw water, the amount of sodium hypochlorite injected for
prechlorination and intermediate chlorination can be reduced and balanced.
7) Since the down-flow method removes even the turbidity of the raw water, coagulation is
disturbed frequently in the subsequent coagulation process because of no core substances.
On the other hand, turbidity is contained in the treatment water of U-BCF; so, coagulation
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property is not deteriorated. Moreover, since the turbidity of the biological treatment water
changes its nature and its sedimentation property is improved, it tends to have a positive
effect on the coagulation and sedimentation treatment.
Operation status
a) Treatment performance
The U-BCF system was, among others, introduced to the Honjo WTP (71,000 m3/d) and the
Ano WTP (171,000 m3/d) under the control of the Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau.
Hereafter this report shows the treatment performance of the introduced U-BCF systems.
Since granular activated carbon is used as filtering medium, organic substances are removed
by the physical adsorption effect of activated carbon at the beginning stage of operation.
After that, ammonia nitrogen and dissolved manganese begin to decrease and the biological
filtration starts. It takes about one month to obtain the desired effects of biological filtration,
although the quality and temperature of the raw water has a significant impact on the said
interval.
Table 3.4.4 shows the water quality and removal rate at the Honjo plant. Table 3.4.5 shows
the removal rate of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), a causative agent of moldy smell.
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0.50
0.45
0.40 原水
Raw water U-BCF処理水
U-BCF-treated water
0.35
Ammonia nitrogen [mg/L]
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
5/14 6/14 7/14 8/14 9/14 10/14 11/14 12/14 1/14 2/14 3/14
2003 2004
Note: Ano Water Purification Plant, Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau May 2003 to March 2004
Source: Study Team
Figure 3.4.17: Daily Variation in Ammonia Nitrogen
A high removal performance of at least 90% was achieved for both ammonia nitrogen and
dissolved manganese. The removal rate for the smell was around 60%. For 2-MIB, the
removal rate was 72% at a concentration of 50 mg/L in raw water, and 100% at
concentrations below 50 mg/L; so, excellent removal performance was achieved.
The organic substances represented by potassium permanganate consumption, E260, and
trihalomethane formation potential were reduced by approximately 20%, and anionic
surface active agents were also reduced well. Figure 3.4.17 shows the variation per day of
ammonia nitrogen at Ano plant. Although the concentration of ammonia nitrogen contained
in raw water showed a maximum value of around 0 .5 mg/L in winter, it was removed
favorably. Hence, the quality of filtrated water showed stable good values throughout the
year.
For the influences of raw water turbidity on head loss, there was a case: Due to a typhoon, a
raw water turbidity continued at 100 degrees or more for one week, and then at 50 degrees
or more for two weeks at Ano plant. However, no significant fluctuation of head loss was
observed. Consequently, there was no influence observed on head loss due to an inflow of
highly turbid raw water caused by heavy rains, and the system could still run stably.
b) Maintenance and management
System operation can be managed easily. System operation, washing, and monitoring are
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automatically controlled by the control panel on the device side, and data are transferred to
the central monitoring panel by telemeters.
The U-BCF system can be maintained and managed easily because it has less number of
auxiliary machinery such as pumps because the gravitation flow-down method is adopted
and no chemicals are injected. Moreover, chemical injection dose is reduced and
smoothened as an entire treatment; so, this system has a positive effect even on the
maintenance and management of the entire WTP. From the aspect of maintenance and
management of the device, the pressure conduit of the U-BCF system must be cleaned
artificially at a frequency of around once a year although it varies depending on the property
of the raw water.
c) Economic aspects
Table 3.4.6 and Table 3.4.7 show an estimated comparison between the advanced treatment
method by the combined use of ozone and activated carbon in a treatment water capacity of
40,000 m3/d, and the chemical reduction effect at the actual facility of Kitakyushu City,
which is compared between before and after the U-BCF introduction.
The advanced treatment by the combined use of ozone and activated carbon has high
treatment performance. However, this treatment needs much initial cost and running cost
because advanced technologies are necessary for the maintenance and management of the
system. On the other hand, although the treatment performance of the biological treatment is
somewhat lower than that of the former treatment, a new flocculant by-product generated
from using ozone, bromic acid, is not generated; so, the system can be maintained and
managed easily. Since the latter treatment has great merits even from the aspect of cost, this
treatment is undoubtedly effective.
