Department: Electrical Engineering Department.

Year : II
Code & Subject: EE-212 Electronic Devices and Circuit Lab Semester : III

List of Experiments
First Cycle:

1. To determine experimentally Volt-Ampere characteristics of a silicon junction

diode
2. To demonstrate the characteristics of Half-wave rectifier circuit and observe its
wave form
3. To demonstrate the operation and characteristics of Full-Wave rectification using
center tapped transformer
4. To demonstrate the operation and characteristics of Full-Wave bridge rectifier
circuit and observe the output wave form
5. To demonstrate the operation of capacitor input filter when connected to the
output of a full wave bridge rectifier
6. To observe the operation of diode clipper circuit.
7. To observe the operation of diode clamper circuit.

Second Cycle:
1. To demonstrate the operation of half wave diode voltage doubler
2. To demonstrate the operation of Full-wave diode voltage doubler.
3. To demonstrate the characteristics of a Zener Diode
4. To study the characteristics of the Bipolar junction Transistor
5. To examine the characteristics of bipolar transistor as a switch
6. To demonstrate the operation and characteristics of junction FET Transistor
7. To study the characteristics of the MOSFET

1
Ex.No:01 CHARACTERISTICS OF PN JUNCTION DIODE
Date:

Aim:
To determine experimentally Volt-Ampere characteristics of a silicon junction diode

Apparatus required:

S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity

1 Regulated Power Supply (RPS) 0-30 dc 1
2 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
3 Diode IN2004 1
4 Resistor 1 KΩ ,10 KΩ , 100 KΩ 1
5 DMM 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
The semiconductor diode is formed by doping P-type impurity in one side and N-type of impurity in
another side of the semiconductor crystal forming a p-n junction as shown in the following
figure.Switch in digital

At the junction initially free charge carriers from both side recombine forming negatively charged ions
in P side of junction(an atom in P-side accept electron and becomes negatively charged ion) and
positively charged ion on n side(an atom in n-side accepts hole i.e. donates electron and becomes
positively charged ion)region. This region deplete of any type of free charge carrier is called as
depletion region. Further recombination of free carrier on both side is prevented because of the
depletion voltage generated due to charge carriers kept at distance by depletion (acts as a sort of
insulation) layer as shown dotted in the above figure.

2
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
When voltage is not applied across the diode, depletion region forms as shown in the above figure.
When the voltage is applied between the two terminals of the diode (anode and cathode) two
possibilities arises depending on polarity of DC supply.

[1] Forward-Bias Condition: When the +Ve terminal of the battery is connected to P-type
material & -Ve terminal to N-type terminal as shown in the circuit diagram, the diode is said to be
forward biased. The application of forward bias voltage will force electrons in N-type and holes in P-
type material to recombine with the ions near boundary and to flow crossing junction. This reduces
width of depletion region. This further will result in increase in majority carriers flow across the
junction. If forward bias is further increased in magnitude the depletion region width will continue to
decrease, resulting in exponential rise in current as shown in ideal diode characteristic curve.

[2]Reverse-biased: If the negative terminal of battery (DC power supply) is connected with P-type
terminal of diode and +Ve terminal of battery connected to N type then diode is said to be reverse
biased. In this condition the free charge carriers (i.e. electrons in N-type and holes in P-type) will move
away from junction widening depletion region width. The minority carriers (i.e. –ve electrons in p-type
and +ve holes in n-type) can cross the depletion region resulting in minority carrier current flow called
as reverse saturation current (Is). As no of minority carrier is very small so the magnitude of Isis few
microamperes. Ideally current in reverse bias is zero. In short, a current flow through diode in forward
bias and does not flow through diode in reverse bias. Diode can pass current only in one direction.

