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9/27/2019 project on football for phusical education

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Published on Jan 7, 2017

project on football for class 12th students of cbse board for the subject

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project on football for phusical education


1. 1. 1 PPJ Saraswati vihar Nainital Physical Assignment on FOOTBALL Submitted By: Aradhya Mishra Class: 12th A; Roll
NO : 04 Submitted To: Shri Umesh Sharma Physical Teacher
2. 2. 2 Acknowledgements I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I thank God for providing me
with everything that I required in completing this project. I am highly indebted to the physical education teacher Mr. Umesh

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Sharma for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project and
also for his support in completing the project. I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-
operation and encouragement which helped me in the completion of this project. My thanks and appreciations also go to my
classmates in developing the project and to the people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities. (Aradhya
Mishra)
3. 3. 3 Certificate This is to certify that Master ARADHYA MISHRA, student of class XII-A has successfully completed the
project on Football under the guidance of Respected Mr. Umesh Sharma Sir during the year 2016-17 in partial fulfillment of
physical education assignment conducted by CBSE. …………………… Signatureof teacher (Umesh Sharma)
4. 4. 4 Contents History of Football Rules and Regulations Measurements of Play Field Equipments Required Basic
Skills Terminology Important Tournaments Important Venues Important Personalities Important Awards Basic
First-Aid Techniques related to Football
5. 5. 5 HISTORY The contemporary history of the world's favourite game spans more than 100 years. It all began in 1863 in
England, when rugby football and association football branched off on their different courses and the Football Association in
England was formed - becoming the sport's first governing body. Both codes stemmed from a common root and both have a
long and intricately branched ancestral tree. A search down the centuries reveals at least half a dozen differentgames, varying
to differentdegrees, and to which the historical development of football has been traced back. Whether this can be justified in
some instances is disputable. Nevertheless, the fact remains that people have enjoyed kicking a ball about for thousands of
years and there is absolutely no reason to consider it an aberration of the more 'natural' form of playing a ball with the hands.
On the contrary, apart from the need to employ the legs and feet in tough tussles for the ball, often without any laws for
protection, it was recognised right at the outset that the art of controlling the ball with the feet was not easy and, as such,
required no small measure of skill. The very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific evidence was an exercise
from a military manual dating back to the second and third centuries BC in China. This Han Dynasty forebearof footballwas
called Tsu' Chu and it consisted of kicking a leather ball filled with feathers and hair through an opening, measuring only 30-
40cm in width, into a small net fixed onto long bamboo canes. According to one variation of this exercise, the player was not
permitted to aim at his target unimpeded,but had to use his feet, chest, back and shoulders while trying to withstand the
attacks of his opponents. Use of the hands was not permitted. Another form of the game, also originating from the Far East,
was the Japanese Kemari, which began some 500-600 years later and is still played today. This is a sport lacking the
competitive element of Tsu' Chu with no struggle for possession involved. Standing in a circle, the players had to pass the ball
to each other, in a relatively small space, trying not to let it touch the ground.
6. 6. 6 The Greek 'Episkyros' - of which few concrete details survive - was much livelier, as was the Roman 'Harpastum'. The
latter was played out with a smaller ball by two teams on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines and a centre line. The
objective was to get the ball over the opposition's boundary lines and as players passed it between themselves, trickery was
the order of the day. The game remained popular for 700-800 years, but, although the Romans took it to Britain with them,
the use of feet was so small as to scarcely be of consequence. Rules and Regulations Ball in and out of Play: The soccer
ball is out of bounds when it has crossed the goal line or touchline whether on the ground or in air. If it rebounds off the
referee, an assistant referee, a goal post, crossbar, or corner flag post and remains inside the field, then it is still in play.
Method of scoring: A goal is scored in football if the ball crosses the goal line between the two goalposts and under the
crossbar, as long as no violation of the rules has taken place. The side that scores the most goals wins. If both teams have the
same number of goals at the end of the match, it is considered a draw even if neither of them scored a goal. Offside: A
player is in offside position if there are fewer than two defenders (including the goalie) between him and the goal line. A
violation of the offside rule in football occurs if he is in that position and the ball is played to him. A free kick is awarded to
the opposition if a player is caught offside.
7. 7. 7 Fouls and misconducts: The following are the most common fouls in football: kicking, tripping, pushing, or charging
another player recklessly; striking or attempting to strike an opponent or any member of the opposing side.A foul is called if a
player: makes a tackle but hits the player before the ball; deliberately handles the ball (except the goalkeeper in his proper
area); or if he uses excessive force in defending an opponent. Free kicks: A restarts a play after a foul or rule infringement
is committed and is usually taken from the spot where the violation was committed. A free-kick can either be “direct”, in
which a kicker may score directly, or “indirect”, in which another player must touch the ball before a goal can be scored.
