PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO

Katapatan Mutual Homes, Brgy. Banay-Banay

City of Cabuyao, Laguna
Tel Nos. 832-3036 * 832-3030

1. DEFINE:
a. MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology is the study of microscopic living organisms, also known as microorganisms or

microbes, which it cannot be seen with naked eye. These organisms include bacteria, viruses,
archaea, fungi and protozoa. Moreover, microbiology involves physiology, ecology,
biochemistry, cell biology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host
response to these agents.

b. PATHOGEN

Pathogen, also known as infectious agent, is a microorganism that causes certain diseases to its
host. A pathogen survives with a host where once the pathogen sets itself up in a host’s body; it
manages to avoid the body’s immune responses and uses the body’s resources to replicate before
exiting and spreading to a new host. The common types of pathogens are viruses, bacteria,
fungi, and parasites.

c. NONPATHOGEN

Nonpathogens are the vast majority of known microorganisms that do not cause disease. Some of
it is beneficial and some have no effect on people.

d. OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN

Opportunistic pathogen is an infectious microorganism that does not harm its host unless the
resistance of its host is low in other word it would only be harmful or it would cause if the host’s
immune system isn’t working properly.

2. DIFFERENTIATE THE FOLLOWING:

a. INFECTIOUS VERSUS MICROBIAL INTOXICATIONS

Infectious diseases are illnesses that are caused by the spread of the microorganisms or prions to
humans from other humans, animals or the environment, including food and water which the
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
Katapatan Mutual Homes, Brgy. Banay-Banay
City of Cabuyao, Laguna
Tel Nos. 832-3036 * 832-3030

pathogen is growing and reproducing in the body while microbial intoxication results when a
person ingests a toxin (poisonous substance) that has been produced by a pathogen outside the
body.

b. BIOGENESIS VERSUS ABIOGENESIS

Biogenesis describes that living things arise only with other livings things by means of
reproduction. In other words, it focuses on the reproduction of living things from other living
things. On the other hand, abiogenesis, also called as spontaneous generation, describes that life
comes from non-living things where first life-forms generated were very simple and through a
gradual process became increasingly complex.

3. LIST SOME CONTRIBUTIONS OF LEEUWENHOEK, PASTEUR, AND KOCH

OF MICROBIOLOGY

CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

1. He first discovered & reported bacteria (1676).

2. Observed Microscopic structure of seeds & embryos of plants & some invertebrates.

3. He discovered Spermatozoa & RBCs.

4. He discovered characteristic microbes of human mouth, curd, vinegar.

5. Emphasized the abundance of these microorganisms.

CONTRIBUTION OF LOUIS PASTEUR

1. He discovered what occurs during alcoholic fermentation.

2. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
3. Pasteur discovered the forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen where he
introduced the terms “aerobes” (organisms that require oxygen) and “anaerobes”
(organisms that do not require oxygen).
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
Katapatan Mutual Homes, Brgy. Banay-Banay
City of Cabuyao, Laguna
Tel Nos. 832-3036 * 832-3030

4. He developed pasteurization that can be used to kill pathogens by heating liquids to

63°C-65°C for 30 minutes and 73°C-75°C for 15 seconds.
5. Pasteur discovered the infectious agents that caused the silkworm diseases in the silk
industry in France.
6. He contributed to the germ theory of disease - the theory that specific microorganisms
cause specific infectious diseases.
7. Pasteur promoted changes of practices in hospital which is to minimize the spread of
disease by pathogens.
8. He developed vaccines to prevent chicken, cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas.
9. Also, he developed a vaccine to prevent rabies in dogs and used the vaccine to treat
human rabies.

CONTRIBUTION OF LOUIS PASTEUR

1. He introduced methods for isolation of pure strains of bacteria and improved

bacteriological techniques.
2. He introduced methods of obtaining bacteria in pure cultures using solid media.
3. He introduced staining techniques.
4. He discovered that Bacillus anthracis produces spores, capable of resisting adverse
conditions.
5. Koch discovered the Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes tuberculosis and Vibrio
cholera that causes cholera.
4. EXPLAIN THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Germ theory of disease states that most of diseases are caused by the microorganisms. The
microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa. The germ theory of disease
also states that the microbes that cause a disease are capable of being recovered and will cause
the same disease when introduced into another creature. This theory has withstood scientific
scrutiny for centuries. Indeed, it is known with certainty that many diseases are caused by
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
Katapatan Mutual Homes, Brgy. Banay-Banay
City of Cabuyao, Laguna
Tel Nos. 832-3036 * 832-3030

microorganisms. Two examples are anthrax, which is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis,
and bacterial meningitis, which is caused by Neisseria meningitidis.

5. OUTLINE KOCH’S POSTULATE AND CITE SOME CIRCUMSTANCES IN

WHICH THEY MAY NOT APPLY
a. A particular microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be
present in healthy animals or humans.
b. The microorganisms must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in
pure culture in the laboratory.
c. The same disease must be produced when microorganisms from the pure culture are
inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals.
d. The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals
and grown again in pure culture.

CIRCUMSTANCES:

 Certain diseases, called synergistic infections, are caused not by one particular
microorganism, but by the combined effects of two or more different microorganisms.
Examples of such infections include acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG; also
known as “trench mouth”) and bacterial vaginosis. It is very difficult to reproduce such
synergistic infections in the laboratory.
 Another difficulty that is sometimes encountered while attempting to fulfill Koch’s
Postulates is that certain pathogens become altered when grown in vitro. Some become
less pathogenic, while others become non-pathogenic. Thus, they will no longer infect
animals after being cultured on artificial media.
6. DISCUSS TWO MEDICALLY RELATED FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

The Microbial Physiology group studies the physiology of the anaerobic microorganisms and
anaerobic microbial communities that play an important role in environmental biotechnological
processes, such as wastewater treatment, soil remediation, production of chemicals and biofuels
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
Katapatan Mutual Homes, Brgy. Banay-Banay
City of Cabuyao, Laguna
Tel Nos. 832-3036 * 832-3030

and recovery of metals. The main research lines are: 1) metabolic interactions between anaerobic
bacteria and archaea; 2) microbial conversion of small molecules; 3) respiration with alternative
electron acceptors and 4) isolation, characterization and application of novel anaerobes. In-depth
insight into the metabolic pathways is obtained by applying proteome and transcriptome
analyses.

Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the
functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. This involves both discovering the
regulatory genes and sites that control individual gene expression, as well as determining which
genes are coregulated and thus likely to participate in the same process. Often genes that are
coregulated are located next to each other in the same transcriptional unit (an operon) but there
are numerous cases of dispersed sets of genes that are coregulated (regulons).

REFERENCES:

https://www.britannica.com/science/abiogenesis

http://microbiollogy.blogspot.com/2013/02/contributions-of-antony-van-leeuwenhoek.html

https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/educational-magazines/germ-theory-disease

http://microbiollogy.blogspot.com/2013/02/contributions-of-antony-van-leeuwenhoek.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/microbial-genetics

https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/Chair-groups/Agrotechnology-and-Food-Sciences/Laboratory-
of-Microbiology/Research/Microbial-Physiology.htm
 PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO
Katapatan Mutual Homes, Brgy. Banay-Banay
City of Cabuyao, Laguna
Tel Nos. 832-3036 * 832-3030

MIC101
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT
NO. 1

LOPEZ, MARIA SOFIA B.

2-NRS2

PROF. JERRY SANGUILLOSA

6/29/19