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15 t=H
A
CONCISE GRAMMAR
, 07 THE
PERSIAN LANGUAGE,
CONTAINING
DIALOGUES, READING LESSONS,
AND
A. VOCAETJLAEY:
TOOETHEE WITH
BY
A. H. BLEECK,
FOBWBRLY OS> THE BRITISH MUSEUM; AND AFTEBWAEDS OP TttB LATE
LAND TBANSPOET COBP6,
LONDON :
BERNARD QtTARITCH,
OBIENTAL AND PHILOLOGICAL PUBLISHED
CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE.
STEPHEN AUSTIN,
PREFACE.
284095
X PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
MANTTSCEIPTS.
1. Bahar Danish; or, Garden of Knowledge. Amusing
Stories. British Museum.
2. Hatim Ta'i. A Romance. British Museum.
3. Chahab Darvish. The Four Darvishes. Original
of the ' Bagh o Bahar.' British Museum.
4. Sindibad Namah. A Collection of Tales.1
Library East India Blouse.
5. Nizami. Poetical Works, complete. British Museum.
6. Jalalu'd-din Rf/Mi. Poetical Works.
British Museum.
7. Fabidu'd-din-'Attab. Works complete.
British Museum.
8. Mibkhond. Rauzatu's-Safa. ; or the Garden of
Purity. A General History of Persia.
British Museum.
9. Jami. Poetical Works. British Museum.
DICTIONARIES.
Johnson. Persian, Arabic, and English Dictionary.
Imp. 4to. 1852.
Vitllers. Lexicon Persico-Latinum Etymologicum,
etc. Vol I, 4to. Bonn, 1856.
It would be easy to extend the preceding lists, but
the above will be sufficient to show the learner that he
1 It is much to be regretted that only one MS. of this singular
and valuable work has as yet been brought to Europe.
xvi PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
CONCISE GEAMMAE
01 THE
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER L
ALPHABETICAL TABLE.
PINAL.
BAM*. MEDIAL. INITIAL. POWBB.
Conneo. Uncon.
FINAL.
xixa. kidialJikitial. rowiB.
Connec. Uncon.
1
kin A J, d, and <t, guttural.
t t
Ghain t A yA. guttural.
i
Ji i—a <—j i i /.
Kaf ■ A, hard and palatal.
<i J
Kaf A.
-Oaf r „ as iu get ; never like a
!,, in pin.
Lam J J ll I 1
M£m A. m.
1|* f
Nun u - j n.
'Waii 5 J ii, 6, w, and v.
hi i. i 6 to h.
Yi J y and i.
: ^
OF PRONTWCIATION.
f
OF TOWELS. 9
CHAPTER II.
OF THE ARTICLE.
fojs gurbah, ' a cat,' tj£ gurbah-i, ' a [certain] cat ';
but if the i is preceded by a long vowel, the is
added, as iLi jb pddishdh, ' the king,' ^J»Li jb pd-
dishdh-i, ' a [certain] king '; sjs lcuh, ' the mountain,'
^>fi Mh-i, ' a [certain] mountain.'
CHAPTER III.
OF NOUNS.
l zan-rd \
Dative to a woman
Accusative zan-rd, a woman
Vocative di zan, O woman
Ablative j\ az zan, from a woman
PLURAL.
Nominative ^bj zan-dn, women
PLURAL.
Dative | | to women
& ji b&-zan-dn, )
Accusative zan-dn-rd, women
Vocative ^Uj di zan-dn 0 women
Ablatave ^Uj \\ az zan-dn, from women
SINGULAR.
Nominative a cup
Genitive i-jdm, of a cup
( ^j*^? jdm-rd, }
Dative to a cup
( j»^C b&jdm, )
Accusative \j*\sf jdm-rd, a cup
Vocative A°T lJ^ dijdm, Ocup
Ablative ^Ls-jl azjdm, from a cup
PLURAL.
Nominative l^»U>- jdm-Jid, cups
Genitive — i-jdm-M, of cups
( jdm-hd-rd, \
Dative to cups
( l$-»l=sT ba-jdm-hd, )
Accusative jdm-hd-rd, cups
Vocative ^»^- i_S^ di jdm-M, O cups
Ablative jl azjdm-hd, froii cups
OF PBONOUHS. 17
CHAPTER IV.
OF PRONOUNS.
PLURAL.
Nom. & Gen. U-i shumd, you
Dat. & Acc. IjU-i shumd-rd, to you
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
EEFLECTIVE PEONOUNS.
The Reflective Pronouns are Mud, (JmJj£-
kh'ish, and ^p^jjs- Wlshtan, ' self,' of which the first
is most frequently used, and may be joined to either the
singular or plural of the personal pronouns, as, liyi* (^
' I myself,' they themselves.' In the
accusative and dative it takes the particle \j, as, \jiiy>-
MUd-rd.
OF DEMONSTRATIVE PBONOUNS. 21
DEMXOTSTRATIVE PKONOUNS.
The Demonstrative Pronouns are in, 'this,' and
i^l an, 'that,' which are thus declined: —
SINGULAR.
Nom. & Gen. In, this
Dat. & Acc. in-rd, to this, this
„ ~ Í L±>^l <i»-d» or )
Nom. & Gen. j , - . ,. j those
IpUl a»-d»-ra,
Dat. & Acc. \ or J to those, those
\J^>\ dn-hd-rd,
Note.—1. When prefixed to nouns, ^1 and ^\ are
indeclinable:—Ex. ^Uj ^l in zandn, 'these women;'
an j'dmhd, ' those cups.' If placed sepa
rately, the plural in ^\ is generally used when
22 TERSIAN GRAMMAR.
EELATIVE PRONOUNS.
f»J.jJ \,A mard kih iird didam, 'the man that I saw
him,' or ijL* S> ti <£ <Sj* ^l or simply (^i^Jo J <o (^1
Again, c^is' <i£ ' he who said,' is an ellipse for
j\ t£ lit. ' that man that ho said.'