Penalty kick: A penalty kick in football is awarded if a defender commits a foul inside its own penalty area. The kick is taken
from the penalty spot and all the players (except the kicker and the goalkeeper) must be outside the penalty area and penalty
arc.
8. 8. 8 Throw-in: A throw-in in football is awarded to a team if the ball goes over the touchline. It is awarded to the team
opposing the side that touched the ball last. The throw is taken from the spot where the ball goes out of bounds. The taker
must throw the ball with both hands, both feet on the ground, and facing the field of play. Goal kick: A goal-kick in
football is awarded to the defending team if the opposing team causes the ball to go over the goal-line. Any player from the
defending side is allowed to take the goal kick. It must
9. 9. 9 be taken anywhere on the goal area and must go beyond the penalty area or it will be retaken. The ball must be touched
by another player before the taker can play it again. Corner kick: A corner kick in football is awarded to the attacking team
if an opposing player is the last to touch the ball before it goes out of bounds on the goal-line. The attacking team resumes
play by placing the ball in the corner arc nearest to where it crossed the goal line.
10. 10. 10 Measurements of Play Field and Football Length of field: 120 yards (including 10 yards of end zone at each end).
Width of field: 53 1/3 yards (160 feet). Height of goal posts: At least 30 feet. Height of crossbar: 10 feet. Width of goalposts
(above crossbar): 18 feet6 inches, inside to inside. Length of ball: 10 7/8 to 11 7/16 inches (long axis). Circumference of ball:
20 3/4 to 21 1/4 inches (middle); 27 3/4 to 28 1/2 inches (long axis).
11. 11. 11 Terminology: Advantage: decision made by the referee during a game, where a player is fouled, but play is allowed
to continue because the team that suffered the foul is in better position than they would have been had the referee stopped the
game. Against the run of play: describes a goal scored, or a win or draw achieved, by a side that was being clearly
outplayed. Assist: pass that leads to a goal being scored Back heel: pass between team-mates, in which one player uses
their heel to propel the ball backwards to another player Brace: when a player scores two goals in a single match . Clean-
sheet: When a goalkeeperor team does not concede a single goal during a match. Counter-attack: kick taken from within a
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one-yard radius of the corner flag. Diving: form of cheating, sometimes employed by an attacking player to win a free kick
or penalty. Dribbling: when a player runs with the ball at their feet under close control. Dummy: skill move performed
by a player receiving a pass from a teammate; the player receiving the ball will angle their body in such a way that the
opponent thinks that they are going to play the ball. Extra Time: additional period, normally two halves of 15 minutes, used
to determine the winner in some tied cup matches.
12. 12. 12 False Nine: a centre forward who regularly drops back into midfield to disrupt opposition marking. Flick-On:
when a player receives a pass from a teammate and, instead of controlling it, touches the ball with their head or foot while it
is moving past them, with the intent of helping the ball reach another teammate Free Kick: the result of a foul outside the
penalty area, given against the offending team. Ghost goal: situation where a ball fairly crossed the goal line but did not
result in a goal, or a goal was awarded despite the ball not crossing the line. Howler: glaring and possibly amusing error
made by a player or referee during a match. Jew Goal: term used to describe a goal scored when a player “passes the ball
when two-on-one with the keeper in order to provide the receiver with an open goal”. Kick-Off: method of starting a
match. Lay-Off Pass: short pass, usually lateral, played delicately into the space immediately in front of a teammate who is
arriving at speed from behind the player making the pass. Man On: warning shout uttered by players to a teammate with
the ball to alert him of the presence of an opposing player behind him. Man-To-Man Marking: system of marking in which
each player is responsible for an opposing player rather than an area of the pitch. Nutmeg: when a player intentionally
plays the ball between an opponent’s legs, runs past the opponent, and collects their own pass.
13. 13. 13 Offside: law relating to the positioning of defending players in relation to attacking players when the ball is played
to an attacking player by a teammate. Open Goal: where no player is defending the goal. Overlap: move between two
teammates. Shielding: defensive technique in which a defensive player positions their body between the ball and an
attacking opponent, in order to prevent that opponent from reaching the ball. Subbed: a player who is withdrawn from the
field of play. Sweeper: defender whose role is to protect the space between the goalkeeper and the rest of the defence
Throw-In: method of restarting play. Involves a player throwing the ball from behind a touchline after it has been kicked out
by an opponent.