From the view point of LCC, as shown in Figure 3.4.18, most of LC-CO2 emission at WTP
facilities is occupied by chemicals for water purification. This means that reduction of use of
these chemicals contributes to energy saving greatly. It is proved by this fact as well that
U-BCF has superiority and contributes to reduction of environmental load.
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6
LC-CO2 (10 kg-CO2 /58 years)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Raw water
Coagulant/
Operation
Sedimentation
Sand filter
Chemical injection
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Merits of OSF
Figure 3.4.20 shows the structures of the conventional and OSF rapid filtration method.
The conventional type uses a lot of automatic valves to control each process. This type controls
flow rate monitoring water level or using control valves. On the other hand, OSF controls flow
rate using a syphon instead of automatic valves. The syphon can be maintained and managed
easily because it has no moveable components. In addition, no complicated equipment is
necessary to control flow rate because the filtration mechanism is the self balancing type by
which the head loss of filtration is balanced by water level rising on the primary side of the
filtration basin.
The conventional type uses a large-sized backwash pump for washing. On the other hand, OSF
uses a small-capacity pump to collect treatment water into a backwash water tank installed in
the frame of the filtration basin, and use a backwash syphon to backwash the facility. Therefore,
the capacity of the entire facility can be reduced, and maintenance and management ability is
improved.
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Table 3.4.8 and Table 3.4.9 show estimated power consumption of the conventional type and
OSF of the filtration facility with a WT capacity of 40,000m3/d.
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As shown by Table 3.4.10, power consumption and facility capacity can be reduced by
approximately 6% and 37%, respectively.
(4) Layout of WTP facility
Figure 3.4.21 shows the general layout drawing of the suggested water purification plant
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Project Evaluati
Item Outline
phase on
Involuntary moving of
– D Residents do not seem to move.
residents
Lives of neighboring Short-term influence during construction, such as noise and
II B-
residents vibration
Influence on local
economy and living II B+ Employment might be created by implementing the project.
including employment
Since the WTP is built in a vacant lot, negative effect
because of the change of land use does not seem to occur.
Use of land – C
However, consent by the land owners has not been
confirmed.
Negative effect due to project implementation is not
Analysis of community – D
expected.
Influence on existing
Since the WTP is built in a vacant lot, existing social
social infrastructures II, III D
infrastructures and services will not be influenced.
and services
Poverty, native
inhabitants, and I, II, III D There are no resident minorities and native inhabitants.
minorities
Inappropriate
Influence from project implementation does not seem to
distribution of benefits – D
occur.
and damages
Dispute due to Influence from project implementation does not seem to
– D
unmatched interests occur.
Influence on water
– D Influence on water rights does not seem to occur locally.
rights
Sanitation II B- Short-term influence might occur during construction.
Risks of infectious diseases might increase because workers
Risks of disasters and
II B- live during construction. However, the period and range are
infectious diseases
limited.
Cultural heritages – D There are no cultural heritages in the planned project site.
Natural environment
Geographical change resultant from the project is not
Geology and geography – D
expected.
There is a risk for soil erosion because construction is
Soil erosion II B-
implemented in the planned site close to a canal or a river.
It is expected that short-term influence might occur due to
Underground water II B-
construction.
There is natural vegetation in the planned construction site.
Flora and fauna,
I, II D However, no rare animals or plants are present, such as
biodiversity
endangered species.
Landscape I, II, III D Change of landscape is limited.
Contamination
Air pollution is caused by heavy machinery on the
Air pollution II B- construction site, trucks to carry materials, and traffic
congestion. However, the period and range are limited.
Short-term influence is expected when the site is prepared or
Water pollution II B-
construction is implemented.
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Project Evaluati
Item Outline
phase on
There is a risk of oil leakage from the heavy machinery on
Soil pollution II B-
the construction site.
Waste produced by construction and garbage from the
Waste II B-
workers.
Noise and vibration arise during construction. The influence
Noise and vibration II B-
is limited.
The ground must be reinforced appropriately. In addition,
Ground sinking II, III C water intake at the intake well (shallow well) might
influence.
Bad smell – D Smelly work is not expected.
Bottom sediment II D Work influencing on bottom sediment is not expected.
