(GR) Answers To End of Chapter Textbook Questions PDF

Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Answers to end-of-chapter questions

All sample answers were written by the authors. 5 a A cell wall;
Biology B chloroplast; [2]

b they have cell walls;
Chapter B1 Cells they have chloroplasts; [2]
1 a movement, growth, nutrition, sensitivity, excretion
c i Measured diameter on image = 20.5 mm [1]
b reproduction, respiration
(Note: the measurement depends on where the
2 a chloroplast outer limit of the cell is considered to be. It should
b mitochondrion be the middle point of the two cell walls around
the adjacent cells. If the measurement has been
c cell membrane made from cell membrane to cell membrane,
d nucleus vacuole it will be 19.1 mm. If it has been made from the
e cell wall midpoints of the triangle of extracellular space at
each corner, it will be 21.1 mm.)
3 a A chloroplast is an organelle that contains the
ii actual size = image size ÷ magnification
pigment chlorophyll. (A chloroplast is surrounded
by two membranes. Folded membranes inside
= 20.5 ÷ 250
the chloroplast have molecules of chlorophyll
= 0.082 mm or 82 µm [2]
on them.) Photosynthesis takes place inside
chloroplasts, with the help of chlorophyll, which
absorbs energy from light.
Chapter B2 Movement in and out of cells
1 a Osmosis. Water is at a high water potential (dilute
b All cells have a cell membrane, which is a thin layer
solution) in the soil and at a lower water potential
of protein and lipid that surrounds the cell and
(concentrated solution) inside the root cells. It moves
controls what enters and leaves it. Plant cells (and
through the partially permeable cell membrane,
bacterial cells) also have a thicker layer surrounding
down its water potential gradient.
them. In plant cells, this is made of cellulose. Cell
membranes are partially permeable. Cell walls are b Neither. In this case, all the molecules in the saliva
fully permeable. move as one, like water flowing in a river. Both
diffusion and osmosis involve the random, individual
4 a
movement of molecules or ions.
c Diffusion. The ink particles move randomly, bumping
into each other and into the water particles,
gradually spreading throughout the water.
d Diffusion. The carbon dioxide particles move
randomly, and some will ‘bump into’ a stoma
in the underside of the plant leaf. There is a
low concentration of carbon dioxide inside the
leaf, because the plant uses it up very quickly in
photosynthesis. The carbon dioxide diffuses down its
• be drawn with unbroken lines (no gaps in the line) concentration gradient, from the air into the leaf.
• have the correct proportions 2 a The sugar solution as a whole does not do anything.
• show each structure accurately and clearly [5] We need to think about the individual particles in the
b Measured diameter on diagram = 36.5 mm sugar solution – the water molecules and the sugar
actual size = image size ÷ magnification molecules. Both of these move about randomly. The
water molecules can get through the tiny holes in
= 36.5 ÷ 0.6
the tubing, but the sugar molecules are too big. What
= 60.8 mm (or 6.08 or 6.1 cm) will happen is that the water molecules will move
1 © Cambridge University Press 2017

randomly back and forth through the holes. Because d When it is placed in pure water, an animal cell
there are more of them in the water than in the sugar absorbs water by osmosis. This is because there is a
solution, their net movement will be into the tubing. higher water potential outside the cell than inside it.
So the corrected sentence could be: The extra water makes the cell swell, until it bursts.
If Visking tubing containing a sugar solution is put e Plant cells are held in shape by their full vacuoles,
into a beaker of water, water will move from the which push outwards against the strong cell wall,
water into the sugar solution, by osmosis. producing a very firm structure. A plant cell like this
b It is true that plant cells do not burst in pure water, is said to be turgid. Turgid cells pressing against each
but this is because the cell wall is strong enough other make plant tissues strong and firm. When the
to prevent this happening. The cell wall is fully cells are not full of water, they are no longer turgid, and
permeable, and cannot stop water molecules going their contents do not press outwards on the cell wall.
through it. So the corrected sentence could be: The cells, and the tissues in the leaves that they make
up, become soft and floppy. This is why the plant wilts.
Plant cells do not burst in pure water because,
although water enters the cell by osmosis, the strong 4 a the movement of molecules / ions, down a
wall prevents the cell from bursting. concentration gradient / from a high concentration
to a low concentration;
c It is true that water will move out of a plant cell
as a result of their random movement; [2]
by osmosis, if the cell is placed in a concentrated
sugar solution. However, the cell wall is not partially b i 70
permeable – it is fully permeable. So the corrected
sentence could be: When a plant cell is placed in a 60
concentrated sugar solution, water moves out of
Time for litmus to go blue / s

the cell by osmosis, through the partially permeable 50
cell membrane.
40 sample A
d Plasmolysis is the result of placing a plant cell in
a concentrated sugar solution. So much water 30
moves out of the cell by osmosis that the contents
20
shrink, and the cell membrane pulls away from
the cell wall. As animal cells do not have a cell 10 sample B
wall, they cannot undergo plasmolysis. So the
corrected sentence could be either: 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Animal cells shrink when placed in a concentrated Distance along tube / cm
sugar solution. OR
Plant cells plasmolyse in a concentrated sugar solution. all points correctly plotted; lose one mark for any
incorrect point
3 a Diffusion is a result of the random movement of
molecules or ions. At higher temperatures, these neat best-fit line drawn; [3]
have more kinetic energy and move faster, so ii ammonium hydroxide is alkaline; [1]
diffusion happens faster.
iii A; [1]
b During daylight, plants photosynthesise. They
produce oxygen in their leaves, so the oxygen iv C’s concentration was between A and B;
concentration inside the leaf is higher than the specific evidence quoted to support this statement,
oxygen concentration in the air outside. Oxygen e.g. it took less time for it to travel 10 cm than A and
therefore diffuses down its concentration gradient, more time than B.[2]
from the leaf and into the air. 5 a the pH is greater than 8; [1]
c Visking tubing is a partially permeable membrane. It b table is drawn with a ruler and has rows and columns
has tiny, molecule-sized holes in it. Water molecules for dimensions of block and time taken to go colourless;
are even smaller than the holes, so they can pass
through. Sugar molecules are much bigger than the headings for both quantities include correct units –
holes, so they cannot pass through. including time / s;
times to go colourless are correctly recorded as 128
and 72 (with no units); [3]

c i diffusion; [1] 5 a a protein catalyst, which speeds up the rate at which

ii hydrochloric acid neutralised the alkaline metabolic reactions take place
substance in the agar / the pH became less b a term used to describe the state of a protein
than 8; [1] molecule that has lost its shape – often caused by
d block B had a greater surface area to volume ratio / high temperature or extremes of pH; a denatured
the distance for diffusion to the centre of the block enzyme molecule is unable to catalyse its reaction
was smaller in block B;[1] because the substrate no longer fits into its
active site
Chapter B3 Biological molecules c the substance that is changed into products by
an enzyme; the substrate fits into the enzyme’s
1 a monosaccharide, found in both plants and animals, active site
used as fuel in respiration
d a new substance formed in an enzyme-catalysed
b polysaccharide, found in plants only, used as an reaction
energy store in plant cells
e the part of an enzyme molecule into which a
c polysaccharide, found in plants only, used to make substrate molecule fits
cell walls
6 a About 37 °C – human body temperature.
d polysaccharide, found in animals only, used as an
energy stores in (liver) cells b About 2 – hydrochloric acid has a very low pH.
2 a nitrogen (or sulfur) c At low temperatures, molecules have low kinetic
energy and move slowly. This means that the
b amino acids frequency of collisions between enzyme molecules
c Benedict’s and substrate molecules is also low.
d lipid (fat) sucrose d Above the enzyme’s optimum temperature, the
e sucrose enzyme molecule begins to lose its shape – it is
f metabolism or metabolic reactions denatured. This means that the substrate molecule
does not fit into the active site, so the enzyme cannot
3 Measure equal volumes of each solution into two catalyse the change of the substrate into products.
identical test tubes.
7 a calcium; [1]
Add equal volumes of Benedict’s solution to each one.
b water; [1]
Place both tubes into a water bath at about 80 °C. Do this c they both contain protein; [1]
at exactly the same time. Watch carefully. The one that
changes to green or orange first, or the one that is the d orange-brown;
darkest orange after a set length of time, is the one that it does not contain starch; [2]
has the most concentrated solution of reducing sugar. e protein, fat and carbohydrate; [1]
4 8 a blue-black; [1]
Substance Elements Carbohydrate, How to One
it contains fat or protein? test for it function b the blue-black colour would have disappeared
from parts of the plain paper. [1]
haemoglobin C, H, O, N protein biuret test carries
oxygen in c i [2]
the blood Time / Number of new Total number of
minutes areas where there areas where there
glucose C, H, O carbohydrate Benedict’s to provide had been a reaction had been a reaction
test energy
1 14 14
starch C, H, O carbohydrate iodine test stores
energy in 2 28 42
plant cells
3 18 60
enzyme C, H, O, N protein biuret test speeds up
reactions 4 12 72
5 6 78

