Steel Structures

M.Sc. Structural Engineering

SE-505

Plastic Analysis and Design of

Structures
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
•We have to assume MP value in terms of ratios of column MP
in the start.
•For single bay single story frame we may assume same MP
value for beams as well as columns.
• For multi storied and multi bay
frame: Any one beam = MP
For other beams assign MP in the ratio of simply
supported moments.
• If at a joint one column is joined with one
beam: MP value of column = MP value of
beam
•If three or more members are meeting at a joint, MP value of
column is taken using joint equilibrium but not lesser than half
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Load Combinations
1.2D  1.6L  0.5Lr
1.2D 1.6Lr
1.2D  1.6Lr  0.5L
1.2D  0.5Lr  1.3W
0.9D 1.3W
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Example: Design the given portal
D  15kN /m
frame
L  20.5kN/m
1.2D 1.6L
1.2D  0.5Lr  1.3W 9m
Solution:
Wind
Let we consider three point
load in place of UDL 15kN /m 7m

P  0.3wL
P At ends
6
First combinations
wu  1.2 15 1.6  20.5  50.8kN / m
P  0.3wuL  0.350.8 9  137.2kN
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: P P P P P
6 6
W0 1.5m 3m 3m 1.5m

9m

7m

Second combinations
wu  1.2 15  0.5 20.5  28.25kN / m
P  0.3wu L= 76.3kN
68.25
W  1.3 15 7/2  68.25kN  W  P  0.895P
76.3
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Plastic Moment Ratios

Use same MP throughout

Analysis
1. 3 beam mechanisms 1.5θ 0.9θ
2. 1 sway mechanism θ
0.2θ
1- Beam Mech-1
0.3θ
WE  P1.5θ  0.9θ  0.3θ  2.7Pθ
WI  M P θ  0.2θ  1.2θ  2.4MPθ
P  0.889MP
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…) 1.5θ
4.5θ
2- Beam Mech-2
θ
WE  P1.5θ  4.5θ  1.5θ  7.5Pθ θ
1.5θ
WI  4M P θ
P  0.533MP
3- Beam Mech-3

P  0.889MP
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
4- Panel or Sway Mechanism 7θ

WE  0.895P  7θ W  0.895P

WI  2M P θ θ θ θ θ

P  0.319MP
5- Combined Mech- 1 + 4

WE  2.7Pθ  0.895P  7θ  8.965Pθ

WI  2.4MPθ  2M P θ  2M P θ  2.4MPθ
P  0.268MP
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
6- Combined Mech- 2 + 4

P  0.291MP
Factored Critical MP Values:
First Combination:
Second mechanism is critical. None of 4 – 6 because there is no wind
load in first combination.
137.2
MP   257.41kN  m
0.533
Second Combination:
76.3
MP   284.7kN  m 5th mechanism is critical
0.268

M P  284.7kN m
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
137.2 137.2 137.2 22.87
Reaction For Critical Mechanisms: 22.87
Combination 1: Second Mechanism
Find reactions also for the less
critical mechanism also, because 257.4kN m
sometimes some of their forces may
be more critical.

VA  228.6kN
HA HG
VG  228.6kN
HG  36.7kN
HA  36.77kN VA VG
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Reaction For Critical Mechanism: 12.7 76.3 76.3 76.3 12.7

Load comb 2. Fifth Mechanism

68.25kN

VA  73.79kN
284.7kN m
VG  180.51kN
HG  27.58kN
HA  40.67kN HA HG

VA VG
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)

193.06kN  m 284.7kN m


 
241.55kN m
284.7kN m

BMD 5th mech

Nowhere moment can be more than MP

Steel Structures
Selection of Trial Section

For beam d min  9000  409mm

22
MP 284.710 6
Z x req    1265103 mm 3
0.9Fy 0.9 250
Trial Section
Beam: W460 x 60 bMp = 289 kN-m
Column: W 360 x 72 bMp = 289 kN-m
Beam:
Heavier section is selected for column
because it has axial for unlike beam. Greater
weight is good for out of plane stability.
bf h
 5.7  10.8  51  70 70 Because generally in this
2t f OK tw OK case Pu/Py<0.125
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Column:
bf h
 6.7  10.8 OK  33.5  70 OK
2t f tw
Design of Beam Column
Pu  180.51kN  VG Most critical value
From Page # 70 of LRFD manual

20,200 104 7000  1.02 Gbottom  10(braced)

Gtop 
25,500 104 9000 G bottom  20(unbraced)