Accident II B- There is a risk of accidents on the construction site.
Project phases: I: Before construction, II: During construction, III: During implementation of the project
Extent of influence
A-: Serious negative effect expected A+: Positive effect expected
B-: Negative effect is expected to some extent B+: Positive effect is expected to a certain extent.
C-: Influence cannot be evaluated in detail currently.
D-: No or slight influence. Even future survey is not needed.
Source: Study Team
As mentioned above, negative effect on the environment due to project implementation is not so
serious. Most aspects of the expected influence will not exceed the local level, and occur in a short
period only while the WTP is constructed. So, they can be prevented or mitigated by taking
appropriate construction methods.
(2) Major environmental effect by implementing the project and measures to mitigate it
Major environmental effect by implementing the project is summarized as follows:
[Positive effects]
• This project adds biological contact filtration (U-BCF) to the WTP process as an enhanced
treatment capability. By doing so, potable water can be supplied safely and stably in the future, and
safer water can be supplied to the government complex area. This improves reliability on potable
water, contributing to the building of city water supply directly drinkable from taps and the
enhancement of public clean sanitation.
• Biological contact filtration (U-BCF) is treatment facility utilizing biological bacteria films without
using chemicals, contributing to reduction of WTP chemicals in the latter phase. As a result, this
method contributes to the enhancement of safety by reducing the disinfectant by-products and the
minimization of chemical injection accounting for a large percentage of LCC. So, reduction of
environmental load is promising.
[Negative effects]
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• Noise and dust arise from the trucks and heavy machinery, and waste is produced during the
construction. In addition, in the phase of WTP operation, it is important to treat sludge
appropriately. The other aspects of environmental effect are not so serious in the phase of WTP
operation that it seems possible to manage these aspects by designing and operating the facility.
Table 3.4.12 is a summary of the environmental effect and mitigation measures expected in the
phases of preparation, construction, and operation, respectively.
(3) Conclusion
This survey showed that the suggested WTP project brings great benefit to AP State, and its negative
effect to the environment is limited.
In addition, by adding sludge/wastewater treatment facilities which has not been taken into account
in the existing WTP, contamination of rivers due to drain from the WTP can be prevented.
Although negative effects will occur by implementing the project especially in the building phase,
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most aspects of such effects appear locally in a short period. So, they can be prevented or mitigated
by implementing and monitoring the project appropriately.
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The MP (Master Plan) of the New Capital City (Amaravati) development is said to be in the final
stage. It was expected to be finalized by December 2016 by the consulting firms (GIIC and Aarvee
Associates); however, it has not been completed yet. Decentralized sewage treatment plants (19
STPs) are planned with the target year of 2050 in the MP.
To understand the sewer characteristics in order to design STP with Japanese technology, the Study
Team visited two existing STPs in Vijayawada City. The following shows general information of
Vijayawada City, which is the second largest city in Andhra Pradesh:
Vijayawada City is divided into four zones, namely, central zone, western zone,
eastern-south-eastern zone and northern zone. The existing sewerage system mainly covers the
central zone of the city.
It has been reported that the functional sewage treatment capacity of the city is 80 MLD at a sewage
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generation rate of 126 LPCD, which is 80% of the water supply service level including losses due to
infiltration.
19 decentralized STPs system are in the Master Plan (MP) for the new city. The MP is not complete
yet, as of January 15, 2017. The target year is 2050; however, the implementation schedule of each
STP has not been published yet. Thus, this report describes our proposed STP technology, which is
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newly developed technology called Pre-treated Trickling Filter (PTF) technology, the design capacity
is 10 MLD (10,000 m3/day), shows capital cost and salient features for the Indian counterpart to
compare with other technologies. The expectation is high that a 10-MLD PTF system will be
installed at the government complex (Zone 9).
(1) Installation of PTF System for STPs of the New Capital City (19 STPs are planned currently)
Scope: PTF System 10 MLD (10,000 m3/day) capacity (initial stage)
Size 1,500 m2
Design Criteria
Influent Water Quality BOD 250 mg/L
SS 375 mg/L
Effluent Water Quality BOD 15 mg/L
SS 15 mg/L
(The influent quality mentioned above is very strict; however, it was recommended by the Indian
side. The existing STP’s design value is BOD 200 mg/L)
If the Indian side requires tertiary treatment with good treated water quality, then water reuse
technology will be recommended at the proper stage. An outline of the water reuse technology is
described in Chapter 3.5.8 in this report.
