Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 9

81,9(56,'$''(/&$8&$

'(3$57$0(172'(),6,&$


(/$%25$&,Ð1<$1$/,6,6'(*5$),&$6


3UiFWLFD1ž

,,QWURGXFFLyQ

8QJUDILFRHVODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGLDJUDPiWLFDGHOPRGRFRPRXQDFDQWLGDGFDPELDFRQUHVSHFWR
D RWUD 8QD LQIRUPDFLyQ SXHGH VHU HQ PXFKRV FDVRV PiV UiSLGDPHQWH VXPLQLVWUDGD SRU XQ
JUDILFRTXHSRUFXDOTXLHURWURPpWRGR

(V SRU HVWR TXH HQ HO ODERUDWRULR YDPRV D QHFHVLWDU FRQ PXFKD IUHFXHQFLD JUDILFDU ORV GDWRV
REWHQLGRV\PHGLDQWHHODQiOLVLVJUDILFRSRGHUHQFRQWUDUODHFXDFLyQTXHUHODFLRQDORVGDWRVOR
FXDOHVGHLQWHUpVSDUDFRPSUREDUFRQFHSWRVWHyULFRVHLQYHVWLJDUFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVHVSHFtILFRV

,,1RUPDVSDUDJUDILFDU

([LVWHQYDULDVQRUPDVSDUDJUDILFDUORVGDWRVREWHQLGRVHQXQDSUiFWLFDGHODERUDWRULR

• (ODERUDU XQD WDEOD FRQ ORV GDWRV REWHQLGRV H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH (VWRV GDWRV SXHGHV
WDEXODUVH HQ FROXPQDV R ILODV $QRWDQGR  HQ OD SDUWH VXSHULRU GH ODV FROXPQDV R DOD
L]TXLHUGD GH ODV ILODV ODV FDQWLGDGHV TXH YDQ KDFHU PHGLGDV \ VXV XQLGDGHV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV

7RGD WDEOD GHEH OOHYDU XQ WLWXOR H[SOLFDWLYR TXH LQGLTXH HO VLJQLILFDGR GH ORV GDWRV \ OD
IRUPDHQTXHIXHURQREWHQLGRV

/DWDEODGHGDWRVSXHGHHODERUDVHGHDFXHUGRFRQXQDUUHJORHQD FROXPQDV\E ILODV

(MHPSOR/RVVLJXLHQWHVGDWRVIXHURQREWHQLGRHQXQH[SHULPHQWRGHODOH\GHKRRNH
) UHSUHVHQWD ODIXHU]DHQ1HZWRQVTXHVHDSOLFRDXQUHVRUWHVXVSHQGLGRGHOH[WUHPR
VXSHULRU GH XQ VRSRUWH  \ VH GHWHUPLQR SRU ORV SHVRV GH ORV FXHUSRV TXH FROJDEDQ
VXFHVLYDPHQWH;HVWiPHGLGDHQPHWURV\UHSUHVHQWDHOHVWLUDPLHQWR DODUJDPLHQWR GHO
UHVRUWHDODSOLFDUOHORVSHVRV

D DUUHJORHQFROXPQDV

) 1HZWRQ  ; P 
) ;
) ;
 

 
 

 
 
E DUUHJORHQILODV

) 1HZWRQ  ) ) «
; P  ; ; «
 

 

• /RVGDWRVGHEHUiQVHUDQRWDGRVH[DFWDPHQWHFRPRVHDQDQRWDGRV
• (VFRUUHFWR\HQPXFKRVFDVRVHVFRQYHQLHQWHLQFOXLUHQODWDEODGHGDWRVORVUHVXOWDGRV
TXH KDQ VLGR FDOFXODGRV DGLFLRQDQGR QXHYDV FROXPQDV R ILODV VLQ ROYLGDU HO
HQFDEH]DPLHQWRGHODVPLVPDVSDUDPRVWUDUFODUDPHQWHORTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDORVGDWRV
H[SHULPHQWDOHV\ORTXHVHUHILHUHDORVGDWRVFDOFXODGRV

) 1HZWRQ  ; P  . 1HZWRQP 
) ; .
) ; .
  