Experiment Procedure:
 Connect the power supply, voltmeter, current meter with the diode as shown in the figure for
forward bias diode. You can use two multimeter (one to measure current through diode and
other to measure voltage across diode)
 Increase voltage from the power supply from 0V to 20V in step as shown in the observation
table
 Measure voltage across diode and current through diode. Note down readings in the
observation table. Reverse DC power supply polarity for reverse bias
 Repeat the above procedure for the different values of supply voltage for reverse bias
 Draw VI characteristics for forward bias and reverse bias in one graph

Circuit diagram (forward bias) Circuit diagram (reverse bias):

3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

:: WORKSHEET::

Voltage Across Diode Voltage (mV) Diode Forward Current

1kΩ Resistor 𝑰𝒇

DIODE V-I CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

RESULT: Forward and Reverse Bias characteristics for a p-n junction diode is observed
4
Ex.No:02 HALF WAVE RACTIFIER
Date:

Aim:
To demonstrate the characteristics of Half-wave rectifier circuit and observe its wave form

Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Transformer 12 Vrms 1

2 Digital Oscilloscope 1
3 Diode IN4001 1
4 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
5 DMM 2
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
Figure shows a basic half-wave diode rectifier circuit. During the positive half-cycle of
the input voltage, the diode is forward- biased for all instantaneous voltages greater than the diode cut-
in voltage Vγ. Current flowing through the diode during the positive half-cycle produces
approximately a half sine wave of voltages across the load resistor, as shown in the Figure. To simplify
our discussions, we will assume that the diode is ideal and that the peak input voltage is always much
larger than the Vγ of the diode. Hence, we assume that the zero of the rectified voltage coincides with
the zero of the input voltage. On the negative half-cycle of the input voltage, the diode is reverse-
biased. Ignoring the reverse leakage current of the diode, the load current drops to zero, resulting in
zero load voltage (output voltage), as shown in Figure. Thus, the diode circuit has rectified the input ac
voltage, converting the ac voltage to a dc voltage.

(Half Wave Rectifier)

5
PROCEDURE:-
1. Set the circuit for half wave rectifier check the polarity of diode. Check connection of Transformer
(Step down T/F)
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the secondary side to the rectified input.

3. By the multi meter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and, ac and dc voltage at the output
of the rectifier.

5. Observe both wave form, note that the frequency of the rectified outside in the same as that in I/P
FIND
AC Input voltage (rms) =

Peak Voltage = √2 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =

DC output voltage Vdc = 5.06

𝑁
PIV = = 𝑉𝑝𝑚 x 𝑁2
1

O/P frequency =

Observe the wave form

:: WORKSHEET:: Waveforms:
[1] Input Waveform at secondary of transformer:

[2]Output waveform:

RESULT: Thus the output of half wave rectifier was obtained and the curve was plotted.
6
Ex.No:03 FULL WAVE RACTIFIER
Date:

Aim:
To demonstrate the operation and characteristics of Full-Wave rectification using center tapped
transformer

Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Center Tapped Transformer 12 Vrms 1
2 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
3 diode IN4001 2
4 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
5 DMM 2
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting Wires

INTRODUCTION:
Full wave rectifier utilizes both the cycle of input AC voltage. Two or four diodes are used in full wave
rectifier. If full wave rectifier is designed using four diodes it is known as full wave bridge rectifier.
Full wave rectifier using two diodes without capacitor is shown in the following figure. Center tapped
transformer is used in this full wave rectifier. During the positive cycle diode D1 conducts and it is
available at the output. During negative cycle diode D1 remains OFF but diode D2 is in forward bias
hence it conducts and negative cycle is available as a positive cycle at the output as shown in the
following figure. Note that direction of current in the load resistance is same during both the cycles
hence output is only positive cycles.

(Full-Wave rectifier)

7
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire the circuit of full wave rectifier CKT
2. Verify the connection of Transformer is Ground
3. Set The Oscilloscope.
2. Input waveform’s magnitude and frequency was measured with the help of Digital Oscilloscope
3. Supply is switched ON and the output waveform was obtained in the Digital Oscilloscope 4. Output
waveform’s magnitude and time period was measured.
5. With DMM measure Vdc across each Diode. Compere the result
5. Graphs were plotted Full wave rectifier outputs.