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PTF technology is newly technology as an alternative to the Activated Sludge Process Technology
(ASP), which is most commonly used in Japan as well as in other countries.
In Japan, the total electricity consumption in a sewerage system is equivalent to 0.7% of the total
electricity consumption of the whole of Japan, which is very high (about 7 billion kWh/year). About
50% of the consumption is in the treatment process. The most common treatment process in Japan is
the ASP, which accounts for about 75% of the treated water volume in Japan. ASP is also a good
method to treat wastewater; however, some of its disadvantages are large installation space,
enormous energy supply for aeration, and complicated operation and control.
In response to these disadvantages, a new energy-saving wastewater treatment system called PTF
system has been developed.
The Trickling Filter Process is known to consume less energy than other various treatment processes.
However, this is an old method with many disadvantages such as poor treated water quality, filter fly
growth, and offensive odor released from filters.
Trickling filters were used initially (1922) in Japan, but because of these drawbacks, no trickling
filter is in operation presently. The PTF system was developed to resolve these problems without
affecting the advantage, that is, low energy consumption. This system consists of three key
technologies, namely, Floating Sponge Filter (FSF), High-rate Trickling Filter (HTF) and Final
Solid-Liquid Separator (SLS).
Comparing this technology with ASP, the Primary Clarifier is replaced by Floating Spongy Filter
(FSF), Aeration Tank by HTF, and Secondary Clarifier by Final SLS.
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Finally, the PTF system has achieved following results in comparison with ASP and Trickling Filter:
Space-saving design (compact footprint)
Advanced energy savings (1/4th to 1/5th of ASP): Extremely low power consumption
Improved SS/BOD removal efficiency (Same water quality as ASP)
No aeration, no monitoring, no bulking,
Stable treatment performance
Simple operation and reduced maintenance
Amount of sludge is less than that of ASP
(Sludge is about 20% less than that of ASP and MBBR approximately with 10 MLD)
No offensive smell (compared to Old Trickling Filter)
No filter fly growth (compared to Old Trickling Filter)
The following section describes each process (FSF, HRT, SLS) generally to show how the original
disadvantages have been overcome.
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FSF consists of unique filter media, upper screen and backwashing equipment.
Raw water flows into FSF from the bottom, SS and insoluble BOD are removed through filter media
by upflow filtration. 100% of substances that are larger than 1 mm are removed in this process.
FSF requires lesser space compared to the conventional primary clarifier. The flux of FSF is 300
m/d.
Only a short period is required for backwashing and operation can be continued.
This FSF can remove more SS than a primary clarifier so that the subsequent trickling filter
operation becomes easy because sludge deposition (which may cause offensive odor) can be
prevented in the trickling filter.
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HTF consists of filter media, water spray nozzle and washing equipment. Plastic filter media with
large specific surface area is used to achieve a more compact design than the conventional trickling
filter.
Filtered water from FSF is sprayed over the media by rotary water spray nozzle., water is treated by
microorganisms in biofilm on the surface of the media.
In HTF, aeration blower is not required, so the electricity consumption is improved compared to the
conventional aeration tank.
The media can be backwashed by air. In the backwash process, filtration is stopped and the tank is
filled with raw water. Filter media float in the water and are washed by injected air from the bottom.
Then the backwashed wastewater is drained and filtration restarted. This is a very simple and quick
backwash process. Normally, backwash once a month is necessary.
Any biofilm process has the disadvantage that very fine biofilm peels off and deteriorates the treated
water quality, such as BOD, SS, and transparency. Therefore, secondary clarifier with filtering
compartment is placed (SLS) after the HTF. This filter can ensure stable final effluent.
Floating filter media packed between upper and lower screens are installed near the overflow weir.
The backwash process is also very simple and easy (by air).
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however, water temperature is higher in Vijayawada, which means more biofilm activity can be
expected.
The next table shows the range and standard deviation (SD) of BOD and SS. From the figures for
Vietnam and Japan, stable water quality of the PTF System can be observed. Maximum values of
BOD and SS in Japan (PTF System) are higher than that of Vijayawada STP.