It must be noted that is always used in reference
to persons or animated beings : in the case of inanimate
objects £>- chih is employed, as, ' that which'
(id quod).
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
The Interrogative Pronouns are +\&$ kuddm, 'which'
(Lat , quis or qualis), and t£ and which are tho
same in form as the relatives, but when used interroga
tively, they are declined regularly like substantives,
thus :—
Nom. & Gen. t£ kih, who ?
Dat. & Acc. \fi ki-rd, to whom ? whom ?
Nom. &Gen. is>- chih, what?
Dat. & Acc. \j>- chi-rd, to what ? what ? or why ?
The plural of t£ is kian, which is always used
elliptically, and without a substantive ; e.g. ' who ?'
not ^^r* 'what men ?' <t>- 'which,' when used
elliptically refers only to inanimate objects, and makes
\#>- in the plural : when joined to a substantive, may
24 PERSIAN GBAMMAB.
INDEFINITE PKONOTJNS.
CHAPTER V.
OF THE VEEB.
1
26 PERSIAN GKAMMAIt.
FIRST FUTURE.
'I shall drink,' etc.
p£,yJ bi-niisham (^i^- bi-nushlm
^jt,yJ bi-niisJA 'V-'J-J bi-niishid
Julyj bi-nushad JCwlyo bi-niishand
IMPERATIVE.
I*£,y niisham, let me drink j»~ijj niishim, let us drink
»&«A, drink thou -V--y nush(d, drink ye
Juijj nushad, let him drink Jc-i^ nushand, let them
drink.
iVbfe.—In conversation it is usual to prefix j bi
to the imperative, thus, bi-niish, 'drink thou,'
A^yj bi-nusMd, 'drink ye.'
PERFECT.
' I drank,' etc.
pA+JZiy yiusMdam ^jJu^iy nushidlm
^jSJt>y nushidl OJju^jj niishidtd
tXj-ijj nushid Jjju^y nuslndand
IMPERFECT.
' I was drinking,' etc.
p<\.,£>)..*-.* mi-nfahidam ^s-J^c^-« mi-nushidim
mS -nhM.did
S+£,y~~* mi-niishid AiJu^itX** mi-nushidand
OF IHE VERB. 29
CONDITIONAL Or HABITUAL.
' I might drink,' or ' I used to drink,' etc.
nusMdam-i ^j*jA~i>y nushidim-i
iJ^y nusMd-i ^Si^y nushidid-i
^S^y nushid-i ^jSjXJt>y nushidand-i
COMPOUND PBETEBTTE.
' I have drunk,' etc.
j»l sS^y nusMdah-am jtU^jj nusMdah-im
^ ij\ s<X;Ji>y niisMdah-i
fXAy nusMdah-i ) nushidah-id
COMPOUND FUTURE.
' I shall drink,' etc.
SINGULAR.
kh'dham nushid
^t-Z>y ^jb\f>- kh'dhi nushid
^x^ijj AA^i. kh'dhad nushid
PLURAL.
^Ji,\f>- khdhim nushid
<y~*y JLj&lyi. Wahid nushid
iXiA^j-. kli'dhand nushid
FUTURE PERFECT.
'I shall have drunk,' etc.
81N0ULAB.
xs~t,ji nushidah bdsham
ss^y nushidah bdshi
tX£,u sxJSiy nushidah bdshad
FLURAL.
SXJ^ii nushidah bdshim
JS,\> ZXJSijj nushidah bdshid
-ib &Ju£J nushidah bdshand
INFINITIVE.
Present . ^iX^jj nushidan, to drink
Preterite ^tty a^Xj-iy; nushidah biidan, to have drunk
OF THE VERB. 31
' PARTICIPLES.
Present n^hdn, drinking
Preterite SSJt,y nushidah, having drunk
VERBAL N0I7N.
nushandah, a drinker
IMPERATIVE.
j^ib bdsh, be thou b&Mm, let us be
JuiU or jb bdshad or idrf, id«AW, be ye
let him be Ja-ib bdshand, let them be
perfect, I was, etc.
fo'idam ^J>. ^dkm
PLUPERFECT.
at\£, shudah budam, I had been, etc.
COMPOUND FUTTTRE.
SJL ^S,\y>- kh'dham shud, I will be, etc.
INFINITIVE.
i^Ai shudan, to be
PARTICIPLE.
Preterite shuda, having been
OF NEGATIVE VEKBS.
nhtid
nktand
OF INTEEEOGATIVE VEEBS.
There is no particular form for verbs used inter
rogatively, and the question is generally expressed by
altering the tone of the voice; thus: ^yu^
JlJJ ^* l~~if!>~ shum<* zabdn-ifdrsi harf mi-zanid may
mean either, ' Tou speak Persian,' or ' Do you speak
Persian ?' according to the manner in which it is said.
Occasionally, the particle M ayd, ' whether ?' is pre
fixed to the verb.
OF ANOMALOUS VEEBS.
It would appear probable that anciently all (or very
nearly all) the Persian verbs ended in ^Si- idan, but
in the language as we now have it, a large number of
38 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
to paint ....
to caress, to blandish • jv;
N * p« to write ....
*i
to conceal
cr^ to let down, to quit.
to find .... * **
By consulting the preceding table, the student will
be able to find at a glance any tense of an anomalous
verb which he may require ; taking care, however, to
remember which tenses are derived from the infinitive,
and which from the root of the verb. To impress this
matter more clearly on bis memory, we subjoin the first
persons of the various tenses of the verb didan,
' to see,' because the great discrepancy which exists
FOBMATION OF TENSES. 45
COMPOUND FUTURE.