Find
AC Input voltage (rms) =
Peak Voltage = √2 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =

DC output voltage VDC =

𝑁
PIV = 𝑉𝑝𝑚 x 𝑁2 =
1

O/P frequency = 2𝑓𝑖𝑛 =

Observe the wave form

:: WORKSHEET::Waveforms:
[1] Input Waveform at secondary of transformer:

[2]Output waveform:

RESULT: Thus the output Full wave rectifier was obtained and the curve was plotted.
8
__________________________________________________________________________

Ex.No:04 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RACTIFIER

Date:

Aim:
To demonstrate the operation and characteristics of Full-Wave bridge rectifier circuit and
observe the output wave form

Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Transformer 12 Vrms 1
2 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
3 diode IN4001 4
4 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
5 DMM 2
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting Wires

Introduction:
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of
the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the following figure.

(Full-Wave Bridge rectifier)

The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the
diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of
the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D2 conduct, whereas
diodes D3 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac
voltage, diodes D3 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D2 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D3 and
D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same
direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional
wave.
9
PROCEDURE:
1. Wire the circuit of Bridge rectifier CKT shown in Diagram.
2. Input waveform’s magnitude and frequency was measured with the help of Digital Oscilloscope
3. Supply is switched ON and the output waveform was obtained in the Digital Oscilloscope 4. Output
waveform’s magnitude and time period was measured.
5. With DMM measure Vdc across each Diode Compere the result.
5. Observe the output and input Wave form on the oscilloscope.
6. Graphs were plotted Full wave rectifier outputs.

FIND
AC Input voltage (rms) =

Peak Voltage = √2 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =

DC output voltage VDC =

𝑁
PIV = 𝑉𝑝𝑚 x 𝑁2 =
1

O/P frequency = 2𝑓𝑖𝑛 =

Observe the wave form

:: WORKSHEET::Waveforms:
[1] Input Waveform at secondary of transformer:

[2]Output waveform:

RESULT: Thus the output of Full wave rectifier was obtained and the curve was plotted.
10
Ex.No:05 FULL WAVE BRIDGE RACTIFIER WITH FILTER
Date:

Aim:
To demonstrate the operation of capacitor input filter when connected to the output of a full
wave bridge rectifier

Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Transformer 12 Vrms 1
2 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
3 diode IN4001 4
4 Capacitor 470µF, 1000μF 1
5 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
6 DMM 2
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting Wires

The circuit diagram of the bridge rectifier with filter capacitor is shown in the following figure. When
capacitor charges during the first cycle, surge current flows because initially capacitor acts like a short
circuit. Thus, surge current is very large. If surge current exceeds rated current capacity of the diode it
can damage the diode. To limit surge current surge resistance is used in series as shown in the figure.
Similar surge resistance can be used in half wave as well as center-tapped full wave rectifier also.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CAPACITOR I/P FULL WAVE RECTIFIER BRIDGE

(Full Wave Bridge rectifier with filter)

11
PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit connections were given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Input waveform’s magnitude and frequency was measured with the help of Digital Oscilloscope
3. Supply is switched ON and the output waveform was obtained in the Digital Oscilloscope 4. Output
waveform’s magnitude and time period was measured.
5. With DMM measure Vdc across each Diode. Compere the result
5. Graphs were plotted Full wave rectifier outputs.

With filter capacitor

AC Input voltage (rms) Vrms= ___________
1
DC output voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑝(𝑖𝑛) (1-2𝑓 𝑅 )=
𝐿 𝐶

:: WORKSHEET::
[1] With filter capacitor: Input Waveform at secondary of transformer:

[2]Output waveform:

RESULT: Thus the output of Full wave rectifier was obtained and the curve was plotted.

12
________________________________________________________________________________
Ex.No:06 DIODE CLIPPER CIRCUIT
Date:

Aim:
To observe waveforms at the output of clipper circuits

Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Transformer 12 Vrms 1
2 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
3 diode IN4001 1
4 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
5 DMM 2
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting Wires

Introduction:
Clipping circuit is used to select for transmission that part of an arbitrary waveform which lie
above or below some reference level. Clipping circuit “clips” some portion of the waveform.
Clipping circuit are also referred to as voltage limiters. Clamping circuit preserves shape of the
waveform while clipping circuit does not preserve shape of waveform. Clipping circuit uses
some reference level. Waveform above or below this reference level is clipped. Clipping circuits are
also known as voltage li1miter or amplitude limiter or slicers. Some clipper circuits are explained
here.
Procedure:
 Make the Connections as shown in the circuit diagram
 Apply sinusoidal input Vi of amplitude 12V P-P to the circuit.
 Observe the output signal in the Digital Oscilloscope and verify it with given waveforms.

