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_भभभभभभभभ भभ भभभभभभभभ भभभभ भभभभभभ भभ भभभ भभभभभभभभभ" भभभभभभभभभ
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भभभभ… भभभभ भभभभभभ भभभभभभभ 15 भभभभभ, 1965 भभ भभभभभभभभ भभभभ

1 भभभभभभ, 1976 भभ भभभभभ भभभ भभभभभभभभ भभभभभभभभ भभभ भभ भभभभभभभभ. भभ

भभभ भभभभ भभभभभभभभ भभभभभभभभभभ. भभभ भ भभभ भ

भभभभ भभभभभभभभ भभभभ भभ भभभभभभभभ भभ भभ भभभभभभभभ'भभ भभभभ भभभभ

भभभभ भभभभ भभभभ भभभ भभभभ भभभ
 Television Broadcast has started as an experimental basis with a financial grant from UNESCO
on 15th September 1959
 In 1965, daily one-hour program with a news bulletin was started
 Before 1990s, Doordarshan had monopolized newscast on television
 As a public broadcaster, Doordarshan presented the news in naturalized manner. All controversial
issues were pushed under the carpet. The ruling government had a strong hold on the television
broadcasting. Doordarshan news bulletins were unable to provide the international news to the
national viewers
 The news was liberated from the confines of the DD newsroom and gained in objectivity and
credibility when New Delhi Television (NDTV) produced ‘The World This Week’ at every
Friday night in 1988
 In 1989, NDTV produces India’s first live televised coverage of the country’s general elections.
The critical and commercial success of the coverage sets a new standard for Indian television.
 International satellite television was introduced in India by CNN through its coverage of the Gulf
War in 1991
 In August 1991, Star Plus became the first satellite channel to beamed the signal to Indian
subcontinent
 India’s first privately owned Hindi channel Zee TV started in October 1992
 The list was followed by Sony and other domestic channels such as Eenadu, Asianet and Sun TV
 Doordarshan had faced a stiff competition in news and public affairs programming and planned to
sell some slots for news programme under sponsored category
 In February 1995, NDTV becomes the country’s first private producer of the national
news ‘News Tonight’
 In the same year, TV Today Network occupied a 20 minutes slot in DD Metro channel and aired
a Hindi and current affairs programme ‘Aaj Tak’, Business Aaj Tak and Newstrack
 Nalini Singh produced 5 minutes fast paced, condensed daily news capsule Ankhon Dekhi
 Doordarshan’s monopoly was broken in 1992, when the media houses started to produce news
magazines, entertainment magazines and news programs for different channels
 Television Eighteen India Limited (TV18) started India’s first ever entertainment magazine ‘The
India Show’ on Star Plus in 1993
 To provide India centric News, Zee Television launched the news and current affairs channel Zee
News in 1995
 Star TV beamed its exclusively 24-hour news channels, Star News in 1998. Star made a contract
of five year with NDTV for outsourcing of news and related programming for this news channel
 In November 1999, TV18 entered into a 49:51 joint venture with CNBC Asia to launch CNBC
India
 TV Today group launched a 24-hour Hindi news channel ‘Aaj Tak’, in December 2000
 NDTV’s five years contract with Star group expired on March 2003. After that NDTV
simultaneously launched two 24-hour news channels; NDTV 24X7 – English news channel and
NDTV India – Hindi news channel
 ‘Sahara India Parivar’ launched a 24-hour national Hindi news channel, Sahara Samay, in March
28, 2003
  DD Metro was converted to DD-News channel on 3 November 2003
 ‘Aap Ki Adalat’ fame Rajat Sharma, Sohaib Ilyasi, the man behind the highly successful ‘India’s
Most Wanted’ and Tarun Tejpal, editor-in-chief of Tehelka roped together and launched a free-to-
air Hindi news and current affairs channel India TV on May 20, 2004.
 NDTV launched NDTV Profit, a business channel on January 17th, 2005
 Jagran TV Pvt Limited’s launched, Channel 7 on 27 March 2005
 In 2006, Rajdeep Sardesai and Sameer Manchanda promoted GBN bought a stake in Channel 7
and took editorial control in the channel and later renamed it as IBN 7

In 1991, DD broadcast the Gulf War, CNN’s Peter Arnett went live from Baghdad and within a year, our
TV screen, like the Iraqi capital, exploded into action. So much so, that in 1998, we watched a very
different “Desert Storm”, in Sharjah, courtesy one Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar.