14. 14. 14 Important Tournaments: FIFA: There is no greater competition than the World Cup. The European Championship
may have a greater variety of winners. The Champions League may provide better football. However, nothing matches the
prestige of lifting the FIFA World Cup. The World Cup pips the Champions League to the No. 1 spot because of the
enormous cultural impact that a victory can have. Nothing unites a nation like being crowned the best in the world. The
UEFA Champions League: It is the most glamorous club competition in world football. This tournament brings together the
greatest teams in the world. As the financial clout of club football has grown, it has managed to supersede international
football. In terms of the quality of play on the field, the Champions League is now the best tournament there is. Although the
pure knockout form of the original European Cup is still missed,the re-branding as the Champions League has helped turn
Europe into football's most financially powerful continent. There is no club competition to match the Champions League.
15. 15. 15 The UEFA European Championship: The first pan-European international tournament was held in 1958 in France.
In the intervening 55 years, the European Championship has established itself as one of world football's most exciting
competitions. The European Championship is characterised by its unusually competitive nature: The 14 tournaments to date
have produced nine different winners. Germany and Spain currently lead the field with three triumphs each. In 2014, the
competition expanded from 16 to 24 teams, prompting concerns that the increase in size may precipitate a drop in quality.
The Copa America: It is the oldest existing continental football competition. The first formal Copa America was held in
Argentina in 1916 to commemorate the first century of Argentina's independence. The competition involves the teams
associated with CONMEBOL as well as two other nations, frequently Mexico, Costa Rica or the United States. Although
Brazil and Argentina are regularly referred to as South American football's "Big Two," current holders Uruguay are in fact the
competition's most successful team with 15 wins to date.
16. 16. 16 The Copa Libertadores: It is the South American equivalent of the Champions League. The Libertadores trophy is
the most coveted prize in South American club football, and the competition's final is broadcast in an incredible 135 countries
across the globe. The Copa has extraordinary cultural currency in South America. It has spawned the Spanish phrase "El
Sueno Libertador," referring to the dream of lifting the historic prize aloft. Since the competition's inception in 1960, many
have chased that dream. Argentine club Independiente are the most successful team in the competition's history, having
claimed the Copa a phenomenal seven times. The UEFA Europa League: It is the much-maligned successorto the UEFA
Cup. As the Champions League's younger and less glamorous sibling, the Europa League is vulnerable to snipers who
criticise the competition's enormous fixture list and plethora of dead-rubber ties. However, a glance at the recent list of
winners suggests that European football's major clubs still take the competition seriously. Chelsea, Atletico Madrid and Porto
have all experienced the joy of Europa League triumph in the last few seasons.In 2003, Porto were Europa League
Champions. A year later, they lifted the Champions League.
17. 17. 17 Africa Cup of Nations: Africa is a continent that is seemingly in love with football. This tournament pits Africa's
greatest international sides against each other in a fascinating battle for supremacy. The continent's most successful side is
Egypt. They have won the tournament a record seven times, although they have not yet managed to transfer this continental
success to the global stage. The competition is not without its flaws. The Africa Cup of Nations generally takes place in
January, meaning that many European-based players are forced to abandon their clubs to take part. This has led to the
withdrawal of some of Africa's major stars. If the tournament is to retain its status, it may need to move in line with the
European calendar. FA Cup:It is arguably the most famous domestic competition in the world. Established in July 1871, it
is the oldest association football competition in the world. The FA Cup has produced some of English football's most iconic
moments and is partly responsible for Wembley's status as "The Home of Football." English clubs from the Premier League
right down to the fifth tier of the FA National League are invited to compete. The tournament has subsequently become
known for "giant
18. 18. 18 killings": occasions when minnows overcome the odds to defeat a club with far greater resources.The 2013 final was a
case in point, as Roberto Martinez's gutsy Wigan side showed remarkable bravery and discipline to beat the financial
superpower that is Manchester City. The Confederations Cup: It rose to prominence in 2005 when it was established as a
vital forerunner to the World Cup. Since that auspicious summer, the tournament has been held in the same country that will
host the World Cup the following year. The Confederations Cup has subsequently become a vital part of preparation for
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global football's most celebrated tournament. The Confederations Cup allows FIFA to assess a nation's preparations for the
arrival of their most prestigious tournament. More importantly, it is a chance for the host nation to pit themselves against
some of the world's best ahead of the real thing. The excitement around the current tournament in Brazil is indicative of the
Confederations Cup's rising profile.