I) Positive Clipping Circuit:

Circuit Diagram:

13
II) Negative Clipping Circuit:
Circuit Diagram

:: WORKSHEET:
[1] Input Waveform of Positive and Negative Clipper

[2]Output waveform of Positive Clipper

[3] Output Waveform of Negative Clipper

RESULT: Thus the Positive and Negative Clipper output wave was obtained and the curve was
plotted.
_______________________________________________________________
14
Ex.No:07 CLAMPER CIRCUIT
Date:

Aim:
To observe waveforms at the output of clamper circuits
Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Transformer 12 Vrms 1
2 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
3 diode IN4001 1
4 Capacitor 1000μF 1
5 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
6 DMM 2
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting Wires

Introduction:
Diodes are widely used in clipping and clamping circuits. Clamping circuits are used to change DC
level (average level) of the signal which adds or subtracts DC value with the signal. In clamping,
shape of waveform remains same only offset value (DC level) will change. Positive clamping adds
positive DC level in the signal while negative clamping adds negative DC level in the signal. Capacitor
is widely used in the clamping circuit. Clamping circuit is used in video amplifier of television
receiver to restore DC level of video signal to preserve overall brightness of the scene. Clamping
circuit is also used in offset control of function generator. Zero offset means no DC value is added in
the AC signal.
Circuit operation:
Typical circuit operation of the positive clamping and negative clamping is given below.

Positive clamping:

Consider that 6V peak to peak signal with zero offset is applied at the input of the clamping circuit.
On the first negative half cycle of the input signal, diode D turns ON because anode voltage
15
is greater than cathode voltage. Capacitor charges to the negative peak voltage let us say -6V
in our example. The value of R should be high so that it will not discharge the capacitance.
After completion of negative cycle, positive cycle starts and diode turns OFF. Capacitance voltage is in
series with the input voltage. As per the Kirchhoff’s law output voltage will be addition of input
voltage and capacitance voltage. Input signal is positive swing of +6V and capacitor voltage is
+6V. Thus during the positive peak of the input voltage total output voltage will be +12V.
We can consider that during the positive cycle capacitor acts like a battery and adds +6V in
the input. Waveforms are drawn here considering ideal diode, no leakage in the capacitance
under ideal situations which will be different in practical situations.

Negative clamping:

In a negative clamping circuit polarity of diode is reverse than in positive clamping. In our
signal input swings from -6V to +6V (peak to peak 12V). Diode turns ON during the positive
cycle and charge is stored in the capacitor. Capacitor will charge up to +6 V in our example.
During the negative cycle this voltage will be in series with the input voltage and gives
Total output -12V during negative peak of the input signal.

Experiment Procedure:
 Connect function generator with Digital Oscilloscope. Set sine wave with 4V peak to Peak.
Ensure that offset voltage is 0.
 Connect the Transformer at the input of the clamping circuit
 Observe output waveforms on the Digital Oscilloscope for different clamping circuits and draw
output waveforms.

16
:: WORKSHEET:
[1] Input Waveform of Positive and Negative Clamper

[2]Output waveform of Positive Clamper

[3] Output Waveform of Negative Clamper

RESULT: Thus the Positive and Negative Clamper output wave was obtained and the curve was
plotted.
17
__________________________________________________________________________________
Ex.No:08 HALF WAVE VOLTAGE DOUBLER
Date:
Aim:
To demonstrate the operation of half wave diode voltage doubler
Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Transformer 6Vrms 1
2 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
3 diode IN4001 2
4 Capacitor 1000μF 2
5 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
6 DMM 2
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting Wires