  
  

  
  

) 1HZWRQ  ) ) «
; P  ; ; «
 

. 1HZWRQP  . . «
 

 

• 7UD]DU GRV OtQHDV SHUSHQGLFXODUHV HQWUH Vt OODPDGDV HO HMH KRUL]RQWDO \ HO HMH
YHUWLFDO DEVFLVD\RUGHQDGDV 
• 8QD FRQYHQFLyQ ELHQ HVWDEOHFLGD HQ )tVLFD HV TXH OD YDULDEOH LQGHSHQGLHQWH VH
UHSUHVHQWD HQ HO HMH KRUL]RQWDO \ OD YDULDEOH GHSHQGLHQWH HVWD HV OD PDJQLWXG
GHWHUPLQDGDHQHOHMHYHUWLFDO

D GHEHQ LQGLFDUVH OD FDQWLGDG TXH YD D UHSUHVHQWDU FDGD HMH \ ODV XQLGDGHV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV HVFDOD SRUHMHPSORHOHMHYHUWLFDOSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUODYHORFLGDG
GHXQPyYLO PV \HOHMHKRUL]RQWDOHOWLHPSR V 
´9HORFLGDGGHXQPyYLOHQIXQFLyQGHOWLHPSR´
15

10
V(m/s)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
t(s)

• (OWDPDxRGHOJUDILFRGHEHHVFRJHUVHGHWDOPDQHUDTXHOOHQHWRGRH[DFWDPHQWHWRGRHO
SDSHO
• 6HGHEHQHVFRJHUHVFDODVTXHSXHGDQVXEGLYLGLUVHIiFLOPHQWH 9DORUHVUHFRPHQGDGRV
VRQHWF8QLGDGHVSRUHVFDODGHGLYLVLyQ1RVHUHFRPLHQGDYDORUHV
WDOHVFRPRGHELGRDTXHKDFHQGLItFLOODORFDOL]DFLyQOHFWXUDGHORVYDORUHVHQ
HOJUDILFR

D 1RHVQHFHVDULRTXHODPLVPDHVFDODVHDXWLOL]DGDHQDPERVHMHVQLTXHFRPLHQFH
HQFHUR
• /RFDOLFHFDGDSXQWRHQVXOXJDUDSUR[LPDGR\GLEXMXHORHQHOSDSHO
D 6LYDULDVFXUYDVVHYDQDGLEXMDUHQHOPLVPRSDSHO\ORVSXQWRVSXHGHQLQWHUIHULU
XVH FtUFXORV FXDGUDGRV WULiQJXORV DVWHULVFRV HWF 3DUD HQFRQWUDU ORV SXQWRV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDFDGDFXUYD
• 7UDFHXQD OtQHD UHFWD R XQD FXUYD VXDYH D WUDYpVGH ORV SXQWRV QR HV QHFHVDULR TXH
SDVH SRU FDGD XQR GH HOORV SHUR GHEHUi GHMDUVH HQ OR SRVLEOH LJXDO GH SXQWRV SRU
HQFLPD\SRUGHEDMRGHODJUiILFDHLJXDOPHQWHHVSDFLDGRVGHODPLVPD
D (VXQDEXHQDLGHDHPSH]DUPDUFDQGRFRQOiSL]ODVHVFDODV\ORVHMHVGHORVSXQWRV
H[SHULPHQWDOHVKDVWDHVWDUVDWLVIHFKRFRQODHVFRJHQFLDGHODVHVFDODVFRORFDFLyQ
GHORVSXQWRVHWF<SRVWHULRUPHQWHGHMDUGHILQLWLYDODJUDILFD
• 7RGDJUDILFDGHEHOOHYDUXQWLWXORH[SOLFDWLYRTXHVHFRORFDXQDYH]HODERUDGDODJUiILFD
SDUD GDUOH VLJQLILFDGR D ORV UHVXOWDGRV TXH PXHVWUD 3RU HMHPSOR 9HORFLGDG GH XQ
GHVOL]DGRUHQXQULHOGHDLUHFRPRXQDIXQFLyQGHOWLHPSRHQOXJDUGHFRORFDUHOWLWXOR
PiVDPELJXRGH³9HORFLGDGYVWLHPSR´