JjJ pJs^s>- kh'dham did, I will see, etc.
FUTURE PERFECT.
^Jt>\j i>X»J did-ah bdsham, I shall have seen, etc.
PAST PARTICIPLE.
iJo J did-ah, having seen
OF COMPOUND VERBS.
OF IMPEESOFAL VEEBS.
OF CAUSAL VERBS.
CHAPTER VI.
OF ADJECTIVES.
CHAPTER VII.
OP THE NUMEEAIS.
H>iSJ&Js hashtdah
or 18
iJu!L& h&shdah ....
nuwdzdah. ... 19
LS-wmJ 20
lL£| j US 1*11,0 m y«£ ... 21
3J j i^-v«-j iirf 4 rf& . . . . 22
etc.
^ *i 30
_j ^j-j *i 4 yak .... 31
etc.
chihal 40
ilscu panjdh 50
U^mJti shast 60
jliifc haftdd 70
J^Jjb h&shtdd .... 80
Ay nw;ad 90
Jus sad 100
diiwist )
orS<- 200
du sad . . .
Jw> <Lj sih sad 300
etc.
jljJ> hazdr 1,000
j\yt, H>i dah hazdr . .
10,000
,,U»y tiimdn
OF PABTICLES. 55
CHAPTER VIII.
OF PAETICLES.
ADVERBS.
2.—Advebbs of Time.
when ?
aknun, now
as yet
di, yester(day)
fardd, to-morrow
iU 0 ndgdh, suddenly
j>Jt> hargiz, ever
ij £jb hargfa-nah, never
OF ADVERBS.
3.—Adverbs of Quantity.
mid, like
chun, how
chigiim, in what manner ?
chird, wherefore
w
shdyad, perhaps
<CjT har-dyinah, certainly
stiyddat, more
al-battah, verily
M-shak, without doubt
ndh, no, not
hich, any
it
58 PERSIAN GRAMMAE.
CONJUNCTIONS.
PREPOSITIONS.
jii dar, in
y bar, on, upon
y>- Juz, except
b' td, up to, as far as
!^ bi, without
Besides the above, many words, originally substantives
or adjectives, are used as Prepositions, in which case
the izdfat is required between them and the noun they
govern: e.g. lib bdld, 'above'; £j[&- (_jUb bdld-l Ididnah,
' on the top of the house.' lL£j Jji nazdik, ' near ';
^tlX;JJj nazdik-i man, ' near me,' lit., ' in my
vicinity.'
The prepositions j J dar, 'in'; j> bar, 'upon'; and
andar or ^jj^ andariin, 'in,' 'within,' some
times become Post-positions, in which case the noun
after which they are placed takes the preposition >
bd, as, jJ bjiXJ bd-ddryd ddr (for bjJ jS) 'in the
sea '; ^jjj^ £_bj bd-bdgji andariin,' in the garden,' etc.
INTERJECTIONS.
Jl ald, ho ! holla !
iT dh, ah! oh!
wdi, oh!
,^)jJ dirigh, alas !
60 PERSIAN GBAMMAE.
a/sits, alas ! ah !
tafu, fie!
mak, lo ! behold !
hin, make haste !
hat, take care !
khdmush. silence !
La M,6shd, bravo ! well !
CHAPTER IX.
OF COMPOUND WOEDS.
CHAPTER X.
OF SYNTAX,
CONCORD OF VERBS.
The agreement of verb3 with their nominative cases
in Persian is liable to the same exceptions in point of
number, as in Greek, as well as a few others which are
peculiar to the Persian language.
1. Neuter plurals and collective nouns, referring to
inanimate objects, take the verb in the singular, as,
J\ jU—j yL; £j\y fawd'id-i safar bisydr ast, ' the
COXCOBD OF VERBS. 65
' Two persons are enemies (lit. two person are enemy) of
the kingdom and the Faith ; a king without clemency,
and a devotee without wisdom.'
and kih, ' They have related that,' and the accusative
absolute is seldom or never employed.
6. In the case of compound verbs, such as
(^jo^ , etc., the lj is never added to the noun.
* Note.—In Ouseley's edition of the ' Anvar-i Suhaili,'
Chap. iii. Story 1, page 212, line 8 from the bottom,
we read, ijl^J i_ije j jLX-j ^fy&i 'the
pigeons altogether laying aside caution,' etc., where I
Buspect that the \j after is not quite idiomatic,
especially as one of the best MSS. omits it.
7. The pronouns, and the Arabic word fuldn,
' such a one ' (6 Beiva) always require the \j , as
*Jo J \j> tu-ra didam, 'I saw thee.' The pronomi
nal suffixes, on the contrary, reject the \j , as ^JuMss
guftam-dsh, ' I said to him.' Sometimes, however, the
\j is added, as in this example from Firdusfs ' Shah-
Namah ': l^S^iLuJ jIj f^J^ J ^l~J u dirham
did lashkar-ash-rd, ' He (Darius) gave arms and money
to his army.' 1
8. When the \j is the sign of the dative case, it must
never be omitted. ( Fide preceding section).
1 This passage may be cited in support of the reading adopted
by Prof. East-wick in his edition of the ' Gulistan ' Book iii. Stray 8 :
' One of the sages prohibited his son from eating too much.'
OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 75
OF PRONOTJNS.
OF TENSES.
OF ADVERBS.
WITH SPECIMENS IN
FOB FACILITATING
7
16 A NEW PLAN FOB FACILITATING
ARABIC.
[text.]
[literal translation.]
