St. Rose Catholic School, Inc.

Paniqui, Tarlac

SOCIAL
ORGAN
IZ
ATION
(Module 7)
Presented By Group 7:
Villamor P. Dumlao
Kyla Chonamae Locquiao
Trisha Nool
Vincent Ferrer
_____________________________________________________

Submitted to:
Mrs. Lyka Jessel Magday
(UCSP Instructor)

Social Organization
Forms of Human Clusters
Aggregates- the important characteristic of which is the common
physical location. The people are found in one place but do not
interact.

Social Category- is an agglomeration where members possess

common identifying status characteristics but do not interact socially.

Collective- crowd, masses, public, social movements.

What is Social Organization?

Social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among
individuals and social groups. Characteristics of social organization
can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal
cohesion, leadership, structure, division of labor, communication
systems, and so on.

The concept “organization” is defined in two ways:

1. To stand for a relationship among people, and
2. As a type of a particular social system.

-
Social Network Consist of Individuals who have dyadic
relationships that are interacting with other relationships within a
structure.
Is a social structure consisting of people who have varying degrees of
relations and interrelationships.

Jacob Moreno- A psychoteraphist in 1951 who developed

SOCIOGRAM to understand the dynamics of the intersection of social
groups.

Sociogram- It is a visual representation of social networks present in

one group or more.

Identifying the People in Sociogram

Clique- an exclusive group that is separate from the entire unit.
One-way Choice- an individual who relates to another individual who
does not reciprocate the affiliation.
Isolate- an individual who has chosen no one and is not chosen by
anyone in the group.

In-Groups, Out-Groups and Reference Groups

Three Types of Human Social Groupings:
1. In-Groups,
2. Out-Groups, and
3. Reference Groups

In-Groups- is the social group in which an individual directly affiliates

and expresses loyalty to.

Three characteristics of In-Groups

“Members use titles, external symbols and dress to distinguish
themselves from the out-group”
-Shandra, 2007

“Members apply positive stereotypes to their in-group and

negative stereotypes to the out-group.”
-Shandra, 2007

In-groups consist of the majority who defines what is normal and

acceptable. Those who do not accept the norms are considered
out-group.

In-Group Favoritism- The phenomenon of individuals preferring

members and behaviors practiced within in-groups as opposed to
those from the out-group.
Members tend to clash or compete with the members of the out-
group. This competition with the other group can also strengthen
the unity within each group.
-Shandra, 2007
Intergroup aggression- takes place as members of the in-group
harm individuals from the out-group due to their undesirable traits that
clash with the individual’s prescribed norms.

Out-Groups- Negative attributes are usually associated with

individuals who are part of this group.
Individuals from this group are usually malevolent even if they are not.

Out-Group Characteristics
Members of in-group perceive themselves as diverse and
complex, members of the out-group are described as a group
without any differentiation. They are prone from being
stereotyped and worse, dehumanized as members of the in-
group refer to them solely on the bases of their projected
characteristics.

Reference Groups- The behavior of an individual can be shaped by

the set of behavior and beliefs of a group that such as individual
considers as ideal.
Used by an individual as a standard to measure his or her actions.

Reference Groups Characteristics

Normative Effect- when an individual receives a positive self-
evaluation.
Negative self-evaluations may lead to…
Comparison Effect- individuals try to appraise their behavior based
on prescribed norms.

Primary and Secondary Groups

Primary Groups- are the direct sources of an individual’s social skills
and knowledge. Interaction and communication are often INFORMAL
and HOLISTIC.
Includes:
Family, friends, peers, classmates and church.
Secondary Groups- more FORMAL in context as the relationships
and interactions are limited to a particular role that an individual plays
within the group.
Includes:
Clients and agent, researcher and informants, politicians,
professors and students.

Small Groups- A family is an example of small groups.

Dyad- the most cohesive and directly interacting small group.
Triad- group consisting of three individuals.

Types of Family
Nuclear Family- includes father, mother and children.
Extended- a family composed two nuclear families or with relatives
sometimes.

Social Loafing- a phenomenon of free riding.

Leadership and Conformity

Conformity- the behavior of an individual that relates to the following
prescribed norms and behavior of his or her group due to pressure or
influence that members of the group have on him or her.
Group-think- united acceptance and practice of idea that is believed
as a form of group loyalty.
Expressive Leader- employs a cooperative style of management,
wherein the members’ opinions are accounted for as the main goal of
group is to maintain cohesion.
Instrumental Leader- implement of directive style of management,
wherein the group are directed to perform tasks that lead achievement
of the group goals.

Social Organizations
Organization- created by individuals to foster a more direct
relationship in secondary group setting.
Formal Group- when a secondary group is directed by its goals.
Includes:
Political parties, professional organizations, associations.

Informal groups- characterized by informal relations between

members.
Includes:
Family relationships, friendships

Rational planning- implies identification of tasks, roles,

implementation programs and general policies.
Includes:
Business groups

Organizational Models
Bureaucratic Model- lifted from Max Weber’s concept of modern
Western society.
These types of organizations operate within frame of written rules and
regulations to allow a more efficient implementation of organizational
objectives.
Individuals are known as “Bureaucrats.”
Allows individuals to operate within their capacity.
The problem with this organizational model is that it is too
deterministic in its understanding of organizations.

Collectivist Organizational Model- Responds to the issue that

confronted Bureaucratic Model.
Based on Karl Marx’ theory on the evolution of society, this model
predicts the demise of bureaucratic organizations within a shift from a
class-based to a classless society.
Equality is the common theme in this model.