19. 19. 19 Important Venues (Stadiums) Estadio Aztec Tenants:Club America Opened in: 29 May 1966 Capacity:105,000
City:Mexico City
20. 20. 20 Wembley Tenants: England National Team Opened in: 1923 Capacity: 82,000 City: London Estadio Do Maracana
Tenants: None Opened in: 16 June 1950 Capacity: 82,238 City: Madrid
21. 21. 21 Santiago Bernabeu Tenants: Real Madrid Opened in: 14 Dec 1947 Capacity: 85,454 City: Rio de Janeiro
22. 22. 22 Estadio Monumental Tenants: River Plate: Opened in: 25 May 1938 Capacity: 67,664 City: Buenos Aires
Olmpiastadion Tenants: FC Bayern Munich Opened in: 26 May 1972 Capacity: 69,250 City: Munich
23. 23. 23 Important Personalities David Beckham: David Robert Joseph Beckham, he is an English former professional
footballer. He played for Manchester United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan, LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain.
Lionel Messi: Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club FC
Barcelona and the Argentina national team.
24. 24. 24 Wayne Rooney: Wayne Mark Rooney is an English professional footballer who plays for and captains both
Manchester United and the England national team. He has played much of his career as a forward, but he has also been used
in various midfield roles. Cristiano Ronaldo:Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ComM, GOIH is a Portuguese professional
footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. He is a forward and serves as captain for
Portugal.
25. 25. 25 Maradona: Diego Armando Maradona is a retired Argentine professional footballer. He has served as a manager and
coach at other clubs as well as the national team of Argentina Ryan Giggs:Ryan JosephGiggs,OBE is a Welshfootball coach
and former player who is the co-owner of Salford City. He played his entire professional career for Manchester United
26. 26. 26 Thierry Henry: Thierry Daniel Henry is a French retired professional footballer who played as a forward, and the
current second assistant manager of the Belgium national team. Kaka: Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite, commonly known as
Kaká or Ricardo Kaká, is a Brazilian professionalfootballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Orlando City SC in
Major League Soccer and the Brazil national team.
27. 27. 27 Important Awards Ballon d’Or: It was first awarded in 1956 by the France Football Magazine. The award was the
brain child of Gabriel Hanot - his vision was to have an award for the best European footballer of the season as voted on by a
selectpanel of European journalists. The Ballo d'Or was quickly established as one of the most prestigious awards a European
footballer could win. FIFPro Player of the Year: It is a newcomer on the international awards front having first been
awarded in 2005. The awarded is voted on by players from the various player associations across the world. As such the
award shot to prominance quickly, to be voted as the best player in the world by your fellow professionals is seen as one of
the highest forms of recognition a player can achieve.
28. 28. 28 FIFA Team of the Year: It was first awarded in 1991 and was always destined to become arguably the pinnacle
achievement for an individual in Football. Since it's inception the award has been seen to be provide the definitive answer to
the question who is the best team in the world. PFA Player of the Year Award: The Professional Footballer's Association
award is consider by many to be the most prestigious award a player can receive due to the fact that it is voted on by fellow
Footballers. Each member of the association votes for two players. The award was first given in 1974.
29. 29. 29 FWA Player of the Year:Along with the PFA Award, the Football Writer's Association award is considered as the
premier individual award in England. It is awarded to the best player in the English Premier League and is voted on by
approximately 400 English journalists. Sir Stanley Matthews was the award's first recipient after the 1947/48 award. World
Soccer Magazine Player of the Year: Yet another magazine award. Originally started in 1982, WSM readers from across the
global cast their votes on whom they believe as been the player of the year. Obviously the player with the highest percentage
of votes wins. The current holder is Christiano Ronaldo who amassed 48% of the votes. Votes came from over 40 different
countries from around the world.
30. 30. 30 FIFA Golden Ball/ Golden Shoe: The Golden ball is presented to the best player of a World Cup, whilst the Golden
shoe is presented to the highest goal scorer in the tournament. The awards have been presented since the first world cup in
1930. The Golden Ball is voted on by the world's media, who select their vote from shortlist put together by the FIFA
technical committee. The current holder(from the 2006 World Cup) of the Golden Ball is Zinidine Zidane, whilst the Golden
shoe was awarded to Miroslav Klose.
31. 31. 31 Basic First-Aid Techniques Bruises – To treat bruising and swelling, the first aider will need to apply ice on the
affected area for about 15 minutes at a time every two hours making sure to put a cloth or towel between the ice and the skin.
A day or two after the bruising or swelling develops; you should apply a heat pack or warm cloth to the affected area.
