De Guzman, Roy John M.

WEEK 4
201490225, MS-Arch Heritage Conservation
Arc17: Prof.Rene Luis Mata, M.Arch
College of Architecture: University of the Philippines-Diliman
Revised November 2016

Definition of Terms
Useful definitions are drawn from THE AUSTRALIAN ICOMOS CHARTER FOR THE
CONSERVATION OF PLACES OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (The Burra Charter), The
Singapore Objectives, Principles and Standards for Preservation and Conservation, Draft of
Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Charter of Brasilia (1996), Appleton Charter, Draft of
Philippine Omnibus Cultural Heritage Bill (1994), New Zealand Charter, Conserving
Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials, Dictionary of Architecture and Construction
and, Historic Sourcebook are cited herein;

Adaptation - modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposed use.1

Addition – a periodic activity: a modification, which involves the introduction of new

material.2

Aesthetic Value- encompasses works representing rare and outstanding contributions in

national architecture that are reflected in its design, style, construction, and age. Other
criteria may include consideration of architectural design, form, scale, color, texture,
material, used and the aesthetic value of a building or groups of buildings that relates both to
location and context.3
Alteration – Any act or process that changes one or more of the exterior architectural
features of a structure, including but not limited to, the erection, construction, reconstruction,
or removal of any structure or part thereof.4

Artifactual Value – Sites of the highest cultural significance are to be considered primarily
as artifacts, demanding protection as fragile and complex historical monuments.5

Associations - the special connections that exist between people and a place.6

Authenticity - It is expressed in the concept of truth, that which is authentic, certain and
presents no doubt. Its goal of preserving memory and its cultural manifestations to enrich
culture and it is beyond the material aspect. It is the affirmation of the socio-cultural evolution
of a nation or a place.7

Basis – Principal reference for establishing the significance of a heritage resource.

Carbonation – the process of loss of alkalinity, consequent corrosion of reinforcement and

deterioration of concrete.8

Compatible use means a use, which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a
use involve no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance.9

Conservation – means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural
significance. It is based on a respect for the existing fabric, use, associations and meanings.
It requires a cautious approach of changing as much as necessary but as little as possible.
The traces of additions, alterations and earlier treatments to the fabric of a place are
evidence of its history and uses which may be part of its significance. Conservation action
should assist and not impede their understanding.10

All Processes of looking after a Heritage resource so as to sustain its values and its cultural
significance.
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BIANDO - DE GUZMAN – PANOPIO 2017
De Guzman, Roy John M. WEEK 4
201490225, MS-Arch Heritage Conservation
Arc17: Prof.Rene Luis Mata, M.Arch
College of Architecture: University of the Philippines-Diliman
Revised November 2016

Contemporary buildings – refers to structures within the historic site built in the 1950’s but
part of the historic layering of the evolution of the site/place.
Contextual Value- that which conserves the authenticity in terms of its socio-cultural,
historical and aesthetic content of a site, monument or landmark.

Consolidation – is the physical addition or application of materials that strengthen or

support the actual fabric of the monument or conservation building to ensure its continued
durability or structural integrity.11

A process of renovation to secure or strengthen a building or structure by combining

material, use, form, size or shape.

Culture – Way’s of Living that include behavior patterns, art, beliefs, institutions and all other
products of human work and thought shared that reflect the identity of a group.

Cultural Significance – means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past,
present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric,
setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places
may have a range of values for different individuals or groups.12
Demolition is confined to actions, which reveal structures or relationships of much greater
significance than the structure demolished or what will remove intrusions, which reduce the
significance of the building.13

Documentation Registry- a list of landmarks that are protected by national or local

legislation composed of buildings, groups of buildings, sites, cultural landscapes of
significance in national, regional or local architecture archeology, engineering and culture.
Places included in the Register are considered landmarks.14

Dwell time – the period of time for poultice and any other application of chemical
compounds is left to carry out its cleaning process.15

Education Interpretation – appropriate ways of making the significance of the place

understood consistent with the retention of that of that significance. This maybe a
combination of the treatment of the fabric, the use of the place and the use of introduced
interpretive material.16

Educational Value – embraces the qualities of the place as a venue for educational
development and innovation.
Efflorescence- a powdery deposit of crystals of various salts in the surface of a masonry
caused by free alkalies leached from mortar or adjacent concrete as moisture moves
through it.17