,,,7,326'(*5$),&$60É6)5(&8(17(6(108&+$66,78$&,21(6),6,&$6

$ *UDILFDV OLQHDOHV (Q OD VLJXLHQWH WDEOD DSDUHFHQ GDWRV WRPDGRV HQ XQ H[SHULPHQWR  GH
UHODFLyQHVSDFLRYVWLHPSRHQGRQGH[ UHSUHVHQWDODSRVLFLyQGHXQFXHUSRHQPHWURV\W HVHO
WLHPSR HQ VHJXQGRV TXH VH GHPRUR HQ UHFRUUHU HVWD GLVWDQFLD GHVGH HO RULJHQ $ LQWHUYDORV
LUUHJXODUHV GH GLVWDQFLD FRPR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD WDEOD IXHURQ FRORFDGRV REVHUYDGRUHV FRQ
FURQyPHWURVFRQHQREMHWRGHPHGLUHOWLHPSR

W V  [ P  Y PV 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

6HWUD]DQORVHMHVHQSDSHOPLOLPHWUDGRVHHVFRJHQHVFDODVGHGLIHUHQWHVXQLGDGHVHQFDGDHMH
\ VHORFDOL]DQORVSXQWRV6HQRWDTXHORVSXQWRVSXHGHQFDHUHQXQDOtQHDUHFWD

)LJXUD


 $QiOLVLVRLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHHVWDJUDILFD

3DUDDQDOL]DUXQDOtQHDUHFWDGHEHPRVREWHQHUVXHFXDFLyQ3DUDODOtQHDUHFWDGHODILJXUD
FRUUHVSRQGHODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQ

[ PWE

(QGRQGH[ HVODYDULDEOHGHSHQGLHQWHW HVODYDULDEOHLQGHSHQGLHQWHP HVXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGH
FDGD UHFWD \ UHFLEH HO QRPEUH GH SHQGLHQWH \ E HV RWUD FRQVWDQWH TXH UHFLEH HO QRPEUH GH
LQWHUFHSWR

 &DOFXORGHODSHQGLHQWH

/D SHQGLHQWH P HV OD PHGLGD GH OD LQFOLQDFLyQ GH UHFWD FRQ UHVSHFWR DO HMH KRUL]RQWDO (V HO
FDPELR GH XQD YDULDEOH FRQ UHVSHFWR D  OD RWUD SRU WUDWDUVH GH XQD UHFWD HVWD YDULDEOH HV
FRQVWDQWH
(VFRMDGRVSXQWRVVREUHODUHFWDORPiVDOHMDGRSRVLEOH\WUDFHOtQHDVSDUDOHODVDORVHMHVFRPR
LQGLFDODILJXUD
3DUDHVWHFDVRWHQHPRV

P  [ W [ [  W W      PV

   

 &iOFXORGHOLQWHUVHSWR

8QDYH]VHKDWUD]DGRODUHFWDHOLQWHUFHSWRE VHREWLHQHOH\HQGRODGLVWDQFLDGHORULJHQDOFRUWH
GHODUHFWDFRQHOHMHYHUWLFDOFXDQGRW 
(O LQWHUFHSWR HQ HO JUDILFR GH OD ILJXUD  HV E   HV OD SRVLFLyQ GHO FXHUSR FXDQGR HO
H[SHULPHQWDGRUHPSH]yDFRQWDUHOWLHPSR