[Reposing] on couches adorned with jewels and gold ;
reclining on them face to face [with one another] ;
youths, perpetually blooming shall go round about to
attend them with goblets and beakers, and a cup of
flowing wine : their heads shall not ache by drinking
[vocabulary.]
iLc dld, It was lofty. ^Lc takka, He was weak
dle!, prep. Upon. in mind. *l£>' takka-a,
j»> sarra, He made joyful. One who reclines much.
sarir, A throne or j^jiiLt muttaki, Reclining.
couch : pi.jj* surur. ^s- dVa, Upon. (v. suprd)
*Lij wadha-a, He excelled
lfc hd, aff.pron. Her; them.
in cleanliness. &yiy*
maudhiinat, Worked with (J-j kabala, He accepted;
gems and gold. vi. They met one another.
THE STUDY OF LANGUAGES. 17
ARABIC—continued.
[text.]
[literal translation.]
it, neither shall their reason be disturbed: and with
fruits of the sorts which they shall choose, and the flesh
of birds of the kind which they shall desire. And
[they shall have] damsels with large black eyes, re
sembling hidden pearls, as a reward for what they shall
have wrought. They shall not hear therein [any] vain
discourse, nor [any] charge of sin ; but only the salu
tation, Peace ! Peace !
THE STCDr OP LANGUAGES. 19
[vocabulary.]
j\s- Wr«,Hereturned. jy*. U# md, What ? that which.
hawira, The pupil of the kdna, Hewas (aux. vb.)
eye was intensely black,
and the surrounding part J^c dmila, 1. [The camel]
very white. ahwar- was active; 2.He worked
im, (A woman) having or performed.
Buch eyes; a Hurl. S ld, Not.
j^-> samida, He heard.
^le ddna, (Water) flowed.
^^s- dinun, The eye. ./^, prep. In. U Ad, aff.
CSka,A.a, like as (ins. adv.) pron. Her, it. l^J In it,
Paradise.
mathala, He made to
Ul fa^Ad, He talked. yi!
resemble. Jll*l amthdl- laghwun, Trifling, vain
m (pi. of J^») Resem- discourse.
blances : similar. Jb»*I£ athama, He accounted
like, resembling. guilty. j»JIj tdthimun,
Jl al, insep. art. The. Charging with sin.
Ms-Mi, The pearl (gene V\ illd (fori! If not;
ric noun). besides ; but only.
>js karina, He covered (a JU kdla, He said. J^ji
thing). j^y^* makniin, kilun, A word, a saying.
Hidden. I»Lj salama, 1. He tanned
\js>- jazd, 1. He conquered, [leather] with the bark
2. He compensated.
of a tree called Absal«m.
'\y>- jazd-un, A compensa
tion or reward (particu 2. |*L: salima, He was
larly in a future state). safe and sound. aS->
i—j bi, ins. prep.With, for. saldmun, Safety. Peace !
7"
20 A NEW PLAN FOR FACILITATING
AKMENIAN.
[text.]
[liTEEAL TRANSLATION.]
Calypso was inconsolable in [her] grief for the
departure of Ulysses, and sorrowfully she accounted
her immortality for an affliction. The grotto, her
abode, no longer resounded with the melody of her
songs, nor did her attendants, the nymphs, dare to
address her.
BENGALI.
[text.]
GREEK.
[text.]
'Eirel ovv 17 irapovcra irpayfjuiTela ov 6empla<s
eveKd ioriv, &<nrep at aXXar (ov yap Xv elB&fiev Tl
eoTiv r) dperrj o-KeiTTOfieda, aXTC Xv dyadol yevcofieda,
hrel oiBev tlv 6'^>e\o? avrrjr) avar/Kcuov ioTi
(TKe^faaQai, To. irepl t<x? irpd^ett, ww? irpaicreov
01T09. en/rat yap eitri Kvpiai /cat rov 7rotd? yevecrdat1
ras efes, KaBairep elprjicafiev.
Aristotle's ' Ethict,' Book II., Chap. 2.
[literal translation.]
Since, therefore, tie present treatise is not for the pur
pose of speculation, like the others,—for we investigate
not for the purpose of knowing what virtue is, but that
we may become good (since [otherwise] there would
be no use in it)—it is necessary to study actions, and
how we must perform them; for these have entire
power over our habits, to cause them to become of a
certain character : as we have said.
HINDUSTANI—continued.
[text.]
[literal translation].
she was wet.' (The master) said, ' Put out the lamp.'
He replied, ' Cover over your face and go to sleep,
it will (then) be dark.' Again (the master) said, ' Shut
the door.' (The servant) replied, 'Dear master, I
have performed two commissions, (it is your turn now
to) do one.'
THE STUDY OP LANGUAGES. 31
[vOCAB ILART.]
s parnd, To fell, to lie h Lj^i rahnd, to remain ;
down. Lfcj j-i «o rahnd, to re
s sond, To sleep. main sleeping.
s ^^L billl, A cat. s J^&tXil andherd, Dark.
s U ! and, To come. s UU- jdnd, To go; to be.
h us, That, he, she ; h^j ^>fo'r, Again.
j£ ko, sign of the acc. p Jjj^jJ darwdza, A door.
s main-ne (sign of p 4X0 band, A band ; fas
the agent), By me, (or tened.
simply) I. s li^ karna, To do, to make ;
h Uyij tatplnd, To feel. Jcj to fasten.
h bhignd, To be wet. s bo J <&»<f, to give (not
p f]^- chiragli, A lamp. required in the transla
h UlfsT bujhdnd, To extin tion), [v. infra.]
guish. s \Lu bhaiyd, Brother (a
s dend, To give, (fre term of endearment).
quently added to another h ji, Master.
verb without affecting SjJ do, Two.
the meaning). s ala £dm, a thing; work.
s munh, The mouth, 8 j»JS We; sign
face. of the agent, [y. supra.]
h L-jl&5 dhdmpnd, To s karnd, To do, to per
cover, form.
sli^i sond, To sleep. s ,w turn, You.
