THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN THE STUDY OF VALUES

I. Meaning and Nature

Values
 Refers to the major priorities that man chooses to act on, and that
creativity enhances his life and the lives of those with whom he
associates with.

 Is being itself or the richness of being in as much as it has the power to

attract the cognitive and appetitive potentials of men.

1. Carter V. Good - Any characteristics deemed

important because of psychological,
socila, moral or aesthetic
considerations
2. Jung and Piaget - Refer to the stance that the self takes
to the total environment as expressed
through behaviors, ideas, body and
feelings and imagination
3. Anthropologists and Sociologists - Refer to those criteria according to
which a community judges the
importance of persons, patterns,
goals, and other sociological aspects
of the community
4. Karl Marx - “Labor Theory of Value” – Value of a
thing is determined by the labor time
it contains
5. G.E. Moore - Is a simple, unanalyzable term
comparable in respect to “yellow” or
any other term of the kind. The
indicator of value is usually “Price”.
6. Olden times - Refer to what were “good”
7. Homans - Value Proposition Theory:
1. Actor
2. Rewarding Result
3. Repetition

II. The Process of Valuing

- Could be termed as Values Clarification
 a. Louis Raths – unless all of the seven are present, then what the person has chosen
is not a value.

123 . PCA rihc tioz ion sg i n g

b. Tomas Andres
1. Was the values chosen from a range of alternatives that I was
aware of?
2. Did I consider the consequences of the alternatives?
3. Is the value evident in my behavior? Have I acted on it?
4. Do I act on this repeatedly in some fashion through a variety of
similar experiences?
5. Am I happy and pleased with the choice?
6. Am I willing to state it publicly?
7. Does the value enhance and not impede the development of my
emotional and spiritual well-being?

III. Indicators of Values

1. Ideas
2. Body
3. Feelings
4. Outer Behavior

IV. Four Large Areas of Values (Fr. Jaime Bulatao)

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V. The Phase Theory of Values

VI. Value Skills and Development

a. Instrumental Skills
  ability to perceive self and others accurately in ways that facilitate
communication, mutual understanding and cooperation.
b. Interpersonal Skills
 Ability to perceive self and others accurately in ways that facilitate
communication, mutual understanding and cooperation.
c. Imaginal Skills
 Ability to imitate new ideas and to take data beyond quantificatio and
logic to the development of new concepts.
 Integrating instrumental and interpersonal skills
d. System Skills
 Ability to see the various parts of a system as they relate to the whole
and to plan for systematic change.
 Ability of the individual to plan and design change in the whole
system to act as a whole based on tha capacity to see how parts relate
to the entire unit.

VII. Characteristics of Values

A. Max Scheler:
1. They are pire valuable essences or qualities.
2. They are objcetive and transcend the sentimental perception to
which they appeal.
3. They are hierarchically give, dependent and relativr among
themselves and with the perceiver.
4. They are always given in pairs.
B. Tomas Andres
1. Value is relative.
2. Value is subjective.
3. Value is objective.
4. Value is bipolar.
5. Value is heirarchical.

VIII. Classifications of Values

A. Ancient Philosophers:
1. Useful or utilitarian good.
2. Pleasurable and delectable good
3. Befitting or becoming good
B. According to Nature of Occurence
1. Accidental – befits a man with resepct to the accidents found in
him.
2. Natural – befits a man with regard to permanent force found in
him or his nature
C. Three Main levels as the Foundation for the Moral, sociopolitical and religious
Rights of Man
1. Physical or biological life – lowest level
2. Sentiency – middle level
 3. Level of Reason – highest level

D. Other Classifications:
1. Primary and Secondary Values
a. Primary
 Values chosen, acted upon and are necessary for the
authentic development of man.
b. Secondary
 Obligatory values determined by society through long
experience and practice which are consistently
necessary for the well-being of its members.
2. Moral or ethical Values
 Basic and are urgent in the life of man.
 “ought to be”
3. Religious Values
 Refer to that inner achievement and a hopeful
transition into a domain of suprasensible forces
which are more elevated in the hierarchy of
values.
4. Cultural Values
 As a question of spiritual production which
already possosses an immediate relationship to
human personal being and its inner existential
states, insofar as man is open to them.
5. Social Values
 Perfection assigned to an object or attitude in
virtue of a relationship between means ans ends
in society.