 (FXDFLyQJHQHUDOGHXQDOtQHDUHFWD

6L HQ HO HMH YHUWLFDO KD\ XQD YDULDEOH GHSHQGLHQWH FXDOTXLHUD < HQ HO HMH KRUL]RQWDO KD\ XQD
YDULDEOHLQGHSHQGLHQWHFXDOTXLHUD; ODHFXDFLyQGHODUHFWDHV

< P;E

(QGRQGHPHVODSHQGLHQWHGHODUHFWD\HVXQDFRQVWDQWH

P  < ;  \ \  [ [
   

\ E HVHOLQWHUFHSWRFRQHOHMH< HVHOYDORUGH< FXDQGR; 

 /DLQWHUSRODFLyQ\ODH[WUDSRODFLyQ

0HGLDQWH ODV PHGLFLRQHV HVWDPRV VHJXURV GH ODVSRVLFLRQHV GHXQQXPHUR GH SXQWRV HQ HVWD
JUiILFD DO WUD]DU OD UHFWD XQLPRV HVWRV SXQWRV REWHQHPRV LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH ORV SXQWRV
LQWHUPHGLRV VLQ QHFHVLGDG GH KDFHU PHGLFLRQHV GLUHFWDV (VWH SURFHVR VH GHQRPLQD
,17(532/$&,Ï1 \HV~WLOFXDQGRKD\EXHQDVUD]RQHVSDUD VXSRQHUTXHODFXUYDHVYDOLGDG
HQWUHORVYDORUHVPHGLGRV/DLQWHUSRODFLyQVLHPSUHOOHYDFRQVLJRXQSRFRGHULHVJR$XQVLODV
FDQWLGDGHV FDPELDQ UHJXODUPHQWH GHEHPRV REWHQHU YDORUHV H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH EDVWDQWHV
FHUFDQRVXQRVDRWURVVLTXHUHPRVFRQRFHUFRPRGDODJUiILFDHQXQDUHJLyQGRQGHVHFXUYD
IXHUWHPHQWH/DLQWHUSRODFLyQQRVHXVDSDUDODVJUiILFDVTXHQRSXHGHQVHUUHSUHVHQWDGDVSRU
FXUYDVUHJXODUHV

/D (;75$32/$&,Ï1 TXH OOHYD OD JUiILFD PiV DOOi GHO OLPLWH GH ORV GDWRV HV DXQ PiV
DUULHVJDGD $TXt ORV HUURUHV SXHGHQ SUHVHQWDUVH PiV IiFLOPHQWH SHUR DVt PLVPR HV PiV IiFLO
OOHJDUDQXHYRVGHVFXEULPLHQWRV

% /tQHDVFXUYDV

 &XUYDVGHODIRUPD< EDP[

ODIXQFLyQ< EDP[ HQGRQGH[ HVXQDYDULDEOHLQGHSHQGLHQWH< HVODYDULDEOHGHSHQGLHQWHHV


OODPDGDIXQFLyQH[SRQHQFLDODE\P VRQFRQVWDQWHV
(QODILJXUDDSDUHFHQORVJUiILFRVGHODVGHODVIXQFLRQHV  H \   (QODVGRVSULPHUDVHO
YDORU GH < DXPHQWD UiSLGDPHQWH DO DXPHQWDU [ \ HQ OD ~OWLPD < GLVPLQX\H UiSLGDPHQWH DO
[ [ [

DXPHQWDU[

)LJXUD

 &XUYDVGHODIRUPD< E[  P

ODIXQFLyQ< E[  HQGRQGH<HVODYDULDEOHGHSHQGLHQWH[HVODYDULDEOHLQGHSHQGLHQWHP\E
VRQFRQVWDQWHV
P

(QODILJXUDDSDUHFHQODVJUDILFDVGHODVIXQFLRQHV[  [ \ [    

)LJXUD
 160

140

120

100 Y=10X2

80
Y

60

P
40

20

0 M N
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
X a)

700

600

500

400
Y

300
Y=X 4

200

100

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
X b)