A NEW PLAN FOK FACILITATING
>
HEBEE'W.
[text.]
LATIN.
[text.]
Exspectata dies aderat, nonamque serena
Auroram Phaethontis equi jam luce vehebant ;
Famaque finitimos, et clari nomen Acestai
Excierat : lceto complerant litora ctetu,
Visuri jEneadas, pars et certare parati.
Munera principio ante oculos, circoque locantur
In medio : sacri tripodes, viridesque coronse,
Et palmae, pretium victoribus, armaque et ostro
Perfusa? Testes, argenti aurique talenta :
Et tuba commissos medio canit aggere ludos.
Prima pares ineunt gravibus certamina remis
Quatuor, ex omni delectse classe, carina?.
Virgil's jEneid, Book y., 104—115.
[literal translation.]
Now, the wished-for day had arrived, and the steeds of the sun
ushered in the ninth morning with serene sky : fame and the
renown of the illustrious Acestes had drawn together the neigh
bourhood. They filled the shores with joyous crowd, some to see
the Trojans, and some, too, prepared to try their skill. The prizes
first are set before their eyes in the midst of the circle (of spectators) ;
sacred tripods, green garlands and palms, the reward of the con
querors ; arms and vestments of purple, [two] talents, [one] of gold
and [one] of silver ; and the trumpet from the midst of the rising
ground gives the signal that the games are begun. Four ships
selected from the whole fleet, equally matched with ponderous
oars, first enter the lists.
[vocabulary.]
Exspectatus, -a, -um, Expected, Phaethon, -ontis, m., Phae-
wished for. thon : met., The sun.
Dies, -ei, m. and /. (in pi. m. Jam, adv., Now.
only), A day. Veho, -is, -xi, iii. To carry, to
Adsum, ades, adfui, irreg., To bring in.
be present. Nonus, -a, -um, The ninth.
Que, And (always placed after Aurora, -m, f. Aurora : nut.,
v its word). The morning.
Equus, -i, m., A horse. Serenus, -a, -um, Serene.
THE STUDY OF LANGUAGES. 35
Jfc*
to J
Anvar-i SuhailI, Chap. i. Introd. Story 1.
[literal translation.]
Although the trouble of travel is wearing to the min8, still it
enlivens, by visiting new countries and seeing the wonders of the
world : and moreover, when the disposition has become accustomed
to the inconveniences of the journey, it is no longer harassed by
them ; and the toil of the road ceases to make the same impression
on the spirits, in consequence of the interest taken in the wonders
of the strange country.
[vocabulary.]
<t>-^ agarchih, Although. a ~Ju tafarruj (Enjoying
ranj, Grief, trouble. social intercourse :) recreation ;
amusement.
a ji. g]iarbat, Distant :
gliurbat, Traveling. a jJj balad, A city, town ;
. _,
j wa, And. [a
L country.
1
^1^- jdn, The soul, mind ;
spirit. [wearing. a iJkJsLl^ mushdhadat,
Lj^i farsd, Destroying ;
\~>j3 , Mind-wearing. gjuvrdHb (pi. of
k^-w>l ast, Is. (verb.term.) ifijZ) Strange, extraor
dinary things ; wonders.
ammd, But, neverthe
less. !j^>- jahdn, The world.
THE STTJDY OP LANGUAGES.
SWEDISH.
[text.] /
Med nederslagna ogon hon rackte hornet da, -
Men darrande var handen, och vin blef spildt derpa.
Som aftonrodnans purpur pa liljorna ibland,
De dunkla droppar brunno pa hennes hvita hand.
Och glad tog gasten hornet utaf den adla fru;
Ej tvenne man det tomde, som manner aro nu ;
Men latt och utan tvekan, den drottning till behag,
Den valdige det tomde uti ett andedrag.
From Frithiof's Saga by E. Tegner.
[PARAPHRASE BY R. G. LATHAM.]
With downcast eye, and blushing cheek, she took the goblet up,
Her fingers trembled as she raised that shining silver cup ;
Not evening rays so ruddily on lily-blossoms shine,
As on her taper hands did burn those ruby drops of wine.
The lady set the goblet down, the stranger took it up—
Not two strong men in these new days, could drain that mighty cup ;
When lightly and unblenchingly, to please the gracious queen,
The valiant hero drank it dry, nor took one breath between.
[vocabulary.]
Med, prep. With. Glad, a. 2, Glad, joyful.
Nederslä, v.a. 3, To beat down. Taga, v.a. 3 (imp/. Too), To take.
Nederslagen, Thrown down, Gäst, m. 3, A guest.
.. downcast. Horn, n.5, A horn (V. tuprå).
Oga, ». 4 (pl. Ögon) An eye. Utaf (Ut, out, Af, from), From.
Hon, pron. She. Den, pron. That.
Räcka, v.a. 2, To reach ; to hand Ädel, a. 2, Noble.
to (any one). Fru, /. 2, A title equivalent to
Horn, n. 5, A horn, a drinkingcup. Madam ; also, a lady.
Et, def. art. aff. The. ( V. Grammar) Ej, No, not. Tvenne, Two.
DX, Then. Man, m. 3 or 5 (pl. Män or Man
Men, But. ner), A man.
Darra, v.n. 1, To tremble, shake. Det, pron. n. It.
Darrande, Trembling. Tömma, v.a. 2, To empty, to drain
Vara, v.aux. To be. (a goblet).
Hand, /. 3 (pl. Händer), A hand. Som, As, such as.
EN.de/. art. a/. The. (^Grammar) Vara, v.aux.irr. (impf. Ar) To be.
Och, And. Nu, Now, at this time.
Vin, n. 3, Wine. • Men, But.
