TACHOMETER USING ARDUINO

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1.Arduino:

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-

use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light
on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into
an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions
to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use theArduino
programming language(based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE),
based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects,
from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide
community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and
professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible
knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy

tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in
electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community,
the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT
applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All
Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build
them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs.
The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the
contributions of users worldwide[3].

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Fig.1.Aurdino Uno

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects,
from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide
community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and
professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible
knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike[1].

1.2.Infrared Sensor:

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that

measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They
are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors. PIR sensors are
commonly used in security alarms and automatic lighting applications.

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PIR sensors detect general movement, but do not give information on who
or what moved. For that purpose, an active IR. is required.

An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR Photodiode; together

they are called Photo–Coupler or Opto–Coupler. As said before, the
Infrared Obstacle Sensor has a builtin IR transmitter and IR receiver.
Infrared Transmitter is a light-emitting diode (LED) which emits infrared
radiations. Hence, they are called IR LED. Even though an IR LED looks
like a normal LED, the radiation emitted by it is invisible to the human
eye. Infrared receivers are also called as infrared sensors as they detect
the radiation from an IR transmitter. IR receivers come in the form of
photodiodes and phototransistors. Infrared Photodiodes are different from
normal photodiodes as they detect only infrared radiation. When the IR
transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the radiation
reflects back to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by
the IR receiver, the output of the sensor is defined.

Fig.2.Infrared Sensor

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1.3. LCD (16x2):

An LCD is an electronic display module which uses the liquid crystal

to produce a visible image. The 16x2LCD display is a very basic module
commonly used in DIYs and circuits. The 16×2 translates a display
of 16 characters per line in 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is
displayed in a 5×7 pixel matrix.

We come across LCD displays everywhere around us. Computers,

calculators, television sets, mobile phones, digital watches use some kind
of display to display the time. An LCD is an electronic display module
which uses the liquid crystal to produce a visible image. The 16×2 LCD
display is a very basic module commonly used in DIYs and circuits. The
16×2 translates o a display 16 characters per line in 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in a 5×7 pixel matrix.

The command register stores the command instructions given to

the LCD. The command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined
task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display, etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed
on the LCD.

Fig.3.LCD
(16x2)

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CHAPTER 2:IMPLEMENTATION

2.1.List Of Components:

Serial.No. Name ofcomponent

1. AURDINO UNO
2. INFRARED SENSOR
3. LCD (16x2)
4. DC MOTOR
5. 9 VOLT BATTERIES – 2
6. BREADBOARD
7. CONNECTING WIRES

2.2.Circuit Design:

Fig.4.Circuit Diagram
LCD is connected with Arduino in 4-bit mode. Control pin RS, RW,
and Enable are directly connected to Arduino pin 2, GND and 3. And data
pins 11-14 is connected to 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Arduino is shown in Fig.4.

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In this circuit, the IR sensor module is interfaced with Arduino to

measure fan rotation speed in RPM. The calculation is done on this
basis.After 5 seconds Arduino calculates RPM for a minute using the given
formula.

RPM= Count x 12 for single object rotating body.

There are two types of tachometer one mechanical and other one is digital.
Here we are going to design an Arduino based digital tachometer using IR
sensor module to detect object for count rotation of any rotating body. As
IR transmits IR rays which reflect back to IR receiver and then IR Module
generates an output or pulse which is detected by the arduino controller.
The above circuit is referred at reference 2 at page:12

2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM :

Fig.5.Block Diagram

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2.4.Aurdino Program:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystallcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);

#define sensor 9

#define start 12

Int delay1()

//unsigned int long k;

IntI,j;

Unsigned int count=0;

For(i=0;i<1000;i++)

For(j=0;j<1000;j++)

If(digitalRead(sensor))

Count++;

While(digitalRead(sensor));

Return count;

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Void setup()

pinMode(sensor, INPUT);

pinMode(start, INPUT);

pinMode(2, OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

lcd.print(“ Tachometer”);

delay(2000);

digitalWrite(start, HIGH);

Void loop()

Unsigned int time=0,RPM=0;

Lcd.clear();

Lcd.print(“ Please Press “);

Lcd.setCursor(0,1);

Lcd.print(“Button to Start “);

While(digitalRead(start));

Lcd.clear();

Lcd.print(“Reading RPM…..”);

Time=delay1();

Lcd.clear();

Lcd.print(“Please Wait…..”);

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RPM=(time*12)/3;

Delay(2000);

Lcd.clear();

Lcd.print(“RPM=”);

Lcd.print(RPM);

Delay(5000);

Here is the program for arduino compiler. The program was coded
to perform the operation for 5 seconds and calculate for one minute. So
the delay was given according to our requirement. At first the LCD will
display ‘tachometer’ and then it instructs us to press the push button.
After pressing it the IR activates and starts to send input to arduino then
the rpm will be displayed on the LCD screen. This program was referred
at reference 1 page:12.

CHAPTER3: RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS

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3.1.RESULTS :

Fig6:Result

After implementing the circuit switch on the power supply and press
the push button. Take the rotating object near to the IR sensor module
and start the rotation after 5 seconds it calculates the rpm for 1 minute.
The above figure shows the example output of a rotating object.

3.2.Advantages:

1.Low cost.

2.Portable to carry .

3.Gives ripple free output .

3.3.Limitations :

1. A good reflector is needed.

2.Reflection distance should be minimum for Good accuracy.

3.Direct sunlight may hamper the accuracy.

CHAPTER 4:CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

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4.1.Conclusion:

The tachometer implemented here is useful to read the rpm of a

rotating object. This can be used in various fields like automobiles,
medicine, laser instruments. This is mainly used to measure the speed of
a motor in mechanical instruments, devices etc. Tachometer shows the
rate of rotation of the engine’s crankshaft. They have markings indicating
a safe range of rotation speeds.They assist the driver in selecting the
appropriate throttle and gear.

4.2.Future Scope :

By modifying the above implemented project we can create another

application based projects. We can implement an speed detection of
moving objects. By using the IR sensor we can design an object counte,this
counter can be further modified into automatic door opener when object
like humans detected.

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References

[1]. Coughling& Driscoll, Operational amplifier & Linear integrated

Circuits, 6th edition, Prentice- Hall India.

[2]. ZulkarnimeSifat, ex-student of AUST,Project Engineer, Bangladesh

Army.

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