ii 30 2 a A chloroplast is an organelle that contains the

Number of new areas where
there had been a reaction
pigment chlorophyll. Photosynthesis takes place
inside chloroplasts, with the help of chlorophyll,
20
which absorbs energy from light.
b The palisade mesophyll is closer to the upper surface
10
of the leaf than the spongy mesophyll. The cells in the
palisade mesophyll are tall and thin, while the cells in
0 the spongy mesophyll are more rounded. The palisade
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time / minutes cells contain more chloroplasts than the spongy cells.
More photosynthesis takes place in palisade cells
time on x-axis and number of new areas on y-axis; than in spongy cells. There are larger air spaces in the
scales on both axes go up in even steps (e.g. 1, 2, spongy mesophyll than in the palisade mesophyll.
3 etc. on x-axis, 10, 20, 30 etc. on y-axis); both axes
fully labelled including units; all points accurately c Organic substances have been made by living
plotted with small, neat crosses or circles with a organisms, e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins.
ring around them; straight lines drawn between Inorganic substances have not been made by
the points / good best-fit line drawn; [5] organisms, e.g. magnesium ions, water.
d Guard cells are pairs of sausage-shaped cells found in
iii any two sensible suggestions about differences the epidermis of leaves (usually in the lower epidermis).
between the goats, e.g. different ages, different The hole in between the pair of guard cells is a stoma.
genders, different breeds, different concentrations
of enzyme in their saliva, how hungry they were 3 a carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
when the saliva was collected; [2] b Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through stomata, by
d continue for longer; take readings more often than diffusion from the air. Water enters the root hairs, by
one minute intervals; include some discs that have osmosis from the soil and is then transported up the
no enzyme in them / have boiled enzyme in them; xylem to the leaf.
repeat the experiment two more times; [max 3] c Glucose is used to make starch, or to provide energy
9 a sucrose molecules and enzyme molecules move by respiration. Oxygen diffuses out of the leaf into the
randomly; sucrose molecule collides with enzyme’s air, through the stomata.
active site; enzyme causes sucrose molecule to split 4 a Carbon dioxide diffuses through the stoma and then
into glucose and fructose; reference to involvement through the air spaces, allowing it to reach the cells
of water in this reaction; products / glucose and in the palisade layer. Oxygen diffuses in the opposite
fructose, leave the active site; [max 3] direction when photosynthesis is taking place. (When
b i optimum temperature for enzymes; temperature you have learnt about transport in plants, you will also
kept constant because, pH is the independent find out that the air spaces are important for allowing
variable / temperature is a control variable; [2] the movement of water vapour out of the leaf.)
b This means that light can pass straight through
ii no activity below pH 3; optimum / greatest
these cells, so little light is lost before it reaches the
activity, is at pH 7; no activity above pH 11; [3]
palisade cells, where it is used in photosynthesis.
c The larger the surface area, the more sunlight will
Chapter B4 Plant nutrition hit the leaf. This means that more energy can be
1 absorbed by chlorophyll, so more photosynthesis
Obtained from Used for
can take place.
Nitrates the soil making amino acids
and proteins d The veins bring water from the soil to the leaf cells.
By branching, they can bring water close to every
Water the soil photosynthesis,
cell. The cells need water for photosynthesis, and
maintaining turgor /
supporting tissues, to maintain their turgor, helping the leaf to be held
transporting substances out straight.
Magnesium the soil making chlorophyll 5 a sucrose. This is a soluble sugar, which can dissolve in
Carbon the air photosynthesis
water for transport. It is not too reactive.
dioxide

b starch. This is an insoluble polysaccharide, which iii protein

can be stored as solid grains in cells and will not iv fibre
interfere with the reactions that take place in the cell.
(It also does not affect the water potential of the cell; v protein, iron
if sucrose was stored, this would tend to draw excess vi vitamin D
water into the cell by osmosis.) b There is a very wide range of possible answers.
6 a Leaf from plant A: all orange-brown; Images B5.02 to B5.04, and Tables B5.02 and B5.03,
Leaf from plant B: uncovered part blue-black; provide some examples. Answers can also be
checked against a table of nutrient values of foods.
covered part orange-brown; [3] Search on the internet for: 'food nutrient content
b i to break down the cell membranes so that iodine table' and select one that covers foods commonly
solution and starch can come into contact; [1] eaten in the relevant country.
ii to remove the chlorophyll; [1] 2 a Digestion is the breaking down of large food
molecules into small ones. Absorption is the
c i cover other areas with a simlar material that is movement of these small molecules through the wall
transparent (so that the only difference is whether of the small intestine and into the blood.
light can reach the leaf); [1]
b The small intestine is longer and narrower than the
ii it controls a significant variable – having different large intestine. It is made up of the duodenum and
plants could affect the results / because one ileum, whereas the large intestine is made up of the
plant might respond differently from another; [1] colon and rectum. Digestion and absorption of all
d use a plant with variegated leaves; types of food molecules – including water – takes
destarch it; place in the small intestine. Only water absorption
takes place in the large intestine.
then leave in the light long enough for it to make starch;
c Enamel is the exceptionally hard outer layer of a tooth.
test a leaf for starch; Dentine is a softer layer beneath the enamel. Dentine
would expect green parts to go blue-black, white contains living cells, but enamel does not.
parts to be orange-brown; [max 3] d Bile is a greenish liquid made in the liver and stored
in the gall bladder, whereas pancreatic juice is made
7 a i F; [1] in the pancreas. Both liquids flow along ducts into
ii A; [1] the duodenum. Bile contains bile salts, which are not
iii D. [1] enzymes but which help to emulsify fats (break large
droplets into small ones). Pancreatic juice contains
b i little light is lost before it reaches the palisade
several different digestive enzymes that digest fats,
cells, where it is used in photosynthesis; [1]
proteins and carbohydrates. Both bile and pancreatic
ii the waxy cuticle prevents water loss through this juice also contain sodium hydrogencarbonate, which
surface of the leaf; [1] neutralises the acid from the stomach.
iii bring water to the leaf; take sucrose away from 3 a A salivary gland
the leaf; help to support the leaf. [max 2] B oesophagus
c i carbon dioxide; water [2] C stomach
ii some is used in respiration to release energy; D pancreas
some is converted to starch for storage; some is E duodenum
used to make cellulose cell walls for new cells;
some is converted to sucrose for transport to F ileum
other parts of the plant; some is converted, with G colon
the addition of nitrogen, to amino acids; some is H rectum
converted to, fats / lipids [max 4] I anus
J liver
Chapter B5 Animal nutrition b i A and D
1 a i calcium, vitamin D
ii C and D
ii carbohydrate, fat, protein

iii D diagram shows a molar tooth;

iv C correct labels to:
v F and G enamel;
vi I dentine;
4 ingestion pulp cavity;
amylase nerves and blood vessels;
starch crown / root; [6]
mucus 7 a i blue-black; [1]
oesophagus ii starch is present; [1]
hydrochloric iii rows 2, 3 and 4 show sugar absent, starch absent
proteins and sugar absent;
duodenum rows 5, 6, 7 and 8 show starch absent, sugar
present, starch absent, sugar present; [2]
small
pancreas b i breaks down starch to sugar; [1]
gall ii results show there is sugar in the water in the
beaker;
fatty acids
so sugar molecules have moved through the
glycerol
membrane;
5 a vitamin C and vitamin D; [1]
sugar molecules are small enough to pass
b they all already are small molecules; which can through the holes in the membrane; [2]
pass through the walls of the ileum; [2]
c i small intestine / duodenum / ileum; [1]
c any two dairy foods, bread; [1]
ii blood / blood plasma / capillaries; [1]
d helps calcium to be absorbed; needed for making,
bones / teeth; [2] d its molecules are too big to be absorbed / to pass
through the wall of the small intestine; [1]
e anaemia; lack of energy;
8 a breakdown of large / insoluble molecules;
iron is needed to make haemoglobin;
which transports oxygen around the body; to small / soluble molecules; [2]
lack of oxygen means less respiration; [max 3] b amylase; [1]
6 a A incisor; c i at the beginning; [1]
B canine; ii maltose; [1]
C molar; [3] iii line is of similar shape;
b tooth A: cut off pieces of food; to help with ingestion; line is above the 35 ºC line; [2]
tooth C: crush / grind, food; to increase surface area d to produce molecules that are small enough to be
for enzyme action; [4] absorbed / because starch molecules are too large
c to be absorbed; [1]
Chapter B6 Transport in plants

1 a xylem vessel
b xylem vessel
c root hair
d transpiration
e stoma
f potometer

2 a and b root hairs liquid b so plants can make more amino acids / proteins;
root cortex cells liquid to make more cells for growth; [2]
xylem liquid
leaf mesophyll cells liquid Chapter B7 Transport in animals
air spaces in leaf gas 1 a vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary
artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left
stomata gas
ventricle, aorta
3 a a section cut across something b vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery
b, c and d 2 a Arteries take blood away from the heart; veins take
blood towards the heart. Arteries have thick, elastic
walls; veins have thinner walls. Arteries have a narrow
lumen; veins have a wider lumen. Arteries do not
have valves; veins have valves.
b Oxygenated blood contains a lot of oxygen
(combined with haemoglobin inside the red blood
cells) and is bright red. Deoxygenated blood contains
less oxygen, and is a duller purplish-red.
c An atrium is one of the upper chambers of the
heart, which receives blood and which has thin
walls. A ventricle is one of the lower chambers of
the heart, which has thick walls that pump blood
out of the heart.
d A red blood cell is a small cell with no nucleus,
indented, and containing a large amount of
haemoglobin. Its function is to transport oxygen.
There are several types of white blood cells, but most
are larger than red blood cells and they all have a
nucleus. They do not contain haemoglobin. Their
function is to fight pathogens.
4 a 20; [1]
3 a plasma
b as wind speed increases, water uptake increases;
any use of manipulated figures (e.g. doubling of wind b white cells
speed from 2 to 4 metres per second results in 1.7 c red cells
times the rate of water uptake); [2] d platelets and plasma
c light intensity; temperature; humidity; [max 2] e plasma
5 a i more root hairs; 4 • Arteries: thick walls to withstand high-pressure
shorter root hairs; [2] blood; elastic walls to withstand pulsing blood;
ii both show same increase in number of root hairs narrow lumen so blood moves through fast
(per unit area); • Veins: valves to keep low-pressure blood moving in
decrease in length of root hairs is (much) greater one direction; wide lumen to provide least resistance
for plant B;[2] to blood flow
iii less surface area; • Capillaries: very narrow, so red blood cells have
so less uptake of mineral ions / water; to squeeze through and are brought close to cells
that require oxygen; very thin walls with gaps, so
so less photosynthesis;
substances can easily move between blood and
less glucose / starch / carbohydrate synthesised; tissue fluid
so less fuel for respiration / less energy available; • Xylem vessels: dead and hollow so nothing in the way
less nitrate reduces protein synthesis; [max 3] of water movement; narrow, so a tall column of water

can be supported without breaking; lignin in walls to b E vena cava;

make them waterproof and to provide strength; pits F aorta; [2]
in walls to allow water to move sideways c coronary (arteries); plaques / cholesterol / fat
• Phloem tubes: living but with no nucleus and only deposit, in artery wall; partly blocks artery; less
a small amount of cytoplasm, so sap can flow blood can flow through; less oxygen carried to
through; perforated end walls to allow sap to flow heart muscle; increased likelihood of blood
through clotting; [max 3]
5 a contains haemoglobin that combines with oxygen; d to keep the blood moving; to keep the blood
oxygenated; to remove carbon dioxide from the
collects oxygen in lungs, releases it in body tissues; [2]
blood; [max 2]
b protects against, disease / pathogens;
e has a septum dividing the two sides of the heart;
takes in and kills micro-organisms / bacteria / oxygenated blood on the left and deoxygenated on
pathogens;[2] the right; both sides contract at the same time; more
c to deliver requirements to body cells; e.g. oxygen / muscle on the left side; so more pressure produced
glucose / other named nutrient; to remove waste on the left side; high pressure to most of body; low
products from body cells; e.g. carbon dioxide / pressure to lungs; [max 4]
other named waste product; [max 2]
6 a Red cell in diagram measures 23 mm; Chapter B8 Gas exchange and respiration
so magnification = 23 / 0.007; 1 a protein synthesis, cell division, growth, movement,
passage of nerve impulses, maintaining a constant
= × 3285. [3]
body temperature
b it has no nucleus;
b respiration
it has a depression in the centre / is a biconcave disc;
c glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
it contains haemoglobin. [3]
2 a inspired air has more oxygen; inspired air has less
c i transporting oxygen; carbon dioxide; inspired air usually has less water
ii it contains haemoglobin; which combines vapour
reversibly with oxygen; it has a large surface area b Oxygen is used by body cells in respiration. Carbon
to volume ratio; which speeds up the movement dioxide is produced by body cells in respiration.
of oxygen into and out of the cell; it is small; which Water evaporates from the lining of the lungs into the
allows it to squeeze through very small capillaries; air, so it is breathed out in expired air.
it has no nucleus; which makes more room for 3 a the movement of oxygen into the body and the loss
haemoglobin. [max 3] of carbon dioxide
7 a 2; [1] b the alveoli in the lungs
b i about 0.75 s; [1] b any three of: large surface area; thin; good supply of
ii explanation of measuring time between two air containing oxygen; good blood supply
equivalent points; [2] 4 a anaerobic
c ventricle volume decreasing; because the muscle is b both
contracting;[2] c aerobic only in humans; both in yeast
d when the ventricle contracts, the valve shuts; because d both
of the pressure of the blood pushing upwards on it;
when ventricle relaxes, valve opens; [3] 5 The following sequence should be shown, in a diagram or
words: down trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, into alveolus
e line follows the same pattern as the first, at the same
(by mass flow of air), across wall of alveolus into the blood,
times, but does not rise to such a high volume; [2]
by diffusion into a blood capillary into a red blood cell,
8 a A left atrium;
combines with haemoglobin, carried along the pulmonary
B bicuspid valve / atrioventricular valve; vein to the left atrium of the heart then to the left ventricle,
C semilunar valve; pumped out of the heart into the aorta, then to a capillary
D right ventricle; [4] in the arm muscle, diffuses out of the red blood cell,
diffuses out of the capillary, diffuses into the muscle cell

6 a i to make sure all the carbon dioxide had been most of the graph paper provided; each bar drawn
removed;[1] neatly and precisely; [4]
ii clear; [1] b the more cigarettes smoked per day, the greater the
b i to see if any carbon dioxide had been chance of dying between the ages of 40 and 60 years old;
produced;[1] the younger a person is when they start smoking, the
ii cloudy; [1] greater the chance of dying between the ages of 40
and 60 years old;
c have another apparatus in which flask 4 has no
insects;[1] the number of cigarettes smoked per day seems
to increase the chance of dying between 40 and 60
d i red / orange; [1] more than the age at which smoking started; [3]
ii carbon dioxide present;
dissolves / reacts with water; Chapter B9 Coordination and homeostasis
1 a a reflex action
to produce an acidic solution; [3]
b The stimulus from the sharp object is detected by
e respiration ; [1]
a receptor in the foot. This sends an electrical
7 a 12; [1] impulse along a sensory neurone to the brain or
b 21; [1] spinal cord. The impulse is passed along a relay
c 0.5 dm ;[1]
3 neurone and then to a motor neurone. This
transmits the impulse to an effector, the muscles in
d 1.1 dm3;[1]
your leg, and makes them contract.
e more rapid breathing brings fresh air into the lungs
more often; deeper breathing brings a larger volume 2 a motor and relay
of fresh air into the lungs; more oxygen can diffuse b sensory
into the blood more quickly; supplying more oxygen c sensory
to the muscles; so they can respire faster; releasing d motor, relay
more energy from glucose; [max 4]
e relay
f brain senses the pH of blood; pH decreases during
exercise; because more carbon dioxide is dissolved 3 a motor neurone
in the blood plasma; brain responds by sending more b receptor
frequent impulses to the breathing muscles; so they c cornea
contract harder and more frequently; [max 4] d retina
8 a 12.5 breaths per minute at start, 25 breaths per e contraction
minute during exercise; so increase is 12.5 breaths
f circular
per minute; [2]
b from just before 11 minutes to just before 16 minutes; 4 a Keeping the body temperature constant is just one
5 minutes; [2] part of homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a
constant internal environment. Homeostasis also
c during exercise not enough oxygen was supplied involves the regulation of blood glucose concentration,
to muscles; so they respired anaerobically (as well as well as the water content of the body.
as aerobically); producing lactic acid; which was
broken down by combining with oxygen (when b The hairs do stand on end when the body is too cold,
exercise finished); reference to paying back the but in humans we do not have enough hair for this to
oxygen debt ; [max 4] help to keep us warm. In other hairier mammals, the
raised hairs trap a layer of insulating air next to the skin.
d would follow a pattern similar to that of breathing rate;
heart pumps oxygenated blood to the muscles; more c Air of any kind cannot get into the body through the
oxygen required by muscles as they exercise; so that skin. The fat layer prevents heat leaving the body by
they can respire faster; more carbon dioxide needs to be conduction, as it is an insulator.
removed from the muscles; continuing need for more d The sweat glands do secrete sweat onto the surface
oxygen after exercise to pay off oxygen debt; [max 4] of the skin when we are too hot, but this liquid is
not cold. It cools the body because the water in
9 a axes correctly labelled; x-axis scale uses the ranges
the sweat evaporates, and this process takes heat
from the table; good scale on both axes that uses
energy from the skin.

e The blood capillaries do not move at all. The for photosynthesis; [2]
arterioles that supply the blood capillaries near the iii builds up on the lower side;
surface of the skin get wider (dilate) when you are too
hot. This allows more blood to flow through these causes cells in stem to elongate more;
capillaries, allowing heat to radiate from the blood causes cells in root to elongate less; [3]
into the air.
f Insulin is a hormone, not an enzyme. Enzymes Chapter B10 Reproduction in plants
catalyse reactions, but insulin is not a catalyst. 1 a gamete
Insulin causes enzymes in liver cells to convert
b zygote
glucose to glycogen.
c asexual
5 a A 37.4 °C;
d pollination
B 37.5 °C. [2]
e seed
b homeostasis; humans are endothermic; body
f fertilisation
produces more heat to maintain body temperature;
shivering; vasoconstriction; [max 4] g sexual
c air is more insulating than water; heat lost more 2
easily from the body in water than in air; by Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
conduction; [max 2] only one parent involved one or two parents involved
d person A was moving but person B remained all offspring genetically involves gametes
still; idea that ‘new’ cold water was constantly identical involves fertilisation
coming into contact with A’s skin; water around zygote formed
B’s body warms up (as heat is lost from his body to
genetic variation among
the water); heat transfers from hot object to cold offspring
object; so more heat lost from A’s body than B’s
body; [max 3]
3 a i age of seeds; [1]
6 a for respiration; by combining it with oxygen to
ii water; oxygen; warm temperature; [3]
provide energy; (not ‘produce’ energy) for named
function (e.g. movement, active transport); [max 3] (if light also given, max 2 marks)
b pancreas; [1] b i young plants will get light for photosynthesis; [1]
c i starch digested to glucose; by enzymes / amylase ii D;[1]
and maltase; absorbed into the blood from, the 4 a i a sex cell;
small intestine / ileum; [3]
joining together of nuclei of male and female
ii insulin secreted; causes liver to take up glucose gametes;[2]
from the blood; liver converts glucose to
ii A – sepal;
glycogen; (also) glucose used by body cells in
respiration; [max 3] B – produces pollen; [2]
d negative feedback is a process that brings iii wall of ovary; [1]
concentration back to normal when it gets too high b B and C;
or too low; when blood glucose concentration rises
they have water;
too high, insulin is secreted and reduces it to normal;
when blood glucose concentration drops too low, they have a suitable temperature;
glucagon is secreted and raises it to normal; [3] they do not need light; [max 3]
7 a ability to detect changes in the environment; c i tropism;
and respond to them; [2] negative gravitropism; [2]
b i gravitropism; [1] ii better photosynthesis;
ii better access to water; because leaves can get more light;
firm anchorage in the soil; [2] flowers held up higher;
leaves have more light; where insects can access them; [max 3]

5 a asexual; [1] fetus to mother: carbon dioxide

b produces new banana plants that are identical to and urea; [2]
the parent (so the bananas will be exactly the same 4 a nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane flagellum
variety); produces large new plants quickly; [2]
c all new plants will be genetically identical; if the
parent did not have resistance to the disease then digestive enzymes
nor will the offspring; [2]
Chapter B11 Reproduction in humans

1 a oviduct
b ovary
c uterus
all five labels correct three marks
d cervix
four labels correct two marks
2 a A uterus wall
two or three labels correct one mark [3]
B oviduct
b acrosome contains enzymes which digest through
C amnion the jelly surrounding the egg; mitochondria release
D amniotic fluid energy by aerobic respiration (for swimming);
flagellum propels the sperm forwards; nucleus
E fetus
contains the haploid number of chromosomes so
F placenta the normal diploid number is restored at fertilisation;
G umbilical cord shape is streamlined to reduce energy needed
H cervix for swimming; [max 4]
c nucleus contains the haploid number of
I vagina
chromosomes so the normal diploid number is
b It produces amniotic fluid, in which the fetus floats. restored at fertilisation; it contains food stores to
This fluid protects it from bumps and knocks. provide for the young fetus (until it is implanted); it is
c The placenta brings the mother’s and fetus’s blood surrounded by a protective layer of jelly; [3]
close together, but does not allow them to mix. In 5 a increased and then decreased; peaks in 2004 and
the placenta, useful substances such as oxygen and 2007; any figure quote using both year and number of
glucose diffuse from the mother’s blood to the fetus’s people infected read from the graph; [3]
blood. Wastes such as urea and carbon dioxide
diffuse from the fetus’s blood to the mother’s blood. b people recently infected with HIV show no symptoms;
may not have had their blood checked; [2]
3 a i they are haploid / they have only one set of
c more awareness of AIDS; people with HIV/AIDS now
chromosomes;[1]
knew that they had it and avoided passing it on;
ii it contains food stores for the developing embryo; people who were not HIV positive modified their
[1] behaviour to reduce the risk of becoming infected
iii the food stores will soon run out; (once attached) with HIV; example – avoided having multiple partners
it obtains nutrients; and oxygen; from the / used condoms / did not share contaminated
mother’s blood; through the placenta; [max 4] needles; use of antiretroviral drugs to treat AIDS;
b i A umbilical cord; other valid point. [max 4]
B amnion;
Chapter B12 Inheritance
C cervix; [3]
1 a a large letter for the smooth fur allele and a matching
ii the (beating of the) fetus’s heart; [1] small letter for the rough fur allele, using letters that
iii support / protect, the fetus; [1] look different from each other, e.g. A and a (not S and s)
iv mother to fetus: any two of oxygen / glucose b AA, Aa and aa
/ amino acids / water / other named soluble c AA smooth fur, Aa smooth fur, aa rough fur
nutrient;[2]

2 a a large letter for the red colour allele and a matching c parents’ phenotypes indented indented
small letter for the white colour allele, using letters
parents’ genotypes Ee Ee
that look different from each other, e.g. R for the red
colour allele and r for the white colour allele gametes E and e E and e
b R is dominant, because this is the allele that has
an effect in a heterozygous plant. spring genotypes and phenotypes
c RR, red; Rr, red; rr, white E e
3 a A gene is a length of DNA that codes for a particular EE Ee
protein; an allele is one of two or more forms of a gene. E
indented indented
b A dominant allele shows its effect in a heterozygous
Ee ee
organism; a recessive allele only has an effect when e
indented smooth
no dominant allele is present.
c A homozygous organism has two identical alleles
of a gene, e.g. AA; a heterozygous organism has two parents’ genotypes correct; all gametes correct
different alleles of a gene, e.g. Aa. and shown inside circles; genotypes of offspring
d The genotype shows the alleles of a gene that an correct; phenotypes of offspring correctly associated
organism possesses; the phenotype describes the with genotypes; 99 : 302 is approx. 3 : 1 and genetic
characteristics of the organism. diagram shows 3 indented : 1 smooth; [5]
e Mitosis is a type of nuclear division in which 5 a i white is dominant and himalayan is recessive – no
genetically identical daughter cells are produced; mark
meiosis is a type of nuclear division that produces
upper case and lower case version of the same
daughter cells with only half the full number of
letter chosen;
chromosomes, and that are genetically different from
one another. Mitosis is used in growth, repair and upper case for white and lower case for
asexual reproduction; meiosis is used to produce himalayan;[2]
gametes. ii parents’s genotypes shown as Aa and Aa (or
f A haploid cell has one full set of chromosomes; a whatever letters have been chosen in part a);
diploid cell has two full sets. gametes from both parents shown as A and a
4 a symbols should be the same letter, large and small, with circles around them;
and easily distinguishable, e.g. offspring genotypes shown as AA, Aa, Aa and aa;
EE for indented edges; AA and Aa offspring identified as white, and aa as
ee for smooth edges; [2] himalayan;
b parents’ phenotypes indented smooth ratio stated as 3 : 1 white to himalayan and
matched to three quarters white and one quarter
parents’ genotypes EE ee himalayan;[5]
gametes E e b i respiration;
oxidation of glucose / equation; [2]
spring genotypes all Ee
ii air trapped between hairs;
and phenotypes indented
insulation;
parents’ genotypes correct; reduces heat loss; [max 2]
gametes correct and placed inside circles; iii extremities / ears/ paws / nose, colder than other
parts of the body;
offspring genotype and phenotype correct;
enzyme active only in these parts so black
entire genetic diagram laid out correctly with
pigment only produced there; [2]
all headings;[4]

Chapter B13 Variation and natural selection b i the largest number of birds trapped has wing
1 species, discontinuous, genes, continuous, mutation, lengths of 66 or 67 mm; suggesting that most birds
had these wing lengths; comparative data quoted
adapted
for birds with these wing lengths and others; birds
2 a In continuous variation, an individual can with these wing lengths had greater mean ages
fit anywhere within a range of a particular when trapped; suggesting that they lived longer
characteristic, with no sharp dividing lines. In than others; comparative age data quoted for
discontinuous variation, there are a small number of birds with these wing lengths and others; [max 4]
distinct categories into which any individual fits.
ii repeat measurements for a larger number of
b Natural selection is the increased chances of birds; repeat in countries other than Sweden;
individual organisms with particular variations check wing lengths of birds that are breeding;
surviving and reproducing in their environment, follow individual marked birds throughout their
because of selection pressures that act on them. lives to measure wing length and length of life;
Artificial selection is the choice, by humans, of measure the wing length of dead birds; [max 3]
individuals with particular variations to be allowed to
c birds with this wing length survive for longer; more
breed together.
likely to reproduce than birds with smaller wings;
3 a Sexual reproduction allows mixing of alleles from wing length determined by genes / alleles which are
different parents. There is genetic variation in the passed on to offspring; [max 4]
population. Different combinations of alleles may
give different features that make some individuals Chapter B14 Organisms and their environment
better able to survive and reproduce in the 1 a A producer is an organism that makes its own
changing environment than their parents. Asexual organic food materials from inorganic ones; plants
reproduction, however, produces offspring with are producers, as they make organic nutrients by
exactly the same combinations of alleles as their photosynthesis. A consumer is an organism that
parent; there is no genetic variation. depends on organic nutrients made by producers;
(In both sexual and asexual reproduction, mutation animals and fungi are consumers.
may occur, which could form new alleles that might b A primary consumer obtains its energy by feeding
give an advantage to an organism and be selected on plants; it is a herbivore. A secondary consumer
for. This is no more likely in sexual than in asexual obtains its energy by feeding on primary consumers;
reproduction.) it is a carnivore.
b Mutation may produce new alleles that were not present c A food chain shows how energy is transferred from
before. Although mutations usually produce new one organism to another, showing only one species
characteristics that are less good than the normal ones, at each trophic level. A food web shows many
just occasionally a new feature that gives an organism interlinking food chains, with more than one species
a survival advantage may occur. If so, then this will be shown at each trophic level.
selected for (its owners will be more likely to survive and
2 a to make carbohydrates, fats and proteins
reproduce) and passed on to the next generation.
b by photosynthesis; carbon dioxide from the air is
4 a correct answer given (you will need to get someone
used to make carbohydrates
to check!); [1]
c They are given out from the plant as carbon dioxide.
b i shape of ear lobes shows discontinuous variation;
so it is caused by genes [2] d They break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins and
other carbon-containing materials in dead organisms
ii approximately 3 : 1; free : attached; [2] or waste products from them; they then respire,
iii allele for free ear lobes likely to be dominant; giving out carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
and allele for attached ear lobes likely to be 3 a i sunlight; [1]
recessive;[2]
ii chemical energy; [1]
5 a i There are no distinct categories; individuals
can have any wing length within the range from b i respiration; [1]
63 mm or less to 70 mm or more; [2] ii movement / muscle contraction; active transport;
ii for example: body mass / body length / beak generating heat to keep the body warm;
transmission of nerve impulses; building large
length;[1]
molecules from small ones; [max 3]

c i the food web should show an arrow going from c i increasing quantities of untreated sewage running
the wildebeest to ticks, another arrow going from into the river; build-up of nutrients in the water;
the ticks to the oxpeckers; and an arrow going so larger bacteria populations used up more
from the wildebeest to the oxpeckers; [1] oxygen; [max 2]
ii energy is lost between trophic levels; 90% of ii sewage treated before entering the river; fewer
energy lost / only 10% of energy passed on; lost, nutrients for bacteria; so fewer bacteria / less use
in respiration / as heat; so fewer organisms can of oxygen by bacteria; [max 2]
be supported at each trophic level; [max 3] d they would die / leave the river; [1]
4 a photosynthesis by aquatic plants; dissolving from e cause unpleasant smells; introduce pathogens
the air; [2] to the water that could cause disease in humans;
b bacteria feed on the sewage; so their populations e.g. cholera bacterium; e.g. polio virus; other example
increase; bacteria respire; aerobically; use up oxygen of water-borne disease-causing organism; [max 2]
from the water; [max 4]

Chemistry Chapter C2 The nature of matter

1 a Both ways of categorising substances have their use
to a chemist.
Chapter C1 Planet Earth
• Knowing whether a substance is a solid, liquid
1 a i nitrogen 78% or gas at room temperature – and how easily
a substance can change its state – helps us in
handling the different substances and in separating
Percentage in
unpolluted air oxygen 21% them and purifying them from mixtures. It is
important to realise that any substance can
other gases 1%
exist in any of the three states, depending on the
[2] conditions of temperature and pressure.
ii carbon dioxide, argon, helium [1] • Knowing whether a sample is an element, compound
b i N2 + O2 → 2NO [2] or mixture helps us in knowing and predicting
the chemical properties of a substance. These
ii that natural rain water is slightly acidic [1] /
distinctions are mutually exclusive and therefore are
from dissolved carbon dioxide [1] / after
thunderstorm more acidic because of more fundamental to our understanding.
dissolved nitric acid [1] [3] b The word ‘particle’ is needed when talking in
generalisations about the structure and movement
2 a use cobalt chloride paper – turns from blue to pink;
of the constituents of matter. The context should
or use anhydrous copper sulfate powder – turns from
always be defined to distinguish this scientific use
white to blue [2]
of the word from the more everyday use when it
b as a coolant, or any other correct industrial use [1] can be a speck of dust, etc. The one key experiment
c a substance that dissolves another to form a where the two uses interact is in the description of
solution [1] Brownian motion.
d i burning coal in power stations or other correct Here the unseen motion of atoms and molecules in
source [1] a fluid is demonstrated by the jerky, random motion
ii kills fish in lakes, erodes statues/buildings [2] of the dust particles as they are hit by the sub-
microscopic particles that make up matter.
iii 64 [1]
One aspect that can be discussed, and needs to
e 1: filtration to remove solid particles [2]
be referred to, is the key definition of the size of
2: chlorination to kill bacteria/germs [2] the ‘particles’ involved when the term is used.
f 21% [1] Descriptions such as ‘sub-microscopic’ and
3 a lower proportions of oxygen and nitrogen; higher ‘subatomic’ are useful.
proportion of carbon dioxide [1] 2 a i The particles are in fixed positions [1]; they vibrate
b acid rainfall causing damage to trees [1] / about their fixed position [1]. [2]
acidification of lakes [1] [2] ii Add water, stir to dissolve salt and filter to obtain
c add drops of the liquid to anhydrous copper(II) sand as the residue. [3]
sulfate powder (1); powder turns from white to b distillation, lower, volatile, condenser, vapour [5]
blue (1)
3 a seawater [1]
OR
add drops of the liquid to cobalt chloride paper (1); b evaporation [1]; freezing (solidification) [1] [2]
colour change from blue to pink (1) [2] 4 a A: thermometer; B: beaker [2]
d methane [1] b to keep the temperature the same throughout [1]
e burning of fossil fuels / volcanic activity [1] c i 48 °C [1]
f neutralisation [1] ii 72 °C [1]
g heating (thermal decomposition of) limestone in d The particles are close together but irregular [1];
furnace (kiln) [1] the molecules are able to move about with slow
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2[2] movement [1]. [2]

e i The third statement is correct: its melting point is 4 a i D

different from pure stearic acid. [1] ii E
ii in testing medicines or food additives, or other iii F
correct[1]
iv B
5 a balloons [1]
v A[5]
b i nucleus [1]
b i Correct electron structure of the F ions (electrons
ii The third statement is correct: helium has a from outer orbit of C moved to the two F atoms,
complete outer shell of electrons. [1] one electron to each to give eight electrons in
iii 34 [1] the outer shell of each) [1]
34
iv 18 Ar [1] Correct charges on each ion: – on F and
c The atoms are arranged irregularly [1] and are close 2+ on C[2]
together/touching [1]. [2] −
6 a electrons [1]
F
b P has 2 protons and 2 neutrons (= 4 nucleons) [1]
c atoms are electrically neutral because they have [C]2+ −
equal numbers [1] of protons
and electrons [1] [2] F
d R[1]
e 2.2 [1] ii high melting point, soluble in water, conducts
when dissolved or molten, brittle (any two of
Chapter C3 Elements and compounds these possible answers) [2]
1 a helium / aluminium / chlorine [3] 5 a i X conducts electricity, Z does not; or X reacts
b i B and C[1] with water, Z does not [1]
ii C[1] ii Y reacts with X, Z does not [1]
iii D[1] b i the elements are too reactive [1]
2 a Period 2 [1] ii An electron is transferred (donated) from a
sodium atom to a chlorine atom [1]; the sodium
b i O becomes a positive ion and the chlorine a
ii F negative (chloride) ion [1] [2]
iii Li
iv C Chapter C4 Chemical reactions
v Be 1 a There is a colour change which shows that there
might be a reaction, and new substance(s) are
vi N [6] formed / a gas is given off.
c atoms, protons [2] b The most reliable evidence for a chemical reaction
3 a hydrogen [1] is that a gas is given off which can be identified as
b i P is in Group I / Q is in Group VIII (or 0) / R is in carbon dioxide.
Group VII [1] c copper carbonate → copper oxide + carbon dioxide
the Group number is given by the number of zinc carbonate → zinc oxide + carbon dioxide
outer electrons in the atom [1] [2] d Zinc oxide is a white solid which turns yellow when
ii Q is the least reactive as it is a noble gas [1] heated. When cooled, the solid turns white again.
iii P is a good conductor of electricity as it is a e No, it is a physical change.
metal[1]

2 a black solid [1] iii lime/calcium oxide, or slaked lime/ calcium

b magnesium + carbon dioxide hydroxide [1]
→ magnesium oxide + carbon [1] d Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 [2]
c i carbon dioxide [1] 3 Step 2: Filter to remove excess solid [1]
ii magnesium [1] Step 3: Evaporate to crystallisation point [1]
d MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O [correct formulae but Step 4: L eave solution to cool [1]; dry crystals on filter
unbalanced = 1] [2] paper [1] [2]
e i Zn2+ + Mg → Mg2+ + Zn [2] 4 a i ammonia gas is produced by the reaction [1];
ii Magnesium reduces zinc ions [1] by donating/ ammonia turns moist red litmus blue [1] [2]
giving electrons to them [1] [2] ii no reaction if solid is ammonium nitrate [1]
3 a sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide [1 for reactants; white precipitate if solid is ammonium
1 for product] [2] sulfate [1] [2]
b SO2 is oxidised to SO3 and O3 is reduced to O2 [2] b calcium carbonate reacts with acids [1]; calcium
c SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 [1] carbonate will neutralise acidic soil [1] [2]
4 a aqueous sodium chloride, copper, graphite 5 a acidic: < 7, any appropriate e.g. SO2 basic: > 7, any
[deduct 1 for each incorrect answer] [3] appropriate e.g. CaO neutral: 7, any appropriate
b insulator [1] e.g. H2O [6]
c i anode [1] b i an oxide/substance that will react with/ dissolve
in both acids and alkalis [1]
ii negative = zinc [1] ; positive = chlorine [1] [2]
ii any strong acid (e.g. HCl) + any strong alkali
iii carbon [1]
(e.g. NaOH) [2]
5 a carbon/platinum [1] because unreactive [1] [2]
b bubbles [1] at both electrodes [1] [2] Chapter C6 Quantitative chemistry
c hydrogen at cathode [1], chlorine at anode [1] [2] 1 a ammonia + sulfuric acid → ammonium sulfate [1]
b 8 [1]
Chapter C5 Acids, bases and salts c 98 [1]
1 a pH 11 [1] d 6.6 g [2]
b slaked lime [1]
2 a 1.0 kg = 1000 g of conc. H2SO4 solution
c i to help plants grow better (or words to that
mass of H2SO4 = (1000 × 98) / 100 = 980 g (molar
effect)[1]
mass H2SO4 = 98 g/mol)
ii sulfur dioxide [1] from power stations [1] or
number of moles H2SO4 = 980 / 98 = 10 moles [3]
nitrogen oxides [1] from car exhausts [1]; dissolves
in rain [1] [3] b i molar mass of CaO = 56 g/mol [1]
d i neutralisation [1] number of moles CaO = 168 / 56 = 3 moles [1] [2]
ii Measure the calcium hydroxide/alkali with a ii molar mass of H2O = 18 g/mol
pipette [1], add indicator [1] and add acid from reacting ratio is 1 : 1
burette until there is a colour change [1]. [3] 3 moles of water = 3 × 18 = 54 g [2]
2 a pH 3 [1] 3 40/1000 × 2 = 0.08 moles; 0.08/2 = 0.04 moles; 0.04 moles;
b Add blue (or neutral) [1] litmus [1]; if it turns red, it is
0.04 × 238 = 9.52 g [4]
acidic [1]. [3]
0.08 moles; 6/119 = 0.05 moles [1]
c i calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium
chloride + carbon dioxide + water [1 mark for each This is more than was necessary to react with all the
product] [3] HCl as 0.05 > 0.08/2 [1]
ii in a blast furnace for producing iron [1]

Chapter C7 How far? How fast? e i respiration [1]

1 The methods used to prevent explosions from ‘runaway ii a substance which speeds up a chemical
reactions’ are precisely the opposite to those changes reaction [1]
that would speed up the rate of reaction. The changes 4 a amount of manganese(iv) oxide and temperature [2]
used would need to have a ‘dampening’, or inhibitory, b i the higher the concentration, the faster the
effect. The following changes would all result in a reaction [1]
slowing down of a reaction:
ii A lower concentration will produce less oxygen. [1]
• lowering the temperature iii 25 or 26 s [1] 36 or 37 cm3[1]
• adding water to dilute the reactants (see Workbook c magnesium oxide, copper(ii) oxide, manganese(iv)
Exercise 7.6 for an example) oxide, lead(iv) oxide [1]
• lowering the pressure of a gas reaction. 5 a i fair test [1]; keep the amount of solution above
Other methods are also possible. the cross the same [1] [2]
2 a hydrated iron sulfate ii value for gap: between 120 and 150 [1]
→ anhydrous iron sulfate + water [1] iii speed decreases [1] because lower concentration
b endothermic [1]; heat has to be applied (or words [1] means fewer collisions [1] [3]
to that effect) [1] [2] b The reaction is faster [1] because higher temperature
c pale green [1] makes particles move more rapidly [1]; this means
d It is a reversible reaction [1], hydrated iron sulfate more collisions [1] and harder/more energetic
is formed [1] and heat is also generated (reaction collisions [1]. [4]
exothermic) which produces steam [1]. [3] 6 a temperature, surface area of magnesium; [1]
e reversible reaction [1] (length, mass or size of magnesium (ribbon) would
f If water is added to anhydrous cobalt chloride [1], it be allowed, simply writing ‘amount of magnesium’
changes colour from blue to pink [1]. [2] not allowed)
3 a Carbon dioxide is given off. [1] b i B
b i somewhere between 600 and 630 s [1] the graph shows a higher rate / is steeper;[1]
ii X placed at the beginning of the curve (see graph ii (maximum volume of gas) 40 cm3 at reaction time
below) [1] of 5 minutes / 300 s (1);
iii sketch graph to the right of the printed curve [1] average rate = 40 ÷ 5 = 8 / 40 ÷ 300 = 0.13 (1);
and levelling out above it [1] [2] units: cm3 / minute or cm3 / s (1) [3]
100.4 c i in aqueous (solution) / dissolved in water / in
solution;[1]
Mass of flask and contents / grams
100.3 ii same mass / length / size / amount of magnesium

used in both experiments (1);
100.2
acid in excess / all magnesium used up in both (1);
100.1
gas volume produced depends on amount of
magnesium used (1) [2]
100.0
Chapter C8 Patterns and properties of metals
0
1 a Alloys are metals whose composition is designed
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 to suit the properties required by a particular use
Time / seconds
or situation. Properties which have been significant
c i gets faster [1] in the development of alloys have included:
ii gets faster [1] • tensile strength
d combustion, small, large [3] • hardness

• resistance to corrosion Chapter C9 Industrial inorganic chemistry

• electrical conductivity 1 Although there are some cases where recycling has
• low melting point significant economic advantages in terms of costs (for
example, the recycling of aluminium), this is not always
• colour.
the case. The most important argument for recycling is
b Brass is used in plugs and switches because, even the conservation of natural resources, particularly non-
though it is not as good a conductor as copper, it is
renewable resources of minerals and fuels, for instance.
cheaper and harder. It is more resistant to hard wear
and regular use. The impact of efficient recycling can be wide-ranging.
The demand for rare metals for the electronics and
2 a i copper, zinc, magnesium, calcium [1]
media industries puts great pressure on the need to
ii Iron does not react with cold water [1] but it does find new mineral resources and the development of
react with steam when heated [1]. [2]
new mining ventures. This can bring conflicts with
b zinc + water → zinc oxide + hydrogen [1] environmental concerns in some of the most untouched
c high melting point/boiling point, malleable, conduct areas of the world. Efficient recycling could delay some
heat, conduct electricity (any three) [3] of these potential clashes of interest.
d i any sensible answer above 98 °C [1] 2 a acidic soil [1]
ii decreases [1] b nitrogen [1]
iii any sensible answer above 0.53 g/cm3 and below c ammonium sulfate + calcium hydroxide → ammonia
1.0 g/cm3 (it floats on water) [1] + water + calcium sulfate products or ‘double
3 a i lithium + water → lithium hydroxide + hydrogen decomposition’[2]
[2] d CaCO3[1]
ii 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 [1] e CaCO3 → CaO + CO2[2]
b lithium reaction not exothermic enough to melt f water is added [1]
the metal, sodium and potassium melt into a ball, g N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3; high pressure, moderate
potassium ignites spontaneously order of increasing temperature (or values), catalyst [4]
reactivity Li<Na<K all float on water, all fizz and h 2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3; moderate temperature,
produce hydrogen, all leave an alkaline solution catalyst [4]
(any five points) [5]
3 a A: yes will rust, has air and water [1];
c i anode: E [1]; electrolyte: A [1] [2]
B: no, has air but no water [1];
ii positive = chlorine; negative = sodium [2]
C: no, has air and water but protected/coated with
iii graphite [1] zinc [1] [3]
d low melting point, soft/can be cut with knife, b carbon burned off by oxygen as carbon dioxide [1];
electrical conductivity, etc. (any two) [2] phosphorus, etc., react with calcium oxide/lime to
4 a i Mg + 2HCl → (MgCl2) + H2 form slag [2] [3]
formulae (1); balancing (1) [2] c surgical instruments, chemical plant, cutlery (any
ii magnesium > X > copper [1] of these) [1]
b i solution turns blue to colourless / becomes 4 redox reaction: Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 (or give the
fainter (1); equation with carbon)
brown deposit (of copper) (on metal X) (1) [2] acid/base reaction: CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
ii X is less reactive than magnesium / magnesium Carbon burns to give heat and form carbon dioxide.
is more reactive than X [1] Carbon dioxide reacts with carbon to form carbon
c i removal of oxygen / gain of electrons [1] monoxide.
ii metal ions have a positive charge (1); cathode Carbon monoxide reduces hematite to iron.
has a negative charge and opposite charges Limestone decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon
attract (1) [2] dioxide.

Calcium oxide (lime) reacts with silica to form slag. • the synthetic and natural polymers that provide us
(two equations plus three other points of description) [5] with food, clothing and structural materials that
5 a i oxygen = top left [1] support our living and the technologies we
depend on
ii slag = right [1]
• the novel structures that provide the scope for
iii molten steel = bottom left [1]
developing nanotechnology.
b i They are gases. [1]
2 a i hydrogen and carbon contain just one type
ii They react together to form calcium phosphate, of atom; compounds contain different atoms
which is a solid, and form slag, which floats on bonded together
the steel. [3]
elements are listed on the Periodic Table;
c i D [1] compounds are not [2]
ii surgical instruments, chemical plant, cutlery ii draw a central C with four hydrogens attached
(any of these) [1] by single bonds [2]
6 a decomposition [1] iii natural gas [1]
b so that the ions are free to move [1] b i Z[1]
c to lower the operating temperature by lowering the ii X, Z
melting point of the electrolyte [1]
unsaturated molecules contain double bonds [2]
d B [1]
iii pass the gas through bromine water [1]; an
e anode = oxygen or carbon dioxide [1]; cathode =
unsaturated hydrocarbon will decolorise the
aluminium [1] [2]
bromine water [1], a saturated hydrocarbon will
f because they burn away [1] in the oxygen [1] [2] not [1] [3]
g Al + 3e → Al
3+ –
[1] 3 a a family of organic compounds with similar chemical
h pans, cans, power cables, aircraft bodies, etc. [1] properties due to the presence of the same
7 a i reduction [1] functional group [1]
ii carbon monoxide [1] b A = alkene; B = alkane; C = alcohol [3]
iii coke (carbon) and hot air [1] c test: bromine water; A: decolorises; B: no effect [3]
b copper is less reactive than iron / bonding in copper d heat it with steam [1] and a catalyst [1] [2]
oxide is weaker (1); less energy needed to break e fermentation [1]
bonds (1) [2] 4 a ethane (1); C2H6 (1) [2]
c limestone is added to the blast furnace (1); limestone b i a homologous series [1]
decomposes in the furnace to give calcium oxide /
ii methane (1); CH4 (1) [2]
lime (1); silicon dioxide reacts with calcium oxide to
produce slag / calcium silicate (1) [3] iii
Chapter C10 Organic chemistry