The economic reforms of 1991, and the liberalised access to communication technology, allowed foreign
media companies entry into the country and Indian companies’ entry into television. And, as if by magic,
our lives were transformed, utterly as the space invasion colonised our homes.

Consider this: television was introduced into India in 1959, but we had only one national channel for over
30 years, which sporadically burst into life. Twenty-five years later, weonly have 24×7 TV. We’ve gone
from 1.2 million TV homes in 1992 and 14.2 million in 1996 to 168 million and 149 million C&S homes
in 2014, according to KPMG.

There are now over 800 licensed channels — there was one in 1991 — with every genre of programming
and some we didn’t know: entertainment, music, sports, news, lifestyle, spirituality, property, etc. The
first 24×7 news channel began in 1998; by 2014 there were 400 and counting in more than 15 languages.

And that TV set in a wooden cabinet with beetle antenna for grainy black-and-white pictures from
terrestrial towers? Banished. Vanished. Now it’s LCD, satellite transmissions with cable and DTH HD
telecasts, online, mobile, laptops and tablets. We’ve left Nukkad’s cronies’ corner for Netflix’s House of
Cards, pay per view, streaming, etc.

Content has adapted, accordingly. When it began in the early and mid nineties, TV was a liberated,
cosmopolitan space. It targeted the urban, English-Indian with American and British serials: sexy
Baywatch, steamy Dallas with paramours and the paranormal (X-Files).

Simultaneously, the homegrown Hinglish of Zee, DD2, Sony, MTV pursued “Make in India” much
before Narendra Modi thought of it, producing local derivative shows in every genre: sitcoms, soaps,
quizzes, thrillers, horror, reality, countdowns, satire and sci-fi (Hum Paanch, Banegi Apni Baat, Sa Re Ga
Ma Pa, Philips Top Ten, Byomkesh Bakshi, Aahat, MTV Bakra, Captain Vyom).

Rapid satellite and cable penetration into the heart of India by the late ’90s, saw TV fiction move away
from daring urban dramas like Tara, Hasratein (1994) or Saans (1998) where women wanted more than a
family, to the K serials (2000 onwards) of the joint Hindu parivar where all that women wanted was the
family. Overnight, saas-bahus appeared everywhere as competition drove channels to imitate Kyunki,
Kahani, Kasautii, thereby reducing viewing choices.
In India till 1991 there was only one television channel –Doordarshan, the public service
broadcaster. With the opening up of the Indian economy in early 1990s enabled the entry of
private broadcasters in India. The number of television channels has proliferated manifold. By
2005 India had more than 200 digital channels. The number of television channels has grown
from around 600 in 2010 to 800 in 2012.This includes more than 400 news and current affairs
channel. Technological changes have caused intense competition in news and general
entertainment channels, as a result of which there is growth in regional and niche channels. The
growth of cable and satellite television and direct to home television services has continued to
drive television as the most preferred medium among advertisers. Broadcasters are also tapping
into online and mobile media to increase their revenue.

GROWTH OF THE TELEVISION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Television began in India in 1959 as an educational project supported by the United Nations
Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and the Ford Foundation.
Television was based on the model of a public broadcasting system prevalent in many countries
of Europe. In independent India, the political leaders recognised the value of information and its
use for accelerating the process of development. Thus was started a model of public broadcasting
committed to inform, educate and entertain the people.