Introduction:
A Voltage doubler produces a d.c. voltage almost twice the rms value of the input a.c. voltage. Voltage
doubler can be of two types
 Half wave voltage doubler
 Full wave voltage doubler

Fig shows the circuit for a half wave voltage doubler. During the positive half cycle of the secondary
voltage diode D1 conducts and D2 is cut off. Now capacitor C1charges to the peak rectified voltage
Vm, with polarity shown in the figure. During the negative half cycle, the secondary voltage comes in
series with voltage across the capacitor C1.Thus C2 will try to charge towards 2Vm (Vm of the input
and Vm of the capacitor C1. After few cycles the voltage across the capacitor C2 will be equal to 2Vm
Since diode D2 acts as a short during the negative half-cycle (and diode D1 is open), we can sum the
voltages around the outside loop.

i.e. −𝑉𝐶1−𝑉𝐶2 =0 or, −𝑉𝑚 − 𝑉𝑚 −𝑉𝐶2=0

From which, 𝑉𝐶2=2𝑉𝑚

Fig. 8.1 Half wave voltage doubler

18
In the circuit capacitor C1will discharge in the negative half cycle. Again in the positive half cycle, it
starts charging. Thus the half wave voltage doubler supplies the voltage to the load in one half cycles.
Therefore regulation of the half wave voltage doubler is poor.

PROCDURE: -
1. Wire the circuit of Half wave diode doubler
2. Set the Oscilloscope channels 1 and 2 v/divi.
3. Apply the power to primary to the transformer
4. Connect probe of channel 1at point “a” measure the peak voltageVs .Connect of probe channel
2 at point “B”. it shell clamped near zero volt and the positive peak voltage should be nearly
twice the transformer secondary voltage . Measure this peak voltage,Vp and record the result.
5. Now take the result channel 1 Prob to connect into I KΩ load resistor. we should see two
singals similar to these shown. Measure these DC voltages Vdc across the 1KΩ, resistor with
DMM. Record value. You should have measured a DC voltage that is nearly twice that of the
transformer peaks. Secondary voltage, less two dido voltage drops.

:: WORKSHEET::
Waveforms: [1] Input Waveform at secondary of transformer:

[2]Output waveform:

RESULT: Thus the output of half wave voltage doubler was obtained and the wave form was
observed.

19
_______________________________________________________________
Ex.No:09 FULL WAVE VOLTAGE DOUBLER
Date:
Aim:
To demonstrate the operation of full wave diode voltage doubler

Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Transformer 6 Vrms 1
2 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
3 diode IN4001 2
4 Capacitor 1000μF 2
5 Resistor 1 KΩ 1
6 DMM 2
7 Bread Board - 1
8 Connecting Wires

Introduction:
Another voltage doubler circuit called full wave voltage doubler is shown in fig. During the positive
half cycle of the secondary voltage diode D1conducts, charging the capacitor the capacitor C1to the
peak voltage Vm. At this time diode D2 is non-conducting. During negative half cycle diode
D2conducts, charging capacitor C2to Vm, with polarity as marked, while diode D2is non-conducting.
Since both capacitors C1and C2are in series, the final output voltage is approximately 2Vm. This
circuit is called full wave voltage doubler because one of the output capacitor is being charged during
each half cycle of the input voltage

Circuit Diagram

Fig. 9.1 Full wave voltage doubler

20
PROCDURE: -
1. Wire the circuit of full wave diode doubler
2. Set the Oscilloscope channels 1 and 2 v/divi.
3. Apply the power to primary to the transformer
4. Connect probe of channel 1at point “a” measure the peak voltage Vs . Connect of probe
channel 2 at point “B”. it shell clamped near zero volt and the positive peak voltage should be
nearly twice the transformer secondary voltage . Measure this peak voltage, Vp and record the
result.
5. Now take the result channel 1 Prob to connect into I KΩ load resistor. we should see two
singals similar to these shown. Measure these DC voltages Vdc across the 1KΩ, resistor with
DMM. Record value. You should have measured a DC voltage that is nearly twice that of the
transformer peaks. Secondary voltage, less two dido voltage drops.