Kb  1.00 Ku  2.15
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
A  9100mm2
rx 149mm
kb Lu 1.00 7000
  47  200 OK
rx 149 Not checking for
y-direction it will
ku Lu 2.15 7000 braced later on.
  101  200 OK
rx 149
One requirement specially for plastic analysis..
Lu  7000  47  4.71 E  133 for A36 steel OK
rx 149 Fy
R  101  c Fcr  131.02MPa
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
c Pn  c Fcr A  1192kN
Pu 180.51 Moment effect is dominating
  0.15  0.2
c Pn 1192 and axial effect is less

π2EA
Pe1   8132kN
K b Lu r 2

π2EA
Pe2  1760kN
K u Lu r 2

From page # 104 of LRFD manual

As lateral load is acting
Cm  1.0 within the column
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Cm 1.0
B1   1.023
Pu 1 180.51
1
Pe1 8132

B2  1 2.5
  
Pu H L
  
 Pe2  M P
 H  68.25kN  P  254.3kN Sum of all gravity loads.
u

 P  21760  3520kN Different

e2
when support conditions for
both columns are different.

 = rotation above the column under consideration

Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
  1.2  0.2 1.0
0.2θ
  2.4
Putting the values and solving 1.2θ

B2  1.124
θ θθ
Revised value of Z for column
 P 
Z  Z t  0.5 u  B1B2
 c Pn 
 1265103 0.5 0.15 1.0231.124

 1550103
Steel Structures
Design of Frame
Solution: (contd…)

Revised value of Z for beam. B2 is applied to both beam and column.

Z  Z  B 1265103 1.121
t 2

 1418103 mm3  1285103 mm3 Revise

Next Trial:
Column: W 360 x 91, rx = 152mm, A = 11500mm2, b MP=376kN-m
Beam: W 530 x 66
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Magnified moment
We can revise B2 for more accuracy as Pe2 has changed.

Magnified moment  M P  B1  B2  284.7 1.0231.124

 327.4kN  m
kb Lu 1.00 7000
  46.05  200
rx 152
ku Lu 2.15 7000
  99 200
rx 152
R  99  c Fcr  133.83MPa
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)

c Pn1539kN
Pu
 0.117  0.2
cPn
Pu M ux 0.117 327.4
  
2cPn  b M P x 2 376

 0.929  1.01 OK

So column section W 360 x 91 is OK for wind load combination

Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Check The Column For Gravity Load Combination.

Pu  228.67kN M u  257.4 B1  263.3 kN  m

R  46  c Fcr  201.13 MPa No sway, so no B2

c Pn 2313 kN
Pu
 0.099  0.2
cPn
Pu M ux  0.099  263.3

2cPn  b M P x 2 376
 0.75  1.01 OK
Steel Structures
Beam: W530 x 66

bf h 70 Because generally in
 7.2  10.8 OK  53.6  70 OK this case Pu/Py<0.125
2t f tw

Column: W360 x 91
bf h
 7.7  10.8 OK  30.4 70 OK
2t f tw
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Shear Check
Column:
Vu max  40.67kN
vVn  0.9 0.6 250 353 9.5 /1000
 452.7kN  40.67kN OK
Beam:
Vu max  228.67kN
vVn  0.9 0.6 250 525 8.9 /1000
 630.8kN  228.67kN OK
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Lateral Bracing
LP for W 360 x 91 = 3.10 m
LP for W 530 x 66 = 1.59 m

LP is for elastic analysis not for plastic analysis. For plastic

analysis we need to compute LPd

 M1 
LPd  0.096 0.061  ry For A36 steel.
 M2
M1/M2 is positive for reverse curvature.
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
W 360 x 91 (Column) M2
M2 = 284.7 x B2 = 320 kN-m LPd
M1

M1 
320
7

7  L pd   320 
320
7
L pd 7m

320
320  L pd
M1 7

M2 320
M1 
   1  L pd 
1
M2  7 
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
 1 
L Pd  0.097  0.061  1  L Pd  62.2
  7 

 0.097  0.06162.2 
0.061
 62.2L Pd
7
 4.89m
W 530 x 66 (Beam)
M1/M2 = +ve because of reverse curvature
Assume M1/M2 = 0 , it is more critical

 LPd  3.104m
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
For Column
K y Ly K x Lx Considering K x = Ky = 1.0

ry rx
1.00 7  62.2 To avoid buckling in
Ly   2.86m
152 y-direction
Cross bracing can also
be provided in some 6 @ 1.5m  1.62m
portions for stability.
1.5m