In the decades since 1959, vast changes have taken place in the television landscape of India. In
its early years, apart from being used as an educational tool, television was also misused as a
mouthpiece for the central government and the party in power. Programming was primarily in
Hindi and much of the news and current affairs focussed on Delhi – the seat of political power (
Singhal and Rogers, 2001).

Indian television in its infancy was managed by All India Radio. In 1976, television was
separated from radio and given a new name – Doordarshan. (Page and Crawley, 2001).The
practice of accepting advertisements on Doordarshan was started in 1976. By the mid-1970s, the
proportion of entertainment programmes including feature films and song and dance sequences
along with commercial advertisements and sports coverage had increased considerably while the
school and rural telecasts had begun to take a backseat (Joshi, 1985).In 1982 before the Asian
games to be held in Delhi National broadcasting was introduced. With the Asian games also
came colour television in India.

The central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime
Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign
broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. Foreign channels like CNN, Star TV and
domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets
in 1962 and one channel, by 1991 TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a
viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels. In
1992, the government liberated its markets, opening them up to cable television. Five new
channels belonging to the Hong Kong-based STAR TV gave Indians a fresh breath of life. MTV,
STAR Plus, Star Movies, BBC, Prime Sports and STAR Chinese Channel. Zee TV was the first
private owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable. As of 2010, over 500 TV Satellite
television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned
Doordarshan, News Corporation owned STAR TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television,
Sun Network and Zee TV.

Other than English and Hindi channels there was growth in the regional media in television too.
Sun TV (India) was launched in 1992 as the first private channel in 3 South India. Today it has
20 channels. Channels of the Sun TV network are also available outside of India. Recently Sun
TV launched a DTH service. The Raj Television Network was started in 1994 and continues to
be an important player in the South Indian cable TV provider space.

The advent of satellite television in the 1990s is landmark in the history of television
broadcasting in this country as it changed the television landscape. Indian television suddenly
became much for entertainment driven ( Sinha, 1998). The cable TV industry exploded in the
early 1990s when the broadcast industry was liberalized, and saw the entry of many foreign
players like Rupert Murdoch's Star TV Network in 1991, MTV, and others

Further, in a reflection of India’s growing diaspora, Indian channels have also been aggressively
increasing their presence across international markets. General Entertainment channels like Zee
TV, SET, Star Plus and Colors are available in approximately 169, 77, 70 and 50 countries
respectively. In addition to the Indian diaspora, offerings are also targeted at the local population,
primarily through dubbed or sub-titled content. ZEEL launched its second Arabic channel, Zee
Alwan, in 2012, and industry discussions suggest that the response has been positive. ZEEL has
been syndicating Indian dramas dubbed in Mandarin to Chinese television channels since 2006
and became the first Indian channel to receive landing rights in China in 2012. Television in
India is a huge industry and has thousands of programmes in all the states of India.
Approximately half of all Indian households own a television. As per FICCI Report 2013 there
are 730 million TV Viewers in India and 800+ TV channels.

IMPACT OF PRIVITISATION

Privatisation has impacted the growth of television industry both in terms of numbers of channels
as well as the variety of programmes .It has also led to the popularity of entertainment channels
over news channels.

There was a worldwide trend during the 1980s towards the commercialisation of television.
Herman and Mc Chesney (2001) argue that during this decade the policies of deregulation and
privatisation were applied to national broadcasting and telecommunication systems that were
traditionally regulated and often publicly owned and operated. This had a detrimental impact on
public service programs which were replaced with more and more entertainment programming.
The television industry is still struggling to produce quality content and the main reasons for it
are-high carriage fees and low subscription revenue which limit the broadcasters ability to invest
in quality content and the lack of good quality talent for the media industry.(Vanita Kohli-
Khandekar:2010)

Television slowly became an industry that involved huge money. With huge investment, the
producers needed assurance of returns. As the economy opened, the Indian producers became
aware of the cultural products abroad. These two phenomena combined, triggered several
producers to copy programmes. The copyright laws couldn't keep pace with the rapid growth of
Indian television. TV formats would fail to fall within the definitions of the law. How could one
protect their original work was the rising question? (Sukhpreet Singh: 2008). Intellectual
property rights and specifically copyright laws were expected to provide a mechanism to protect
such work.