Bleeding (cut, graze or scratch wounds) – These could be minor, here the first aider will need to put on disposable gloves,
clean the cuts with a dry sterile dressing or clean lint-free material, apply pressure to stop the bleeding then dab with ointment
or gel and protect with a sterile bandage. A deep wound will have to be referred to a hospital after following the minor injury
procedure. Head & Face injuries – These injuries could be serious and are associated with concussion (impaired
consciousness), cuts, skull fractures, neck or spinal break. The First Aider’s immediate aim is to let the player lie down gently
whilst avoiding turning the player’s head- this is to maintain an open airway, check for pulse & breathing and record all vital
signals of response.If the player is unconscious, the airway should be opened with a jaw thrust technique in order to feel
breathing then proceed by calling out to the player if they can hear you or open their eyes but if no response, the coach then
need to carry out chest compressionalso known as the CPR [ placing one or two hands in the centre of the chest using the heel
of the hands with arms straight to press down about 30 times at the rate of 100-120 p/min] then perform the rescue breath
method [make sure the airway is open, seal your lips around the child’s mouth and blow gently into their lungs. If the chest
rises, stop blowing to allow it to fall then repeat this 5 times until they show signs of recovery or until proper medical
assistance arrives. Asthma Attack – Asthma is a medical condition that attacks the muscles of the air passages when the tubes
that carry air in and out of the lungs become narrowed thereby making it difficult to breathe. To administer first- aid, help the
player to sit in a comfortable position to ease breathing and reassure them. If they have their inhaler let them take 3-5 puffs
according to the asthma plan given to them by their doctorbut if the player has none, then
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32. 32. 32 the coach need to reach for one from the first-aid kit. The coach should or would have known about the player’s
condition from the medical information submitted in their registration. Ankle, Foot or Toe injuries – when injuries to these
areas are minor, they are usually treated at home to relieve symptoms and promote healing but in case they are serious, the
first-aider or the coach will need to take the appropriate measures in dealing with the affected areas using any of the following
first-aid techniques. With a broken bone, it is not advisable to push the bone back into the skin if it is sticking out but to
leave it as it is by carefully covering the affected area with a clean bandage or hold together with a splint. With sprained
ankle or toe injury, the first thing to do is to use the P.R.I.C.E method (Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) to
reduce the swelling and pain, also use soft padding bandage. If pain persists then an assessment need to made to ascertain
whether a visit to the specialist is warranted however if it is pain free, try massaging gently to allow the flow of blood whilst
avoiding hot substances such as hot water or heat gels until 48-72hrs and then start gentle exercises of movement & strength
without too much strain. Back Pain – Mostly, footballers feel pain in the lower back. If this happens, there are various types
of simple treatments that can be applied: Walking- Taking a brisk walk for about 10-20mins every 2hrs might do the trick.
Heat Therapy- Hot pool bath could be useful for some players whilst cold compression therapy (ice pack) may be suited to
others. Exercises like flexible stretching could be effective in relieving pain however this should be done with due care so
as not to aggravate the pain. Massage Therapy, massaging may be more appropriate remedy, visiting an experienced
massage therapist could be the answer to ending the back pain problems. Medicines, using simple pain relieving medicines
like Ibuprofen or Paracetamol, might just be the solution.
33. 33. 33 Muscle Pulls – The initial first-aid treatment is to protectthe affected area by applying soft padding and then resume
the P.R.I.C.E method which will accelerate healing, reduce swelling and keep the blood from clotting in the injured area but if
there is a severe pain then a visit to a medical expert is advisable as this might be a sign of broken bone, sprain or muscle tear.
Shoulder,joint and all other dislocations would be the job for the expert medical professional, any attempt to try reducing or
replacing the joint must be avoided. Shin Splints, examination of the cause of pain is absolutely necessary in order to choose
the right treatments. If it is certain that it is stress fracture, then a rest is usually the best treatment by taking a break from
training for about 6-7 weeks to help the bone heal. The FirstAid Kit essentials: 1. Tweezers 2. Hand Sanitizers 3. Gauge and
Tapes, 4. Disposable Gloves 5. Wipes,CleaningSolutions 6. AntibioticCream 7. Ointments 8. Pain relieve gels 9.
AdhesiveBandages 10. ElasticPlasters 11. Thermometers 12. Inhalers for Asthma, 13. Disinfectants 14. Instant Cold Packs,
15. Scissors 16. Cotton Swabs 17. Heat & Cold Sprays 18. Pain Killers 19. Smelling Salt ********THANK
YOU**********

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