2.75m  2.86m
2.75m  2.86m
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Design of Connection 180.5
320
W530x66
db  353mm
(tw )c  9.5mm 40.67
tf  16.4mm
db  525mm
bf  254mm (tw )b  8.9mm
Magnified moment tf  11.4mm
W360x99
bf  165mm
 B2  284.7
k  30mm
 1.124 284.7 180.5
 320kN  m 40.67
320
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Check Web (beam) Without Diagonal Stiffener

t w req 
1.95M u
Fyd bd c
1.95 320106
  13.49  tw  8.9
250 525 353
So diagonal stiffener is required
db θ
tan θ 
dc
θ  56o

cos  0.558
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
 Mu
Ast req 
1

c Fcr cos  0.95d b v
 0.6F  
y w c
td

Assume that
Fcr  0.95Fy 238MPa Check later

 320106 
Ast req 
1
  0.90.6  2508.9 353
0.90 238 0.558 0.95 525 

Ast req  1820mm2 (910 mm2 on one side)

bf  t w
 78mm For beam section
2
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Let
t st 15mm
910
bst   61  65mm
15
65
λ   4.33  λ P  10.8 O.K
15
So Diagonal Stiffener is

15x65mm
Over all width of stiffener = b  2bst  t w  138.9mm
b
Radius of gyration, r =  40.14mm
12
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Let
KL 1.0 dc cos
  16 K = 1.0 for stiffener, AISC
r 40.14
 c Fcr  221.97MPa
 Fcr  221.97 / 0.9  246.63  0.95Fy MPa O.K
A D
Stiffener Along AB 1 1
Same size as that of the column flange B
C
bf  t f  254  16.4
 4165.6mm2
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
bst  78mm Same as beam t st  28mm
Maximum flange force for column  0.9FyAf

 0.9  250  254 16.4  937.3kN

E-70 electrode is used for welding, 495 MPa
Rn  2v  0.6Fy  0.707tw
w
Stiffener AB

 2  0.75 0.6  495  0.707tw /1000

 0.315twkN / mm
l w = available length of weld = 525 – 2 x 11.4 = 502 mm sec 1  1
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Total strength of weld available  502  0.315tw
 502  0.315tw  937.4
Check for tw min and tw max
tw  6mm From LRFD Manual
Weld at BC

Conservative estimate of the flexural component of force is the amount

of tension in the beam web per unit length.

Tensile flexural component  t Fy t w b Per unit length

 0.9  250  8.9 /1000  2.0kN /mm

Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
Vu 40.67
Shear Component    0.127kN /mm
dc  2t f 353  2  16.4

Resultant Force  2 2  0.127 2  2.004kN /mm

0.315tw  2.004kN /mm
t w  6.36mm

Use t w  8mm
Weld Along Diagonal Stiffener
Ast 15 65
Force on one side of web  Fy  0.9 250  219.37kN
2 1000
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)
dc
0.315t w   219.4
cos 
t w  1.11mm
Use min thickness, or say
t w  6mm
N
Stiffener Along CD
Inner flange force = 937.4 kN
k
Without stiffener CD 1: 2.5

Pbf   5k  t f Fty w

N 5k

Pbf  1.05 30  16.4250  8.9 /1000  370.1kN  937.4kN

Stiffener is required
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution: (contd…)

937.4  370.1 1
Ast on one side   1000 c Fcr  0.9 0.95 250
c Fcr 2
 1327 mm 2
If we keep bst = 78 mm or say 75 mm

t st  18mm

  bst  75  4.17   P O.K

t st 18
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Design of Base Plate
Design of base plate is very simple in this case as there is no
bending moment. Concrete pedestal is provided up-to plinth level
to avoid rusting.

See P # 367 to 370

of steel book

Hinged connection Fixed connection

Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Example: Design of Base Plate
Pu = 228.67kN, W 360 x 91, d = 353mm, bf = 254 mm
Solution:
Let fc’ = 18MPa
A1 = Area of Base plate
A2 = Area of Supporting Concrete
If we keep A2 equal to or larger than 2A1 sufficient bearing strength
is available. Let we Assume
A 2  2A1
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution:
1  Pu 
A1 is larger of  When A 2  2A 1
A 2 /A1  0.6 0.85fc'
Pu

0.6 1.7fc'

 d 16 x b f 16  Minimum size

A1 is larger of
1 228.67  1000 
    17614mm
2

2  0.6 0.85 18 
228.67  1000
  12455mm2
0.6 1.7  18 8 mm minimum
 d 16xb f  16  275 375mm  99630mm2
for welding

Use 275 375mm Plate

Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution:
Use size of pedestal as

400 525mm Double the area of base plate

Cantilever length, l is larger, of

n
B 0.8bf   275  0.8 254  35.9mm
2 2
B
m
N  0.95d  375  0.95 353  19.8mm
2 2
1 1 N
n'  db f  353 254  74.9mm
4 4
l  74.9mm
Steel Structures
Design of Frames
Solution:
2Pu
tP  l
0.9FyB  N

2 228.671000
 74.9 10.5mm
0.9 250 275 375
Say
t P  12mm
Final Base Plate Size

12  275 375mm
Use two anchor bolts of minimum diameter.
Concluded