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Y

0.5 -2
Y=X
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
X C)
 $QiOLVLVHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOtQHDVFXUYDU


D &DOFXORGHSHQGLHQWH(QHVWHFDVRODSHQGLHQWHYDULDGHSXQWRDSXQWR\SRUHVWDUD]yQVRQ
GLItFLOHVGHDQDOL]DU(OYDORUGHODSHQGLHQWHHQXQRRPiVSXQWRSXHGHQVHUGHLQWHUpVItVLFRHQ
DOJ~Q FDVR (O YDORU GH ODSHQGLHQWH HQ FXDOTXLHU SXQWR HVWD GHILQLGR FRPR OD SHQGLHQWH GH OD
UHFWDWDQJHQWHDODFXUYDHQHVHSXQWR(QODILJXUDD VHPXHVWUDODWDQJHQWHDODFXUYDHQHO
SXQWR3 FX\RYDORUHV

P SHQGLHQWHHQ3  < ;  3\1\  1[0[ 

S

E 8VRGHOSDSHOVHPLORJDUtWPLFR\SDSHO/RJ/RJ

3DUD DQDOL]DU HVWDV FXUYDV VH KDFHPRV XQ FDPELR GH YDULDEOH HVWR VH ORJUD XVDQGR SDSHO
VHPLORJDUtWPLFRRSDSHO/RJ±/RJ(OREMHWLYRHVREWHQHUPHGLDQWHHVWHFDPELRGHYDULDEOHXQD
OtQHDUHFWDTXHFRPRYLPRVHVPiVIiFLOGHDQDOL]DU

 )RUPDVHPLORJDUtWPLFD(QHVWHSDSHOQRWDPRVODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODHVFDOD\ODKRUL]RQWDO
(OHMHKRUL]RQWDOFRUUHVSRQGHDXQDHVFDODXQLIRUPH PLOLPpWULFD \HOHMHYHUWLFDODXQDHVFDODQR
XQLIRUPH ORJDUtWPLFD 

6LODHVFDODORJDUtWPLFDVHUHSLWHDORODUJRGHOHMHYHUWLFDOHOSDSHOVHPLORJDUtWPLFRVHOODPDGH
GRVFLFORV/RVYDORUHVGHHVWDVHVFDODVVHQXPHUDQGHWDOPDQHUDTXHFDGDFLFORGHEHWHUPLQDU
HQXQQ~PHURGLH]YHFHVPD\RUTXHFRQHOTXHHPSH]DPRVDVtVLHOSULPHUFLFORHPSLH]DHQ
GHEHWHUPLQDUHQ\HOVHJXQGRFLFORVHUiGHDyWDPELpQSXHGHKDFHUVHGHD\
HOVHJXQGRFLFORGHDyGHDFXHUGRFRQORTXHVHQHFHVLWD

6L OD IXQFLyQ TXH HVWDPRV JUDILFDQGR HV GHO IRUPD <  ED  IXQFLyQ H[SRQHQFLDO  HQ SDSHO
VHPLORJDUtWPLFRREWHQHPRVXQDOtQHDUHFWD/DHFXDFLyQGHODUHFWDVHUi
P[


< ORJ < P[ORJE ORJ D  
D D

(QGRQGHPHVODSHQGLHQWHGHODUHFWD\HVFRQVWDQWH3DUDFDOFXODUODHVFRJHPRVGRVSXQWRV
VREUHODUHFWD\VHWUD]DQOtQHDVSDUDOHODVDORVHMHVFRPRORLQGLFDODILJXUD

P  <¶ ;  ORJ< ORJ<  ; ;
   