A lot of popular television formats such as 'Who Wants to be a Millionaire' licensed to the UK
based Celador, was bought by Kaun Banega Crorepati [Star TV]. This was 'replicated' by Sawal
Dus Crore Ka on Zee TV and further by Koteeswaran on Sun TV. These quiz and drama
programmes have raised various copyright issues which might become much graver in the future.
As these quiz and drama programmes are also a major source of revenue for the television
industry. (Thomas: 2001)

The quickest and easiest way to create a large audience base is to serve entertainment appeals to
the lowest common denominator of popular taste i.e.crime,sex and violence. There has been a
surge in programmes of this kind like –CID,Crime Patrol,Koohni,Dastak etc.The television
programmes began to have an urban bias as the advertisers were interested in the urban middle
class population.They conveyed consumerist and materilaist culture(Munshi:2012).

A positive development was the availability of less biased news and current affairs programmes
than in the days of the Doordarshan monopoly.But the growth in concentration of ownership and
ownership of TV channels by political parties have also led to the creation of biased news and
propoganda vehicle for the political parties.
During the last 50 years television, one of the greatest inventions of the scientific world has
contributed immensely to the development of mankind. It has brought people of different
countries and regions closer to each other, enabling them to learn about the culture and traditions
flourishing in different parts of the world. It is perhaps the most powerful means of mass
communication for education and entertainment.
The history of television in India started around later fifties. In 1955 a Cabinet decision was
taken disallowing any foreign investments in print media which has since been followed
religiously for nearly 45 years. Under this circumstances, television in India was introduced on
September 15, 1959 in Delhi when UNESCO gave the Indian Government $20,000 and 180
philips TV sets. The programs were broadcast twice a week for an hour a day on such topics as
community health, citizens' duties and rights, and traffic and road sense. In 1961 the broadcasts
were expanded to include a school educational television project. The first major expansion of
television in India began in 1972, when a second television station was opened in Bombay. This
was followed by stations in Srinagar and Amritsar (1973), and Calcutta, Madras and Lucknow in
1975. In 1975, the government carried out the first test of the possibilities of satellite based
television through the SITE ((Satellite Instructional Television Experiment)) program. For the
first 17 years, broadcasting of television spread haltingly and transmission was mainly in black
& white. By 1976, the government found itself running a television network of eight television
stations covering a population of 45 million spread over 75,000 square kilometers. Faced with
the difficulty of administering such an extensive television system television as part of All India
Radio, the government constituted Doordarshan, the national television network, as a separate
Department under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
There were initially two ignition points: the first, two events triggered the rapid growth of
television in the eighties. INSAT-1A, the first of the country's domestic communications
satellites became operational and made possible the networking of all of Doordarshan's regional
stations. For the first time Doordarshan originated a nation-wide feed dubbed the "National
Programme" which was fed from Delhi to the other stations. In November 1982, the country
hosted the Asian Games and the government introduced color broadcasts for the coverage of the
games. In this period no private enterprise was allowed to set up TV stations or to transmit TV
signals.
The second spark came in the early nineties with the broadcast of satellite TV by foreign
programmers like CNN followed by Star TV and a little later by domestic channels such as Zee
TV and Sun TV into Indian homes. When the solitary few soaps like Hum Log (1984), and
mythological dramas: Ramayan (1987-88) and Mahabharat (1988-89) were televised, millions of
viewers stayed glued to their sets. Fifty years after it switched on, Doordarshan, India's public
television broadcaster, continues to face the trinity of the three R's that haunt such broadcasters
worldwide:
REVENUE, RELEVANCE AND REACH.