Blifva, v. aux. To be. Lätt, a. 1, Light ; adv. Lightly,
Spilla, v.a. 2, To spill. Spildt, easily.
Spilt. Och, And.
Derpx, Thereupon ; thereon. Utan, prep. Without.
Som, conj. As, like. Tvekan, /. sin. ind. Doubt, hesita
Afton,»».2 (pj. Aftnar) Evening. tion.
Rodna, v.n. 1, To blush. " Afton- Den,jw. That, the. ( V.Grammar.)
rodnan, Evening-blushing. Drottning,/. 2, A queen-consort,
Purpur, m. Purple. a queen.
Pi, prep. On, upon. Till, prep. To, for (V. Lexicon).
Lilja, /. 1, A lily. Behag, n. 5, Delight, pleasure.
Ibland, prep. Amongst; adv. Till Behag, To please.
Sometimes. Väldig, a. 2, Powerful, mighty.
Den, pron. That. pl. De, Those. Den Väldige, The mighty (one)
Dunkel, a. 2, Dusky, dark. the hero.
Droppa,/.1, Droppe, ot.2, A drop. Det, It. (V. tuprå.)
Brinna, v.n. 3 (imp/. Brann, pi. Tömma, v.a.2, To empty. (V. supru)
Brunno), To burn. Uti, prep. (XJt and I) In.
PI, On. En, neut. Ett, One, a. V. Gram.)
Hox,pron. She. ^».Hennes, Her. Andedrag, «. 5, A drawing in the
Hvit, a. 2, White. breath (Ande, breath ; Draga,
Hand,/. 3 (pl. Händer), A hand. to draw). Uti ett Andedrag,
Och, And. In one breath ; or, at a breath.
44 A NEW PLAN FOR FACILITATING
SYEIAC.
[text.]
AjV C -hs, fl° .'r-io? teoll ioioW 11° [1]
ftt yoda gheir lo damkhor I'yaumo teBhtavhar lo
*>> % f p <i»p *p p * p 7 _ _ t. p % p. 9
PLulo ^<0Q2> (Jo t»pQJ [21 ❖ ,X» plO
i - ' ' • «.
vakhrino pumokh v^o nukroyo n'shabkhokh " yoled mono
oiu.oio $L ^fejo lala lUol [3] ❖JZoaco flb
v'nighzeh kholo v'notel kipho yakiro * sephvothokh v*lo
P 7 V "■ * "«7f 7 MP 7
mrr»->Vn »j01 [5] *.00l»lZ -SO ;»n» (lhflDJ
maksonutho to-voi * trai-hun men yaklr d'saklo
TUKKISH.
[text.]
[LITERAL TRANSLATION.]
[King] Dabishlim said, " 0 wise vazir ! although the hardships
of travel are many, its advantages also are innumerable. Whoever
has been exposed to the trouble of a [distant] journey, and the
whirlpool of hardship, becomes polished and amended, and acquires
many experiences from which, throughout life, all kinds of ad
vantages are derived. 1 [And] indubitably from the discipline of
[vocabulary.]
aJluUIJ Dabishlim, Da- a Joljui shedd'id, s. pi.
' bishllm (proper name). Adversities, troubles.
t a'itmek, v. To ajA~a sefer, s. A journey,
travel. [many.
(_$\ at, interj. 0 ! PjU*uJ bisydr, a. Much,
ajijj vazir, s. A vazir i jii dir, 3 p. sin. pres. (of
(minister of state) . the def. vb. ^\ im,l am) Is.1
pJ^^Ci^ bmwrgvdr, adj.
Great in esteem; wise. a fawd'id, s.pl. Uses,
v egerchih, conj. useful results.
Although. t ^j>-ti dakM, c. Also.
1 . Neuter plurals take the verb in the singular.
2 Lit., 'are derived and result from.' Similar repetitions are
frequent in Turkish.
THE STUDY OP LANGUAGES. . 47
TURKISH—continued.
[text.]
<ul£ djL>
PERSIAN EXERCISES.
EXTRACT L
[text.]
[literal translation.]
9 . 's
.
BEADING LESSONS.
said, ' Take hold of my staff, and shut both your eyes.'
Hatim did so : some little time elapsed, and when his
feet reached the ground, he opened his eyes and saw
the same lake, the same tree, and the same heads hanging
on the branches of the tree.1
1 For the satisfaction of the reader, we may inform him that the
lady, whose head is so strangely disunited from her body during the
day-time, is the daughter of a magician, and that Hatim, after a
variety of marvellous adventures, succeeds in releasing and marrying
her.
BEADING LESSONS. 87
EXTRACT II.
[text.]
[litebal tbanslation.]
A person had reached perfection in the art of wrestling.
He knew three hundred and sixty precious sleights in
this art, and every day he wrestled with a different
device. But his heart was inclined towards the beauty
of one of his pupils : he taught him three hundred and
fifty-nine throws, but [there was] one, the teaching of
READING LESSONS. 89
[vocabulary.]
yakl, One; a certain IJ^» mdgdr, But, however.
" person. <Lij^ giishah, An angle ;
J bd, To, in. corner. [mind.
a LS-*jCu« sandt, Trade, art. a^LliU JAdtir, Thought,
[Au«i Fighting, l^i- Ash, His.
- wrestling. b i<f, With, to.
j~i sar, The head ; summit.
Jt*s>- jamdl, Beauty.
^tX* I dmadan, To come.
y«£J, One.
.I i<J-w d., To reach
perfection. jl aa, From, of.
si sad (for Jus <Lj J^Li shdgird, A scholar,
sih fad), Three hundred. pupil.
LS -,.a.t, shest, Sixty. a J-^» maW, Inclination.