:: WORKSHEET::
Waveforms: [1] Input Waveform at secondary of transformer:

[2]Output waveform:

RESULT: Thus the output of full wave voltage doubler was obtained and the wave form was
observed.

21
_______________________________________________________________
Ex. No: 10 CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE
Date:
Aim:
To study the characteristics and to determine the breakdown voltage of a zener diode

Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Regulated Power Supply (RPS) 0-30 dc 1
2 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
3 Diode IN775 (6.2) 1
4 Resistor 1 KΩ ,10 KΩ 1
5 DMM 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting Wires

Theory: On application of reverse bias to a diode, depletion layer widens and the bias increases the
barrier potential. As a result of this, there is no flow of current in the diode. As the reverse bias
increases to a certain value, the applied electric field pulls electrons directly out of their bonds and an
increased current flow occurs. The effect is called Zener effect and the reverse voltage applied is called
Zener voltage or breakdown voltage. The reverse current at the Zener voltage is called Zener current.
At breakdown voltage, the current suddenly increases to a high value (maintaining the voltage
constant). That is why Zener diodes are used in voltage regulators. Zener diodes with breakdown
voltage 2.7 V to a few hundred volts are available.

1KΩ

Fig: 10.1 Reverse Biased (zener) diode

22
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Vary the power supply in such a way that the readings are taken in steps of 1V.
3. Record the voltage across the diode (V) and current (I) throughit as a function of input
voltage. FindZenar Voltage
4. Plot a graph between Vr&Ir

Measurement of V and I in reverse bias

Input Voltage Voltage Across Zener Diode (V) Zener Diode Current (mA)

ZENER DIODE V-I CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

Result: The breakdown voltage for the given zener diode is (-)……………. Volt.
23
Exp. No: 11 COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS
Date:
Aim:
1. To plot the input and output static characteristics.
2. To calculate the input dynamic resistance from the input characteristics and output dynamic
resistance and current gain fro the output characteristics of the given transistor.

Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 Transformer 12 Vrms 1
3 Digital Oscilloscope - 1
4 Transistor 2N2222A 1
5 Resistor 39 KΩ, 1 KΩ 1
Power rating = 0.5w
7 DMM 2
8 Bread Board - 1
9 Connecting Wires

24
Tabular forms:
a) Input Characteristics

S. Applied 𝑽𝑪𝑬 = 2 𝑽𝑪𝑬 = 5 𝑽𝑪𝑬 = 20

NO Voltage 𝑽𝑩𝑬 (V) 𝑰𝑩 (µA) 𝑽𝑩𝑬 (V) 𝑰𝑩 (µA) 𝑽𝑩𝑬 (V) 𝑰𝑩 (µA)
𝑽𝑩𝑩 (V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

b) Output Characteristics

S. Applied 𝑰𝑩 = 10 µA 𝑰𝑩 = 20 µA 𝑰𝑩 = 30 µA
NO Voltage 𝑽𝑪𝑬 (V) 𝑰𝑪 (µA) 𝑽𝑪𝑬 (V) 𝑰𝑪 (µA) 𝑽𝑪𝑬 (V) 𝑰𝑪 (µA)
𝑽𝑪𝑪 (V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Model Graphs:

Fig. A: Input characteristics

25
 Fig B: Output Characteristics

Calculations:
a) Input Characteristics:
∆ 𝑉𝐵𝐸
Input resistance 𝑟𝑖 = at constant 𝑉𝐶𝐸
∆𝐼𝐵

b) Output Characteristics:
∆ 𝑉𝐶𝐸
Output dynamic resistance 𝑟𝑜 = at constant 𝐼𝐵
∆𝐼𝐶

∆ 𝐼𝐶
Current gain, 𝛽 = at constant 𝑉𝐶𝐸
∆𝐼𝐵

Precautions:
1. Connections must be done very carefully
2. Reading should be noted without parallax error
3. The applied voltage, current should not exceed the maximum rating of the given transistor.

Result
Input and output characteristics are observed for the given transistor in common emitter
connection, the input resistance, output resistance and the current gain are calculated.