Nonetheless, mainstream media for most seemingly news-hungry Indians today is TV. TV news
is India's vicarious new reality. When urban Indians learnt that it was possible to watch the Gulf
War on television, they rushed out and bought dishes for their homes. Others turned
entrepreneurs and started offering the signal to their neighbours by flinging cable over treetops
and verandahs. According to an IRS survey, there are now 67 TV channels in 11 Indian
languages devoted only to news-way above any country in the world. TV viewership for news
has gone up from 333 million in 2000 to 437 million in 2007.
Advertising had discovered television in early nineties. In years to come, it would reorder the
medium to serve its purpose. Beginning with equipment gifted from a foreign government, a
makeshift studio and a clutch of 21 television sets installed in homes, TV now means 160
satellite channels broadcasting into India, earning revenues of more than Rs. 79 billion from
advertising alone. Now, with over 66 million homes connected to Cable, India is the third largest
cable-connected country in the world after China (110 million) and quickly closing in on the US
(70 million).
 Operation Duryodhana: Cover Story

A COBRAPOST-AAJ TAK Investigation reveals the tale of eleven MPs accepting money for asking
questions in the Indian Parliament. A detailed version of the story telecast on AAJ TAK news channel.

Eleven Members of Parliament, including six of the Bharatiya Janata Party, were on Monday shown
accepting money for raising questions in the House in a sensational sting operation forcing embarrassed
political parties to suspend them and the Lok Sabha Speaker to ask them to stay away from proceedings.

Those caught on camera, in the sting codenamed Operation Duryodhan conducted by Cobrapost.com of
Tehelka fame Aniruddha Bahal and Aaj Tak channel, were Lok Sabha members Y G Mahajan, Anna
Patil, Suresh Chandel, Pradeep Gandhi and Chandra Pratap Singh (all Bharatiya Janata Party), Narendra
Kumar Kushwaha, Raja Ram Pal and Lal Chandra Kol (all Bahujan Samaj Party), Manoj Kumar
(Rashtriya Janata Dal) and Ramsewak Singh (Congress).

The Rajya Sabha member was Chatra Pal Singh Lodha (BJP), hailing from Uttar Pradesh and elected
from Orissa.

All the Lok Sabha members caught on camera have been asked to submit their explanations by
Wednesday morning to an inquiry committee set up by Speaker Somnath Chatterjee.

The Ethics Committee of the Rajya Sabha decided to issue a showcause notice to BJP member
Chhattrapal Singh Lodha.

As the news channel started telecast of the story in the morning, a shocked Lok Sabha Speaker Somnath
Chatterjee spoke to political leaders, including Leader of the Opposition L K Advani, and discussed with
them the course of action to be taken.

Taking serious note of the expose, Chatterjee made a statement in the House shortly after it met for the
day asking the members caught on camera not to attend the proceedings till the matter is looked into with
all the importance it deserves.

"Nobody will be spared. We shall certainly respond to it in a manner that behoves us," he said.

In the Rajya Sabha, Chairman Bhairon Singh Shekhawat referred the matter to the Ethics Committee and
directed it to urgently give its recommendations for action. He expressed anguish over the member's
behaviour and said it had brought down the dignity of Parliament.

Members cutting across party lines demanded stringent action against erring MPs with some of them even
calling for their disqualification.

Ahead of a meeting of BJP-ruled chief ministers here, Advani consulted senior party leaders announced
suspension of the six MPs from the Parliamentary Party and instituting an internal inquiry into the
episode. If necessary the party would refer it to the Privileges Committee.
Congress President Sonia Gandhi also directed suspension of Ramsewar Singh from the party while BSP
chief Mayawati took similar action against three of her party MPs.

RJD Chief Lalu Prasad Yadav also promised stern action against his party MP Manoj Kumar.
In a letter to Shekhawat,four Rajya Sabha members said the behaviour of the MPs has not only
denigrated the dignity of Parliament but also lowered the image of individual MPs.

"We feel the MPs in question should be forthwith suspended from the Houses pending inquiry which
would be conducted by an Independent Authority."

The MPs who wrote the letter are Dinesh Trivedi (Trinamool Congress), Chandan Mitra (BJP), Tariq
Anwar (NCP) and Robert Kharshing. Acting quickly, the Lok Sabha Secretariat issued showcause notices
to the 10 members belonging to the House asking them to give their replies by Wednesday.

The Ethics Committee of Rajya Sabha sent a similar notice to Chatrapal Singh Lodha. The BJP, the worst
sufferer in the expose, constituted an internal committee comprising Sushma Swaraj and Anant Kumar to
probe the issue of six of its MPs taking money.

Cobrapost-Aaj Tak said the sting operation lasting more than nine months logged 56 video and 70 audio
tapes besides recording more than 900 telephone calls.

Cobrapost Editor Bahal, who had participated in the Tehelka operation against Bangaru Laxman and
others in 2001, and women reporter Suhasni Raj posed as representatives of a fictitious organisation
called North Indian Small Manufacturers Association to ask questions in Parliament.

The MPs were paid Rs 15,000 to Rs 1,10,000. Several MPs also wanted an ‘annual fee’ of Rs 5 lakh to Rs
6 lakh from NISMA to put in as many proxy questions as it wanted.
 Regional News Channels

 News18 Bihar-Jharkhand is an Indian regional television channel aimed at the states

of Bihar and Jharkhand. It was launched as part of 5 Hindi-language TV channels for
different states of India. It mainly includes indepth news from across the districts
of Bihar and Jharkhand and also mainly shows programs related to local cultures and
customs. It is the third most watched channel in the Bhojpuri market. Launched as ETV
Bihar-Jharkhand, it adopted its current name on 16 March 2018.

 Mahuaa TV was Bhojpuri language General Entertainment television Channel, the first
of its kind. Mahuaa is the only Bhojpuri GEC in the world. The channel offers a blend of
programs with elements such as entertainment, music, travel, religion, feature films,
documentaries, reality television. As of 2017, the channel shut down due to fewer
viewers and constant losses The channel began operation on 9 August 2008 and was
owned by Mahuaa Media Private Limited, an associate of Century Communication
Group

 Kanak News is an Odia language cable and satellite news channel

in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. This channel was launched in 2009 as Kanak TV. Its
headquarters is in Bhubaneswar and is operated by Eastern Media Pvt. Limited. Its
tagline is "Paribartanara Swara".

 PTC is a Punjabi television network from India and is owned by PTC Network. It
features general interest programming including news, dramas, comedies, music and talk
shows. PTC Punjabi commenced operations on 6 August 2008 and in a year, had become
the most popular television network in Punjab.
In 2009, PTC Punjabi expanded its reach internationally. It launched in the United States
on DirecTV on 23 August 2009. In September 2009, a Canadian version launched via a
partnership with Channel Punjabi Television. In early 2010, PTC Punjabi was removed
from DirecTV for unknown reasons. On 25 August 2010, PTC Punjabi launched on Dish
Network, making the channel available in the United States once again.

 Gujarat News Broadcasters pvt. Ltd. is a 24-hour regional news channel in Gujarat.
This channel is telecast with the brand name of VTV. The company is promoted by
Sambhaav Media, an experienced business group, and experienced journalists. Under the
guidance of its Channel Head Mr. Isudan Gadhvi, Channel is performing well. Channel is
majorly famous in Rural Areas. The headquarters is located at Sambhaav House, Opp.
Judges Bunglow, Bodakdev in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.Started In 2010.
 Gemini News was a 24-hour News Channel from the Sun Network of India. The channel
was launched in May 2004 with much publicity, and it failed to attract viewers. Critics
have blamed poor technical standards for the channel's lack of popularity. The Sun
Network is to revamp the service. They had appointed Satish Babu, who helped improve
the ratings of MAA TV's news bulletins, as the channel's new chief. Satish Babu was
with the channel for a short stint. Gemini News channel is continuing to be successful in
AP media due to Gemini TV. Gemini News was shutdown on 1 February 2019 and
replaced by Bengali GEC, Sun Bangla.