CIV6110

CIV6110

Data Provided: Tables of fixed-end moments (back cover sheets A1-2)

Tables of Universal Beam section properties (back cover sheets B1-2)

The University of Sheffield

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Autumn Semester 2000 - 01

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

2 Hours

Answer THREE questions including Q1. If more than three questions are answered the total
mark recorded will be the aggregate of the best three answers including Q1. All questions carry
equal marks.

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Q1 On sketches of the structures shown in Fig. Q1 draw clearly:

i. The deformed shape, including points of contraflexure.
ii. The bending moment diagram, drawn on the tension face of each member.
iii. For (a) only, the shear force diagrams.

(a)

(14 marks)

(b)

(10 marks)

(c)

(10 marks)

Fig. Q1

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Q2. The continuous-beam bridge shown in Fig. Q2, whose cross-section is uniform across all of its
spans, rests on knife-edge supports which do not allow uplift at A, B, C and D, and supports a
further simple span beyond the tip of the cantilever at E (the reaction force from this span is
applied as shown at E). The applied forces shown represent the axle loads from a very large
stationary vehicle.
Using the Moment Distribution Method find the end moments of each beam span under the load
case shown.
(26 marks)
Sketch the bending moment diagram, giving values under point loads and the midspan of CD.

(8 marks)

250kN 250kN 250kN 250kN 50kN

A B C D E

4m 4m 4m 4m
12m 12m 12m 4m

Fig. Q2

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Q3. a) A common simplification of the stress-strain characteristic for mild steel is a bi-linear
elastic-perfectly plastic representation. Sketch this representation superimposed on a
typical stress-strain relationship for Design Grade 43 ( S275 ) mild steel.
(3 marks)

b) Assuming this bi-linear response, sketch the moment-curvature relationships for the
following cross-sections:

i) solid rectangular section

ii) solid circular section
iii) typical I section
iv) idealised I section.
(4 marks)

c) Using a simply supported I-section beam subjected to a centrally placed point load and
the moment-curvature relationship of b) iii) above (or otherwise) demonstrate why it is
acceptable to adopt the rigid-plastic method of analysis.
(6 marks)

d) Briefly explain the significance of avoiding lateral-torsional buckling and state how this
may be accomplished in practice.
(4 marks)

e) The beam shown in Figure Q3 is fully restrained against lateral buckling and is to be
designed with a global safety factor against rigid-plastic collapse of at least 1.50. The
loads shown are anticipated maximum working loads.
Select a suitable Universal Beam section in Design Grade 43 (S275) from the table
supplied, according to the following conditions:

i) the lightest section

ii) the section with the minimum depth.
(17 marks)

120kN 90kN
30kN/m

6m 2m 4m 5m 1m

Fig. Q3

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Q4. a) When members are subjected to axial load, in the fully plastic condition, their fully plastic
moment of resistance is less than the product of the plastic section modulus, S, and the yield
stress, fy.
Derive an expression for the reduced fully plastic modulus, Sr, in terms of S and n, the ratio
of the average axial stress to the yield stress.

(8 marks)

b) In practice, for rolled I sections allowance for the effect referred to in (a) may be
accomplished by using expressions given as footnotes in section tables which are :
Sr = K1 - K2n2
andSr = K3( 1 - n2 )( K4 + n )
where K1, K2, K3 and K4 are tabulated for each section together with the value of n at
which the designer should change from one formula to the other.

Briefly outline (without calculation) the logic behind this process.

(6 marks)

c) The portal frame of Figure Q4 is of uniform section throughout, has pinned feet at A and L
and rigid joints at B, F and K. Assuming that the collapse mode has plastic hinges at E and
K, determine the minimum fully plastic moment of resistance required if the structure is to
have a load factor of 1.40 against rigid-plastic collapse for the loading shown.
Hence select a suitable Universal Beam section from the list supplied if the yield stress is
taken as 275 N/mm2.
(20 marks)

Fig. Q4

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Q5. a) Frame instability is a phenomenon which is normally accounted for in the design process
using the concept of “effective length”. Define the effective length of a member and state
why it is convenient for design use. Utilising the definition, derive the relationship between
the effective length ratio ( LE/L ) and the ratio of the axial load in a member at frame
instability to the Euler load of that member ( Pcr / PE ).
(8 marks)
b) A three-storey single-bay rigidly jointed frame, such as that shown in Figure 5(a) is designed
as a sway frame without bracing; all horizontal loads being resisted by flexural action in the
columns. The beams and columns have similar second moments of area and the axial loads
in all columns are similar. Sketch the buckled mode shape, paying particular attention to the
locations of points of contraflexure. Give approximate values for the effective length ratios
of the columns. If the beams have significantly larger stiffness, what influence will this have
on the effective length ratios of the columns?
(6 marks)
c) Sketch the buckled mode shape if the frame of Fig. 5(a) is fully braced against sidesway.
Give approximate revised values for the effective length ratios.
(4 marks)
d) For a frame such as that shown in Figure 5 (b) make typical load-deflection ( W-∆ ) plots
corresponding to responses predicted from the use of the assumptions listed below:
i) linear behaviour
ii) non-linear elastic response
iii) rigid plastic behaviour
iv) rigid-plastic behaviour including the influence of change of geometry
v) linear elastic-plastic behaviour
vi) non-linear elastic-plastic behaviour.
(7 marks)
List some of the more significant assumptions normally present in even the most
sophisticated of these analyses.
(5 marks)
e) Briefly outline Wood’s concept of deteriorated elastic critical load.
(4 marks)
W W

(a) (b)
Fig. Q5

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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FIXED-END MOMENTS:

General Cases
All F.E.M. values = (Formula x Total Load W x Span l)
F F
M AB Load Case M BA

αl W F
MBA
− α ( 1 − α )2 α 2(1−α )
F l
MAB

αl F
MBA
W
α ( 6 − 8α + 3α 2 ) α 2 ( 4 − 3α )
−
12 F
MAB l 12

αl W αl F
MBA
( 1 + 2α − 2α 2 ) ( 1 + 2α − 2α 2 )
−
12 F
MAB l 12

αl αl F
MBA
W total
α ( 3 − 2α ) α ( 3 − 2α )
−
12 F
MAB l 12

αl F
MBA
W total
α ( 10 − 10α + 3α 2 ) α 2 ( 5 − 3α )
−
30 F
MAB l 30

αl F
MBA
W total
α ( 10 − 15α + 6α 2 ) α 2 ( 5 − 4α )
−
15 F
MAB l 10

αl F
MBA
− ( 1 − α )( 1 − 3α ) α ( 2 − 3α )
F
Wl
MAB
W/2 W/2
αl αl F
MBA
α(1−α ) α(1−α )
−
2 2
F
MAB

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FIXED-END MOMENTS:

Special Cases

All F.E.M. values = (Formula x Total Load W x Span l)

F F
M AB Load Case M BA

l/2 W F
MBA
−1 1
8 F l 8
MAB

W total F
MBA

−1 F
1
12 MAB l 12

l/2 F
MBA
W total
− 11 5
96 F l 96
MAB

l/2 F
MBA
W total
− 23 7
240 F l 240
MAB

l/2 F
MBA
W total
−2 3
15 F l 40
MAB

F
W total MBA

−1 F
1
10 MAB l 15

W total F
MBA

−1 (parabolic) 1
10 F
MAB l 10

W/2n W/n equal spacing W/2n

F
l/n MBA
1 1
−1 (1− ) 1 (1 − )
12 n2 12 n2
F
MAB

CIV6110 A2