JCJ i<i»<?, A band ; a j^ji^ilj ddshtan, To have.
sleight. [excellent. .J J--* To be in
A fdkhir, Precious, clined to.
jJ dar, In. ilscu panjdh, Fifty.
^ to, for ^jjl, This. <U Nine.
a Jx Knowledge ; Jco A band; sleight,
' science. i^i- Ash, Him, to him.
^jSjwJl J ddnistan, To know jo rfar dmiiTJitan,
a ^ «,a, And. , To teach.
Mr, All, every. I^JL* mdgdr, But ; except.
j:j rhz, A day. M, That.
a £jj »ild, Species, kind. WT t£, Which,
the J of unity, A, jJ <for, In.
^£,i> a%<w, Another. a *»1*J tadVm, Teaching.
90
EXTRACT III.
[literal translation.2]
They have related that there was a pool of water at
a distance from the highway, and hidden from the
notice of travelers; and its retired waters were pure
like the faith of the spiritual,3 and its appearance such
as to suffice those who were in search of the water of
life ; and this lake communicated with a running stream.
1 In poetry and poetic prose, Arabic adjectives sometimes precede
their nouns. ( Vide Grammar).
2 The translation is Prof. Eastwick's. Of the verses, literal
versions are added in the notes.
3 ^S*T° Siifi is also the name of a religious sect in Persia.
BEADING LESSONS. 101
[Note.-—In this Vocabulary, the Persian verbs which are com
pounded with Arabic verbal nouns are marked thus, aux. v.]
[VOCABULABY.]
^Jjj \ dwardan, To bring ; a (_siU> «a/i, Pure.
relate. a iJ>Ji>Li^ mushdhadah,
kih, That. Seeing, sight, appearance.
jSS\ db-g'vr, A pool, pond. ash, His, its.
j\ az, From. A tdlib, Asking ;
a shdri (Going into seeking, pi. [those] seeking.
water) : a highway. V ehashmah, Fountain.
jjJ diir, Bemote ; far off. a <-^>Lr>- haydt, Living,
a ^jo/tj tdarrm (Happen life.
ing) : being exposed [to ob \j rd, Sign of dative.
servation]. a kdfi, Sufficient,
s\j rdh, Koad. sufficiency.
ji£ guzar, Passing. ^\ In, This.
Traveler. a^Jlc ^arfir(Frandnlent) :
a maMfty, Hidden, a pool.
concealed. <ij J«A, With.
master, Covered, j—-> I di-*' rawa»,
retired. Running water, a stream.
<_>T db, Water. A JLi>i ittisdl, Communi
ash, His, its. cation; conjunction.
l^j*- cAm», Like. ^jSmilj ddshtan, To have.
a j\hs.\ itikdd, Faith. In.
a ^jjj-s skft, Wise ; pious, j for j^, He, it.
spiritual. i.-o sih, Three.
102 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
1 Lit. The garden [was] loaded with musk by the breeze of the
morn,
The jessamine, in its delicacy, like the cheek of a beloved
one ;
BEADING LESSONS. 105
>
110 PEBSIAN GEAMMAB.
VERSE.
Own him as prudent and as throughly wise,
Who founds his actions on a base secure,
But in whose caution aught defective lies,
His ground of action is most weak, be sure.1
He therefore adopted expeditious measures, and before
even consulting with his friends, made his exit on the
side adjacent to the flowing stream. In the morning
* f
j jL* ftL& _ sxt, cyy jj/ u^v- _
OF CONVERSATION.
The art of conversing fluently in a foreign language
is not only more difficult to acquire than the know
ledge of reading it ; but, unfortunately, it cannot be
taught by books alone ;—a quick ear is worth more than
all the dialogues that ever were printed, and three
months of constant practice with natives of the country
will effect more than a year of mere study. Still, a
few hints may be given which may enable the student
to make a commencement—often the most perplexing
matter—for, as soon as he has acquired the command of
even half-a-dozen short sentences, it is astonishing how
quickly he is enabled to add to them. In fact, the
actual number of phrases necessary to enable a man to
make his way through a country is extremely small.
It is reported of some one that he traveled all over
France with the help of a single word, viz. ' combienV
and it is very certain that if a man is acquainted with
three or four verbs, such as ' Have you ?' ' I want,' ' Give
me,' and seven or eight nouns, e.g. ' bread,' ' meat,'
' wine,' ' water,' ' milk,' ' eggs,' ' horses,' etc., together
with the magic query, ' How much ?' and the numerals;
he will feel himself infinitely more at home in a
foreign country than if he were compelled to express
OF CONVERSATION. 123
ELEMENTAKY PHEASES.
DIALOGUE I.
ENGL. EQUIVALENTS.
*JU>- CS-i ^ man yak khdnah I know of {lit., 'I
_
tur&gh ddra m, ba- have a clue to ') a
jihat-i shumd ki- house, and I will
^Sj tj\£ rdyah bi-hmam, hire it for you.
<-r>y>- bisydr khiib, hdlan Very well, let us
a****** j filjjs* mi-rawvn u mi- go and look at it
bin'im, now.
tiyi^tj 3 hdlan na-mi-shavad, Not now: please
^Jpi'<dlluJl inshd-l-ldh fardd, God, to-morrow.
pjy?* man akniin mi-ra- I (must) go now,
Jl*I jwl^^kJ wam,fardd na-mi- to-morrow I can-
tuwdnam dmad, not come.
JuJuj l*ul thab In-jd bi-mdnid, Stay here to-night.
\ imshab na - mi - I cannot to-night
shavad, shab - i (it cannot be to-
digar mi-dyam, night), I will
come some other
evening.
1 trace, sign,clue 3 11 U- now.
» > •• - . ~side,manner. 4 <dJl£Jl if God
I" «iPf? on account please.
f. '
DIALOGUES. 133
DIALOGUE II.