26
__________________________________________________________________________________
Ex.No: 12 TRANSISTORS AS A SWITCH
Date:

Aim:
To examine the characteristics of bipolar transistor as a switch

Apparatus required:
S.No Apparatus Name Range Quantity
1 DC power supply 0-30V 2
2 Transistor 2N3904 1
3 Resistor 100 KΩ, 560Ω 1
4 LED 2V 1
5 Bread Board - 1
6 Connecting Wires

Theory:

The Transistor
Transistors are basic components in all of todays’ electronics .They are just simple switches that we
can use to turn things on and off. Even though they are simple, they are the most important electrical
component
Transistor that we use in projects look like this:

27
The transistor has three lags, the collector(C), Base(B), and Emitter(E). Sometimes they are labeled on
the flat side of the transistor. Transistor always has one round side and one flat side. If the round side is
facing you, the collector leg is on the left, the base leg is in the middle, and the emitter leg is on the
right.
Transistor Symbol
The following symbol is used in circuit drawing to represent transistor.

Basic Circuit
The Base (B) is the ON/OFF switch for the transistor. If a current flowing to the Base, there will be a
path from the Collector(C) to the Emitter (E) where current can flow (The switch is On).If there is no
current flowing to the base , then no current can flow from the Collector to the Emitter.(The switch is
Off.)
Below is the basic circuit we will use for all our transistors.

Procedure
To we only need to add the transistor and another resistor to the circuit we built above for the LED.
Unplug the power supply from the power supply adapter before making any changes on the
breadboard. To put the transistor in the breadboard, separate the legs and place it on the breadboard so
each leg is in a different row. The Collector leg should be in the same row as the leg of the resistor that
is connected to ground (with the black jumper wire.) Next move the jumper wire going from ground to
the 2.2k ohm resistor to the Emitter of the transistor.

28
Now place one leg of the 100k ohm resistor in the row with Base of the transistor and the other leg in
an empty row. Now put one hand of a yellow jumper wire in the positive row (beside the red line) and
the other end in the row with the leg of the 100k ohm resistor (the end not connected to the base).
Reconnect the power supply and the transistor will come on and the LED will light up. Now move the
one end of the yellow jumper wire from the positive row to the ground row (beside the blue line). As
soon as you remove the yellow jumper wire from the positive power supply, there is no current flowing
to the base. This makes the transistor turn off and current cannot flow through the LED .

RESULT:
It is observed that the transistor work as a switch.

29
Ex. No: 14 BJT - CE AMPLIFIER
Date:
AIM:
1. to obtain the frequency response of the Common Emitter BJT Amplifier
2. To Measure the Voltage gain and Bandwidth of CE amplifier.

APPARATUS:
S

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Transistor (BC-107) 1
1KΩ, 4.7KΩ, 10KΩ,
2 Resistors 1
15 KΩ , 68 KΩ
10µF
3 Capacitors 21
47 µF
4 Bread Board 1
5 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V DC 1
6 Function Generator (100-1M)Hz 1
7 Digital Oscilloscope (100-20M)Hz 1
THEORY:
The CE amplifier provides high gain &wide frequency response. The emitter lead is
common to both input & output circuits and is grounded. The emitter-base circuit is forward
biased. The collector current is controlled by the base current rather than emitter current. The
input signal is applied to base terminal of the transistor and amplifier output is taken across
collector terminal. A very small change in base current produces a much larger change in
collector current. When +ve half-cycle is fed to the input circuit, it opposes the forward bias of
the circuit which causes the collector current to decrease, it decreases the voltage more –ve.
Thus when input cycle varies through a -ve half-cycle, increases the forward bias of the circuit,
which causes the collector current to increases thus the output signal is common emitter
amplifier is in out of phase with the input signal.

30
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set Source Voltage Vs = 50mV (say) at 1 KHz frequency, using function generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 1MHz in regular
steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Calculate the Voltage Gain by using the formula
Av = Output voltage (V0) / Input voltage (Vs)
5. Calculate the Voltage Gain in dB by using Voltage Gain Av (dB) = 20 log10 (Vo/Vs).
6. Plot the Graph by taking Voltage gain (dB) on x-axis and frequency (Hz) on y-axis.
7. The Bandwidth of the amplifier is calculated from the graph using the expression,
Bandwidth, BW=f2-f1
Where f1 is lower 3-dB frequency
f2 is upper 3-dB frequency
OBSERVATIONS: 𝑽𝑺 = ______________ V
Input Output Voltage Voltage Gain (dB)
S.No Frequency Voltage (Vo) Gain=Vo/Vs =20log10 (Vo/Vs)
(Hz) (volts)

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

31
PRECAUTIONS:

1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the transistor. This may lead
to damage the transistor.
2. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections
as per the circuit diagram.
3. Make sure while selecting the emitter, base and collector terminals of the transistor.

RESULT: The Voltage gain and Bandwidth of CE amplifier is measured and the frequency response
of the CE Amplifier is obtained.
1. The Voltage gain of CE Amplifier is ____________________.
2. The Bandwidth of CE Amplifier is ______________________.

32
__________________________________________________________________________________
Ex.No: 14 FET CHARACTERISTICS
Date:
AIM:
1. To draw the Drain and Transfer characteristics of a given FET in CS Configuration.
2. To find the drain resistance (rd), amplification factor (μ) and Trans-Conductance(gm) of the given
FET.
APPARATUS:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1 JFET (BFW-10) 1
2 Resistors 100KΩ, 100Ω 1
3 Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V DC 1
4 Bread Board 1
5 Digital Ammeter (0-200)mA 1
6 Digital Voltmeter (0-20)V DC 2
7 Connecting Wires As Req

THEORY:
A FET is a three terminal device, having the characteristics of high input impedance and less noise, the
Gate to Source junction of the FET s always reverse biased. In response to small applied voltage from
drain to source, the n-type bar acts as sample resistor, and the drain current increases linearly with
VDS. With increase in ID the ohmic voltage drop between the source and the channel region reverse
biases the junction and the conducting position of the channel begins to remain constant. The VDS at
this instant is called “pinch of voltage”. If the gate to source voltage (VGS) is applied in the direction
to provide additional reverse bias, the pinch off voltage ill is decreased. In amplifier application, the
FET is always used in the region beyond the pinch-off. IDS=IDSS (1-VGS/VP)2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

33
PROCEDURE:
1. All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. To plot the drain characteristics, keep VGS constant at 0V.
3. Vary the VDD and observe the values of VDS and ID.
4. Repeat the above steps 2, 3 for different values of VGS at -1V and -2V.
5. All the readings are tabulated.
6. To plot the transfer characteristics, keep VDS constant at 0.5V.
7. Vary VGG and observe the values of VGS and ID.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for different values of VDS at 1V and 1.5V.
9. The readings are tabulated.
10. From drain characteristics, calculate the values of drain resistance (rd) by using the formula
rd= ∆VDS/∆ID
11. From transfer characteristics, calculate the value of trans-conductance (gm) by using the formula
gm = ∆ID/∆VGS
12. Amplification factor (μ) = drain resistance (rd) x Trans-conductance (gm)
μ = ∆VDS/∆VGS

OBSERVATIONS:

(i) DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

S.No 𝑽𝑮𝑺 = 0V VGS = -1V VGS = -2V

VDS (V) ID (mA) VDS (V) ID (mA) VDS (V) ID (mA)

34
(ii) TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:

S.No 𝑽𝑫𝑺 = 0.5V VDS = 1V VDS = 1.5V

VGS (V) ID (mA) VGS (V) ID (mA) VGS (V) ID (mA)

MODEL GRAPH:
(i) DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

35
(ii) TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the FET. This may lead to damage the
FET.
2. Connect voltmeter and Ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the
circuit diagram.
4. Make sure while selecting the Source, Drain and Gate terminals of the FET.

RESULT:
1. The drain and transfer characteristics of a given FET are drawn.
2. The drain resistance (rd), amplification factor (µ) and Trans-conductance (gm) of the given
FET are calculated.

(i) The drain resistance (rd) of FET is _____________

(ii) Trans-conductance (gm) of FET is______________
(iii) Amplification factor (µ) of FET is_______________

36