Enhancement – The activities of removal or addition are characteristic of measures in

support of enhancement of the heritage resource.18

Exfoliation – peeling, swelling, or scaling of stone or mineral surfaces in thin layers caused
by physical weathering.19

Fabric – means all the physical material of the place including components, fixtures,
contents, and objects.20

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BIANDO - DE GUZMAN – PANOPIO 2017
De Guzman, Roy John M. WEEK 4
201490225, MS-Arch Heritage Conservation
Arc17: Prof.Rene Luis Mata, M.Arch
College of Architecture: University of the Philippines-Diliman
Revised November 2016
Facadism – a conservation approach, when a certain portion of the façade of a historic
structure is retained.

Funding – a fund for the purpose of conservation, restoration, preservation, reconstruction

and protection of built heritage and all activities for the site.

Galvanic corrosion – an electro-chemical action which, takes place when two dissimilar
metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte, resulting in corrosion.21

Gardens/ Parks – refers to parks and landscapes within the site with cultural significance.
Grouting – injecting of fluid mortar or synthetic adhesive materials to fill up voids, joints,
cracks and cracks on masonry works.

Guidelines/Standards – are building-specific directions based on the overall Principles and

Standards for preservation and conservation.22

Historical buildings - refers to a structure/s where significant development or event

occurred, categorized as a Historical Shrine, Historical Monument and Historical
Landmark.23

Historical Value- a place that has influenced, or has been influenced by, a historic figure,
event, phase or activity.24

Identity – It is a way to belong and to participate. It is how we are capable of finding a place,
a name, an image, not by contrast but by discovering links that tie us to those others with
whom we share one and the same culture.25

Integrity – Structural and technological integrity must be respected and will require attention
to performance as well as appearance.26

Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place.
Interpretation may be a combination of the treatment of the fabric (e.g. maintenance,
restoration, reconstruction); the use of and activities at the place; and the use of introduced
explanatory material.27

Intervention – Involves maintenance, stabilization, repair, restoration, reconstruction or

adaptation, where appropriate, conservation processes may be applied to parts or
components of a structure or site. 28

Intrusive Elements –a disruptive element of slight significance, which tends to devaluate the
significance of the other components.29

Landmarks- a property or structure designated as such by national legislation pursuant to

procedures prescribed by the designated authority, that is worthy of rehabilitation, restoration
and preservation because of its historic and or architectural significance to Philippine
culture.30

Layering – refers to the components of a historic site or monument or building that pertains
to its historical evolution expressed either in layout, style or materials.

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De Guzman, Roy John M. WEEK 4
201490225, MS-Arch Heritage Conservation
Arc17: Prof.Rene Luis Mata, M.Arch
College of Architecture: University of the Philippines-Diliman
Revised November 2016
Maintenance- means the continuous protective care of the fabric and setting of a place, and
is to be distinguished from repair. Repair involves restoration or reconstruction.31

A continuous process of caring for a heritage resource to retard its deterioration.

Material – A physical Attribute of a heritage resource that refers to the Physical elements,
constituents, or substance it is composed of.

Management- a management structure through which the conservation policy is capable of

being implemented; identifying those responsible for subsequent conservation management
decisions and the day to day management of the place; the mechanism by which these
decisions are to be made and recorded; and the means of providing security and regular
maintenance for the place.32

Meanings denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses.33

Monuments - are buildings, structures, sculptures, or historic sites of national historical

significance placed under the protection and designation of appropriate authorities for which
there is in force a preservation order under national or local legislation.34

Movable Structures – refers to non-permanent structure/s where significant event occurred

or significant personalities in context with the cultural significance of the place.35

National Cultural Agencies – refers to the cultural Center of the Philippines, Records
Management and Archives Office, National Historic Institute, National Library, National
Museum, National Commission on Culture and Arts.36

Occupancy- refers to the intended use of the building or the character of its occupants.37

Open Spaces – refers to open spaces within the site of historic significance.

Period Style – an architectural characteristic; either interior or exterior style representing a

given era of cultural significance.

Petrographic analyses – the analysis of thin section of rock/stone under a Scanning

Electron Microscope (SEM), to classify rock and determine elements present in the sample.