(OLQWHUFHSWRGHODUHFWDHVORJE

(MHPSOR HQ HO HVWXGLR GH OD UDGLDFLyQ \ DEVRUFLyQ GH HQHUJtD HOHFWURPDJQpWLFDV DSDUHFHQ
IXQFLRQHVH[SRQHQFLDOHVGHOWLHPSR

< .H 
7RPDQGRORJDULWPRVWHQHPRV
D[


/Q< OQ.D[ OQH  

/DHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUVHFRPRXQDUHFWDWRPDQGRHQODVRUGHQDGDVORVYDORUHV
GHOQ< \FRPRDEVFLVDORVYDORUHVGH[
([LVWH HO ³SDSHO VHPLORJDUtWPLFR´ ILJXUD  TXH VH HQFDUJD GH UHGXFLU D ORJDULWPRV ORV
DQWLORJDULWPRVGH<
6LKDFHPRV.  D ODIXQFLyQQRVTXHGD

< H
< WDEXODQGRWHQHPRV
[


;    
<    

)LJXUD

3
10

2
10
Y’

1
Y=ex
10

0
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
X

 )RUPD/RJ/RJ(QHVWHSDSHOODVGRVHVFDODVVRQORJDUtWPLFDV3XHGHQVHUGHGRVRWUHV
FLFORV 6LOD IXQFLyQHVGHODIRUPD< E[  HQSDSHOORJ±ORJREWHQHPRVXQDOtQHDUHFWD/D
HFXDFLyQGHODUHFWDVHUi
P


<¶ ORJ< PORJ[ORJE

(QGRQGHPHVODSHQGLHQWHGHODUHFWD\HVFRQVWDQWH3DUDFDOFXODUODHVFRJHPRVGRVSXQWRV
VREUHODUHFWD\VHWUD]DQSDUDOHODVDORVHMHVFRPRLQGLFDODILJXUD

/DSHQGLHQWHVHUi

P  ORJ<  ORJ<  ORJ;  ORJ;
  

(OLQWHUFHSWRGHODUHFWDHVORJE

(MHPSOR(OHMHPSORPiVVHQFLOORGHPRYLPLHQWRDFHOHUDGRFRQDFHOHUDFLyQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH 
FRQVWDQWHORFRQVWLWX\HXQFXHUSRTXHFDHDODWLHUUDOLEUHPHQWH&XDQGR9  ODHFXDFLyQGH
PRYLPLHQWRHV

< òJW
7RPDQGRORJDULWPRWHQHPRV



ORJ< ORJ J ORJW

2EVHUYDPRVTXHODHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUDGPLWHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQOLQHDOVLVHWRPDHQODDEVFLVDVORV
YDORUHVGHORJW \HQODRUGHQDGDORVGHORJ< 6HIDEULFDQORVSDSHOHVORJDUtWPLFRVGHORVTXH
HVHMHPSORHOJUDILFRGHODILJXUDSDUDKDFHUHVWDVUHGXFFLRQHVOLQHDOHV

6RQ PX\ FyPRGRV ³SXHV HV HO SURSLR SDSHO TXH VH HQFDUJD GH WRPDU ORV ORJDULWPRV´$O
H[SHULPHQWDGRUOHEDVWDFRQLUSRQLHQGRHQDEVFLVDV\RUGHQDGDVORVDQWLORJDULWPRV

7DEXODQGRWHQHPRV

W     
<     

)LJXUD

3
10

2
10
Y=1/2 g t2
Y’

1
10

0
10
0 1 2
10 10 10
X

%LEOLRJUDItD

 0DQXDOGHODERUDWRULRGHItVLFDJHQHUDO8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLD'HSDUWDPHQWRGHItVLFD
0HGHOOtQ

*XtDGHODERUDWRULRGHItVLFD,GHSDUWDPHQWRGHItVLFD8QLYHUVLGDGGHO9DOOH&DOL

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi