A Technical Report On Transformer After Visiting a Transformer

Repairing Center.
Working Principle of Transformer: A transformer is a stationary piece of apparatus by
means of which electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same
frequency in another circuit but with corresponding decrease or increase in current.

In brief, a transformer is a device that;

1. Transfers electrical power from one circuit to another.

2. It does so without a change of frequency.
3. The two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.
4. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction.

Transformer Construction : The simple elements of a transformer consists of two coils

having mutual inductance and a laminated steel core. The two coils are insulated from each
other and the steel core. Other necessary parts are ,some suitable container for assemble core
and windings, a suitable medium for insulating the core and windings from its container,
suitable bushing for insulating and bringing out the terminals of windings from the tank. The
core is constructed of transformer sheet steel laminations assembled to provide a continuous
path with a minimum of air-gap included. The eddy current loss is minimized by laminating
the core.

Fig: Three phase transformer inner circuit.

Transformer Voltage Transformation Ratio (K):
For transformer we know , E2/E1=N2/N1=K
This constant K is the voltage transformation ratio.
1. If K >1, then transformer is called step-up transformer.
2. If K<1 ,then transformer is known as step-down transformer.

Various Types of Practical Test for Transformers:

1. Ratio Test: Ratio test is one of the important tests of transformer. This tells weather
transformer is step-up or step-down. The equation for ratio test is a=N1/N2.If
transformer is step-down the number of turns at HT side is less than LT side and if
transformer is step-up the number of turns at LT side is less than HT side. Ratio of
turns are strictly maintained because any error in counting ratio of winding causes
error in output voltage. In case of a step-down transformer if the number of turns in
secondary winding is greater than the calculated value the secondary side’s voltage
will be increased that will cause the harm of consumer equipment. For distribution
purpose we use the step-down transformer .

2. Megger Test: Transformer is a highly efficient electrical instrument by which we

handle high voltage. So it is needed to ensure that the windings are electrically
insulated in right manner. Megger test is perform weather the coils are properly
insulated or not. Megger is an instrument by which we can generate high voltage and
measure resistance . To ensure that the coils are insulated we need to measure the
resistance of following types,
a. HT coil to ground.
b. LT coil to ground.
c. HT coil to LT coil.
If the resistance of above three measurement shows several mega-ohm ,it will ensure
 that coils are properly insulated.

fig: megger test for transformer

3. Oil Test: Into the transformer container there is oil for insulation purpose. Oil test
measure the dielectric strength of the oil used. This means that how much voltage it
can tolerate without breakdown. To determine the strength of oil a container filled
with oil within which two electrode are entered and voltage is applied and increase
and measure the reading .
4. Voltage is increased until breakdown occurs .

Fig :oil test for transformer

Types of Single Phase Transformer: Single phase transformer can be classified
according to bushing
1.Single bush single transformer is connected to one phase of a three line.
2. Single phase double-bush transformer is connected to two phases

fig: single and double bush transformer

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Transformer Rating: Transformer rating is in KVA. The Cu loss of a transformer depends

on current and iron loss depends on voltage and not on phase angle. That is loss is
independent of power factor. That is why transformer rating is in KVA.

Identifying Neutral Line: Most distribution transformer is delta-star connected .It is

important to identify the neutral line at the LT side. The thumb rule is that the rightmost line
is the neutral one.

Safety Gauges : For providing safety to transformer the following instruments are added to
trans former

1.Temperature gauge: Temperature gauge is used on the body of the transformer to measure
the temperature occurs during the transformer on load.

2.Cooling Oil: Cooling oil is used into the transformer to consume the temperature rises
during on load.

3.Conservator : Conservator is also used for cooling purpose.

Conclusion: From our tour to a transformer repairing center we gather knowledge about
how a transformer acts in practical circuit. We also know about how a damaged transformer
is repaired .