ENGL. EOUITALBNTS.
a^ar ba-kazd mail If you would like
-miljj,\&- Jjjlo darid, hdzir ast, something to eat,
it is ready.
fchabr, imruz nihdr- Ho, thank you ; to
rd dir kMtrdam, day I breakfasted
late.
shdm-ra kai bi- When shall they
drand ? bring in dinner ?
yak sddt az giurub One hour after sun
guzashtah bi-drand, set.
DIALOGUE III
sabdh shttd, biddr It is morning ; are
Z
na-mi-shavid ? you not awake ?
I have been awake
pSJ* J\S~> ia iii-l biddr shudam, for a long time.
« A; J j 6 l^J tanhd dil-i tan tang Did you not get
'<*£j na-shud, tired of being
alone ?
5 alone.
6 J J the heart, mind.
lJljjz to take, to
4 jji-J before. (J^-J (^tf your(pron suf.)
seize.
.£ to put to, to shut. ' i^J^iJ tight; sad.
142 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
DIALOGUE IV.
ROMAN CHARACTER. ENGL. EQUIVALENTS.
A It 1 imriiz sawdr mi- To-day I am going
shavam, asp-rd ti- riding; cuny(my)
mdr kum., badd horse, and after
az an zin kun wa wards saddle him
bi-dr, and bring him
(here).
asp-rd timdr kar- I have groomed and
dam wa zin kar- saddled the horse:
dam, agar sawdr if you (wish) to
mi-shavid, hdlan ride, now he is
Ow-il asp hdzir ast, ready.
US> jau ba-asp-hd bidih, Give the horses
some barley.
jjJ> in asp shal ast The horse is quite
wjl (mi-langid), lame.
5U- ",j"tlC >j* man yak dii td asp-i I want one or two
1Mb zarlir ddram, good horses.
1 j4 bay- capacity ;
2 chestnut. merit ; jl in
respect (of).
3 pie-bald. 0 \^,J±Ji make, form.
1 J^As» acceptable ; 1 iL-*»j the bosom or
pleasing. chest.
DIALOGUES. 147
DIALOGUE V.
PERSIAN. ROMAN CHARACTER. ENGL. EQUIVALENTS.
~j> j\ l\tj*j^ dars-i khud-rd az Do you know your
jujlju^t bar mi-danid? lesson by heart ?
pS>\yi- 3JjJ jyJii <U nah haniiz ; su<ZNot yet; I shall
j\ J Wdham ddnut, soon have learnt
it.
JiLj** Ma»'^ nvushkil ast, It is very difficult.
VI.
igliiz, Be so good as to
akkab give me a sheet
d, of paper, pen, and
ink.
DIALOGUE VII.
Of. ROMAN CHARACTER. ENGL. EQUIVALENTS.
li£ ^l in kitdb chand mi- What is the price
1 JJj \ arzad, of this book ?
*J j ^j^y <-^l y*A t&mdn ii nlm, One tuman and a
half.
,X^sT ^) j wa in kitdb-rd ba- And how much do
sJu-i^i-^» chand mi-farhshid? you ask for this
book ? (lit., ' sell
it for.')
^J^*y *J i«A chahdr tumdn, Four tumans.
3 ^ 5» ^'ra» ast, It is (too) dear.
iJiiZA^i kimatash hamin ast, That is the price
of it.
»&l^i- (^by «»A frtma» kh'dham I will give three
jlj rfdi, tiimans.
jl 4 S3_y>- kharid-i U bishtar It cost more (than
J\ ast, that).
DIALOGUE VIII.
PERSIAN. ROMAN CHARACTER. ENGL. EQUIVALENTS.
L^iu^xw 1 tdzah chut ?
i'Xj . - chih Uiabar-i tdzah I __
> f' " I What news is
ic^uJt hast? (
*( , I there ?
DIALOGUE IX.
surround an army- a
ing ; besieging. garrison.
1 hard; very. * ^)j.a?v (plural of
^j«r*- )fortifications.
3 fortified. ' jd- ruin ; de
*4ij-£-» strong, (castle) stroying.
8 fort.
DIALOGUES. 161
Screw, t. ^ pich.
S.
Sea, *. tojJ daryd \jarbahr.
Sack, s. ^\y>- juwdl. Seal, s-^->f* »»wAr.
Sad, a. dzardah. Search, v. & y>- j is «,<i..•>-
Saddle, s. zin ; just-ii-jii k.
sarj. Season, *. J-ai /asZ.
Safe, s. amin. Secret, *.j);
Safety, s. c^-~»iL: saldmat. See, ». >^Oo J rfWa» ; .iJaj
Sail, *. (jIj^Ij bdd-bdn. nazr k.
Sailor, s. malldh. Seed, *. kisht.
Salary, s. IxuJ kist ; L^i-lsj Seek, v. ^>X-Jis talbidan.
Seems (it), v. >X,Ui-**
Sale, s. ll^s-jjS farukht.
Salt, s. namak. Seize, v. giriftan.
Same, a. ^^-^ hamin. Sell, ». ^".;s.jji farukhtan.
Sample, *. <0^«J namiinah. Send, ». ut^c~>ji firistddan.
Sand, *. Sense, s. JJLc dkl;
Satisfy, v. 15"*b '"'^ hiss.
Save, o>lisr nijdt k. Sensible, a. JiMAa aklmand
Saw, *. 5;l arrah. Separate, v. .i J-y^aij"
Scales (a pair of), s. ^J*-* tqfnl k.
mizdn. Serious (important), a.
Scarce, a. ^ kam ; U muhtmm.
nd bisydr. Servant, *. Jsy naukar ;
Scent, *. jJ bu; Jos. itr. »OCJ bandah.
198 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
VOCABULARY. 205
OCT 1 1915