The Japan Sewage Work Agency, on behalf of the Japanese construction ministry, acknowledged this
system as being applicable to developing countries in 2014, based on the PTF water quality results.
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(2) Technology
PTF System is quite new to the Indian market; therefore, the Japanese side would like to
collaborate with a local company for mutual benefit and with a view to reduce the total cost.
In terms of the sustainable development, the following sewerage functions are anticipated:
Contribution to recycling society
(recycling of water, energy, and so on)
Contribution to a resilient society (resilient)
Contribution to the creation of new values (innovation)
(such as water reuse, linking to other growing fields (hydrogen energy, agriculture, and
robot industry, etc.)
Contribution to global community (global)
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2) Pollution Control
1. Water Quality
Since the target year of MP is 2050, treated effluent such as BOD, SS are set at stricter
levels than the current Indian standards.
2. Wastes
Sludge generated by the facility is planned properly to be treated and disposed of in
accordance with the country’s standards. Sludge from STP can be sold to power plant
nearby, which is recommended.
3. Noise and Vibration
This will be examined at the EIA stage.
3) Natural Environment
The project site (Amaravati 217 km2) was decided by AP state and the government, so
negative impacts on the natural environment are not expected (ecosystem, protected area,
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and so on).
4 Social Environment
Land acquisition by the AP state authority is almost complete and discussions with
residents too are almost complete, in accordance with government procedures. Thus,
negative impacts are not expected. The target area (Amaravati) is planned as a new State
Capital City. The required land area is 217 km2.
5 Others
Measures against impacts during construction and monitoring programs for environmental
items are expected to be carried out at the EIA stage.
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in Andhra Pradesh state, India
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in Andhra Pradesh state, India
As seen above, the treated water is utilized for many applications in practical situations such
as:
Toilet flushing in buildings,
Industrial water,
Water for public fountains
Water for washing trains, etc.
Many kinds of usage are possible because of the high quality of treated water. The next table
shows treated water quality at an actual plant in Tokyo.
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Whether this water reuse technology will be selected or not actually depends on the planning
of the new capital city; the selection will be examined by the Indian side soon.
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4 Implementation Plan
Notes:
Including the assistance cost related to disaster-prevention research of the National Research
Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Public Works Research Institute,
Foundation of River & Basin Integrated Communications, etc.)
A local contractor will be hired for installation; however, depending on the procurement rule
4-1
Feasibility Study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure
in Andhra Pradesh state, India
4-2
Feasibility Study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure
in Andhra Pradesh state, India
4-3
Feasibility Study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure
in Andhra Pradesh state, India
4-4
Feasibility Study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure
in Andhra Pradesh state, India
The Japanese team has done several site investigations and meetings with AP arranged and
accompanied by Sumitomo Corporation. Our counterparts are APCRDA, ADC, ITE&C,
Irrigation Department, Vijayawada police and so on. At the very first meeting, we needed
agreement on design concept itself and clearing up the misunderstanding against each other.
However, as a result of close communication between Japanese team and AP, meetings and
site investigations became more fruitful every time and we could find the present issues of the
infrastructure in AP and their needs. We also kept explaining our advanced technologies
enthusiastically and finally could receive a strong interest from AP to introduce all 5 items,
recognizing the value of our technologies. The below is the summary of our “high-end”
infrastructure package which AP would like to introduce from Japanese team.
We recommend that 5 projects should be promoted and implemented as one package from the
view point of funding and tight schedule.
We strongly believe that such a strategy is the best and earliest way to synchronize the time
schedule of developing of new capital city.
5-1
(様式2)
二次利用未承諾リスト
報告書の題名:
平成28年度 質の高いエネルギーインフラ
システム海外展開促進事業(インド共和国アン
ドラ・プラデシュ州新州都開発及び都市
インフラ整備実施可能性調査)成果報告書
委託事業名:
平成28年度 質の高いエネルギーインフラ
システム海外展開促進事業(インド共和国アン
ドラ・プラデシュ州新州都開発及び都市
インフラ整備実施可能性調査)
受注事業者名:住友商事
頁 図表番号 タイトル
3-94 Table 3.5.1 Vijayawada City—General Information
3-94 Table 3.5.2 Details of STPs in Vijayawada City