Poulticing technique – uses an inert powder which may be mixed with water to form a stiff
paste and applied to a lightly wetted surface, the moisture absorbs the salts or efflorescence
from the surface of masonry once it dries and it is removed from the covered surface.38

Preservation – means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and retarding
deterioration.39

A process of maintining the existing state of the heritage resource to retard deterioration and
prolong its existence.

Protection – may involve stabilization; it must involve a continuing program of

maintenance.40

Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from
restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric. New material may include
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BIANDO - DE GUZMAN – PANOPIO 2017
De Guzman, Roy John M. WEEK 4
201490225, MS-Arch Heritage Conservation
Arc17: Prof.Rene Luis Mata, M.Arch
College of Architecture: University of the Philippines-Diliman
Revised November 2016
recycled material salvaged from other places. This should not be to the detriment of any
place of cultural significance. 41

Redevelopment- insertion of contemporary structures or additions sympathetic to the

setting.42

A process of drastically changing the material and or form of a heritage resource, in effect
renewing a heritage resource often without much regard to its heritage values

Rehabilitation – is the process of returning a property to a state of utility, through repair, or

alteration, which makes possible an efficient contemporary use while preserving those
portions and features of the property which are significant to its historic, architectural and
cultural values.43

Related object means an object that contributes to the cultural significance of a place but is
not at the place.44
Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place.45

Related Sources of Information – the contribution which related places and related objects
make to the cultural significance of the place should be retained.46

Religious Value/ Sacred Value/ Symbolic Value- embrace the qualities of which, as a site
has become a focus for a spiritual and religious practice.

Reconstruction – A form of repair that refers to the accurate rebuilding of a vanished or

irreversibly deterioration heritage resource from a known earlier state and with the
introduction of new materials.

Repair – A process of putting together what is torn or broken or replacing any part to keep
the heritage resource in good condition.

Replica – Exact copy of an original Work in all details that is same material, size and form

Repointing – the secondary application of mortar or neat finishing of mortar joints which
was executed with a point of a trowel or other pointed tool.47

Restoration - means returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by
removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new
material.48

A form of repair that returns a heritage resource to a previously known state, done without
any conjecture, and without the introduction of new materials to the existing fabric.

Reinforcement – A process of consolidation to fortify a heritage resource by adding some

strengthening support or material.

Reinstatement- A form of restoration that refers to the returning of a component of a

heritage resource to its former condition or position.

Replacement- A form of reconstruction that refers to the substitution of a new material,

preferably using an equivalent material, to a damaged, depleted, deteriorated, or lost
components of a formerly known state of a heritage resource.
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BIANDO - DE GUZMAN – PANOPIO 2017
De Guzman, Roy John M. WEEK 4
201490225, MS-Arch Heritage Conservation
Arc17: Prof.Rene Luis Mata, M.Arch
College of Architecture: University of the Philippines-Diliman
Revised November 2016

Renovation – A process of repair to increase the value, utility and or improve the aesthetic
quality of a heritage resource.

Retention- means the maintenance of a particular component of a historic site/structure with

cultural significance.49

Retrofiting- A drastic form of repair that entails furnishing the heritage resource with new or
modified parts or equipment not available or considered necessary at the time of its creation.

May involved adding new materials, like mechanical, plumbing, fire safety or electrical
equipment or other elements and components, often to meet current code requirements.

Scaffolding – an elevated platform use to access the face of the structure or to work or
inspect elements above ground level.

Scale – The Ratio of the actual measurement of something and those of a drawing, map or
model of it.

Scientific/ Technological Value – recognizing the rarity and quality of technology available
at the time of construction and to the degree which a building, structure or monument
reflects a certain period.50

Setting means the area around a place, which may include the visual catchments.51

Social Value- embraces the qualities of which, as a site has become a focus for a spiritual,
political or national cultural sentiment.52

Spalling – concrete deterioration indicated by small chips or fragments removed from the
surface of the masonry caused by action of the elements.

Stabilization – a periodic activity to halt deterioration and to put the existing form and
materials of a site into a state of equilibrium, with minimal change.53

Stakeholders – people for whom the place has a special associations and meanings or who
have social, spiritual or other cultural responsibilities for the place.

Stereophotogrammetry- a recording technique using photo mosaic in 1:25 or 1:50 scale,

use for the analyses of the condition and measurement of historic building and its
features.54

Structure – means any building, equipment, device or other facility made by people and
which is fixed to the land.55

Treatment- refers to the articulation and application of materials and methods or systems of
construction.
Use means the functions of a place, as well as the activities and practices that may occur at
the place.

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BIANDO - DE GUZMAN – PANOPIO 2017
De Guzman, Roy John M. WEEK 4
201490225, MS-Arch Heritage Conservation
Arc17: Prof.Rene Luis Mata, M.Arch
College of Architecture: University of the Philippines-Diliman
Revised November 2016
Vista – The panorama that includes the foreground and background elements, either
manmade or natural, which, are relevant to the overall context of the view of a historic
site/structure.

Visual Catchments – The visual inertia that refers to the orientation, position and location of
the structure/s natural or manmade that makes the entourage unique in terms of aesthetic
significance.

Zoning- means designated areas of use/occupancy in a historic site or building.

Reference of terms:
1 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2.
2 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 3.
3 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 2.
4 Ibid.
5 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 4.
6 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 3.
7 Charter of Brasilia (1996). ICOMOS Brazil, 1996. 1.
8 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998.
146.
9 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2.
10 Ibid.2.
11 Objectives, Principles and Standard for Preservation and Conservation Urban Redevelopment Methods Preservation of Monument
Board, Singapore, August 1993. 25.
12 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2.
13The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 6.
14 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 3.
15 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998.
165.
16 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 15.
17 Cyril M Harris. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975. 177.
18 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 4.
19 Op cit. 87.
20 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2.
21 Cyril M Harris. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975. 224.
22Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 2.
23Edgardo Angara and Leticia Shahani, Draft of Philippine Omnibus Cultural Heritage Bill (1999), Senate of the Philippines, Manila City.
1999. 5.
24 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 3.
25Charter of Brasilia (1996). ICOMOS Brazil, 1996. 2.
26 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 5.
27 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1999.
28 The Aotearoa Charter: New Zealand’s Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value (1992). ICOMOS, New Zealand.
1992. 3.
29 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. .
30Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 3.
31 Ibid. 2.
32 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 15 .
33 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 3.
34Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 3.
35 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 5.
36Edgardo Angara and Leticia Shahani, Draft of Philippine Omnibus Cultural Heritage Bill (1999), Senate of the Philippines, Manila City.
1999. 8.
37The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. .
38 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998.
81.
39 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2.
40 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 4.
41 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1999.
42Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 4.Ibid. 3.
43 Objectives, Principles and Standard for Preservation and Conservation Urban Redevelopment Methods Preservation of Monument
Board, Singapore, August 1993. 27.
44 The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 3 .

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BIANDO - DE GUZMAN – PANOPIO 2017
De Guzman, Roy John M. WEEK 4
201490225, MS-Arch Heritage Conservation
Arc17: Prof.Rene Luis Mata, M.Arch
College of Architecture: University of the Philippines-Diliman
Revised November 2016
45 Ibid. 2.
46 Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 5.
47 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998.
133.
48Op cit. 2.
49 Objectives, Principles and Standard for Preservation and Conservation Urban Redevelopment Methods Preservation of Monument
Board, Singapore, August 1993. 47.
50 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 4.
51The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance, Australia, 1979. 2
52 Loren Legarda. Draft of Philippine Built Heritage Bill (2000), Senate of the Philippines, Pasay City. 2000. 4.
53Appleton Charter, for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment, ICOMOS Ottawa, Canada. 1983. 3.
54 Martin E. Weaver and F. G. Matero. Conserving Buildings: Guide to Techniques and Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998.
4.
55 The Aotearoa Charter: New Zealand’s Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value (1992). ICOMOS, New Zealand.
1992.

Other References:
1. Notes of Ar. WR Solomon
2. Notes of Ar. Rene Luis “Jojo” Mata
3. Hertiage Tree Definitions (2009) UST Center for Conservation of Cultural Property and Environment in the
Tropics
4. Notes from Heritage Tourisms: An incentive for Community development (November 11-13,2016) Heritage
conservation summit, Guy Hall, Siliman University, Dumagute

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