1 The versatility of carbon lies in its ability to form chain
and ring structures, and to form multiple bonds with
itself and other atoms. The complexity that arises is [2]
important to us in several different ways: c the boiling point of the alkanes increases with
• the chemistry of life and the interactions between the size of the molecule (1); the larger (longer) the
carbon-containing molecules that generate the molecule the greater the forces (interactions /
inter-molecular forces) between the molecules (1);
energy for living cells and the way of passing genetic
more energy is needed to disrupt/break/overcome
information from one generation to the next
these forces (1) [3]
• the carbon-containing compounds – from fossil
fuels – that are the fuels of our modern transport and
energy-generating systems

d i CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O 3 a i structure of ethene: draw two C linked by a

formulae (1); balancing (1) [2] double bond, four H attached by single bonds
(two to each C) [2]
ii number of moles carbon dioxide =
480 / 24000 (1) = 0.02 mol (1) [2] ii molecule contains at least one C=C double bond;
does not contain the maximum possible number
iii from equation: number of moles of methane used hydrogen atoms [1]
= 0.02 mol (1)
b i many ethene molecules join together to make a
Mr of methane = 16 (1) long chain; draw a series of units joined together
mass of methane burnt = 0.02 x 16 = 0.32 g (1) [3]
[2]
Chapter C11 Petrochemicals and polymers ii addition polymerisation [2]
1 The products of burning methane, ethanol and fuels 4 a boiling point [1]
such as gasoline are the same – the question is more
b fuel oil – fuel for home heating; kerosene – jet fuel;
one of the efficiency and our ability to use the fuels
lubricating fraction – waxes and polishes; naphtha –
cleanly. Methane and ethanol are single compounds making chemicals [4]
but gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons and more
c i heat and catalyst [2]
difficult to burn completely. Incomplete combustion
gives rise to pollution with carbon monoxide, soot and ii C14H30 → C2H4 + C12H26 [1]
particulates. iii H H
Ethanol is more environmentally friendly because it is/ C C
can be a renewable fuel. Any carbon dioxide released can H H [1]

be at least partially removed from the atmosphere as (for
example) the sugar cane used in fermentation is grown. d poly(ethene) [1]
Methane is more environmentally friendly as it produces e i steam [1]

less carbon dioxide for the amount of energy it releases ii a substance that speeds up a reaction [1]
as it has the best/highest carbon : hydrogen ratio. 5 a i a group of hydrocarbons with boiling points
2 a i hydrogen and carbon close together [1]
(each) contains one type of atom / is found in ii C12H26 → C2H4 + C10H22 [1]
the Periodic Table / cannot be broken down into b heating and cooking; fuel for cars [2]
simpler substances; c molecules contain a double bond; a compound of
propane carbon and hydrogen only [2]
contains different atoms (or elements) bonded d i catalytic addition of steam [1]
together / can be broken down into simpler ii H H
substances / into elements [2]
H C C O H
ii petroleum / natural gas [1]
iii fractional distillation [1] H H [2]
iv heating / lighting / burners / cooking / vehicle e monomers, polymers [2]
fuel / refrigerant / feedstock [1]
6 a condensation polymer [1]
b i (catalytic) cracking [1]
b i 20 [1]
ii only single bonds (in a molecule) / contains
ii Mr = (1 x 16) + (14 x 2) + (12 x 6) = 116 [2]
maximum possible hydrogen atoms [1]
c
iii ethene and propene [1]
iv structure of ethene: draw two C linked by a
double bond, four H attached by single bonds
(two to each C) [2] (at least) three monomer units shown (1); correct
sequence (1); amide links shown (1) [3]

d it (is a covalent substance) does not conduct f correct plotting [2]; two straight lines [1] [3]
electricity[1]
1.20
e the molecules are not all the same length / it is a
mixture of molecules (of different lengths) [1] 1.00
f i it is a gas which absorbs heat (1); retains heat in
Total increase in mass / g

0.80
the atmosphere / raises the temperature of the
air (1) [2]
0.60
ii by catalysing a reaction between nitrogen dioxide
and carbon monoxide (1); to produce carbon 0.40
dioxide and nitrogen (1) [2]
0.20
Chapter C12 Chemical analysis 0.00

and investigation 0 10 20 30 40
Time / min
50 60 70
1 Analysis of the substances we discover and use in

the wide variety of activities that shape our lives is g reaction finished/copper sulfate gone, current
important in terms of our control of our environment, switched off (any of these) [1]
the efficient use of resources available to us and our 4 a initial: 25, 26, 23, 24
protection from the harmful effects of contamination final: 28, 39, 46, 58
and misuse. Chemical analysis can be used in rise: 3,13, 23, 34 [–1 for each incorrect value] [4]
industry, medicine, agriculture and environmental
b correct plotting [3] [–1 for each error], straight line [1]
science. We need to know what chemicals we are
(see graph below) [4]
dealing with. Analytical techniques, from the simple
c extrapolation of line to 5 [1], correct reading of
to the complex, help us to do just that. A medical
temperature (44 °C) from extrapolation [1], units [1]
drug company might need to analyse the painkiller
(see graph below) [3]
paracetamol, for instance, in order to maintain the
purity of the product it is marketing. A steel-making 50
company must check if the content of a batch of steel
matched the customers requested composition. An 40
environmental analyst might have to check river water
Temperature rise / °C
for contamination with small amounts of metal ions,

30
which may be harmful to local wildlife and also in the
drinking water supply.
20
2 a arrow under copper oxide [1]
b black [1] to orange/brown/pink [1] [2]
10
c diagram of condenser tube through [1] cooling
jacket [1] [2]
d extinguished [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5
3 a carbon or platinum [1] Number of carbon atoms in the alcohol formula
b cathode (negative electrode) [1]
d temperatures would be higher [1], because copper is
c bubbles [1] a good conductor [1] [2]
d i with an organic solvent – ethanol or
propanone [1]
ii using a hair dryer [1]
e 0.75, 1.00, 1.15, 1.15, 1.15 [1]

5 a chromatography [1] 6 a, b Provided in question as example answers.

b line below origin [1] c i white precipitate that dissolves in excess [3]
c inks colours would interfere with the result ii white precipitate, insoluble in excess [2]
(or words to that effect) [1] d solid contained water (of crystallisation) [1]
d difference: A had more colours that B [1]; similarity: e ammonia [1]
both contained colour E [1] [2]
f E is not a sulfate [1], contains nitrate ions [1] [2]
e C,D and E [1]

Physics mass
c density = volume [1]
102
= 25
Chapter P1 Making measurements [1]
= 4.08 g/cm3[1]
1 a volume = l × b × h[1]
d
= 8.4 × 8.0 × 5.5 [1] Sample m / g V2 V1 V / cm3 Density /
= 369.6 cm3[1] [1] / cm [1] / cm [1]
3 3
g/cm3 [1]
[1] [1]
mass B 144 80 44 36 [1] 4.0 [2]
b density = volume [1]
340 C 166 124 71 53 [1] 3.1 [2]

=
369.6 [1]

7 a water [1]
= 0.92 g/cm3[1]
b volume (of water) or water level [1]
2 mass of liquid = 203 – 147 [1]
c the stone [1]
= 56 g [1]
d volume (of water) [1]
density = mass e subtract or calculate the difference between [1]
volume [1]
first volume from (or and) second volume [1]
= 56
59 [1]
Chapter P2 Describing motion
= 0.95 g/cm3[1]
3 a volume = l × b × h[1] distance
1 average speed = time [1]
= 80 × 40 × 15 [1]
= 400
= 48 000 m3[1] 50 [1]
b mass = volume × density [1] = 8.0 m/s [1]
= 48 000 × 1.3 [1] 2 distance = speed × time [1]
= 62 400 kg [1] = 15 × 30 [1]
4 a Half-fill a measuring cylinder with water; record
= 450
m [1]
volume.[1]
3 a speed of light [1]
Place pebble in water, ensuring that it is submerged.[1]
b distance = speed × time [1]
Record new volume. [1]
4 Speed is uniform (constant) in both. [1]
Volume of pebble equals difference in recorded
The bus travels faster during B than A. [1]
volumes.[1]
5 a 800
b mass of pebble [1]
5 a 30.98 − 30.72 [1] 600
Distance / m
= 0.26 g [1] 400

mass
b density = volume
200
0.26
= 200
[1] 0
0 10 20 30 40
Time / s
= 0.0013 [1]
g/cm [1] 3 suitable scales chosen [1]
6 a V1 = 70 cm [1] 3 horizontal axis and scale correct [1]
V2 = 95 cm3[1] vertical axis and scale correct [1]
b V = 95 – 70 [1] five points correctly plotted and straight line
drawn[1]
= 25 cm3[1]

b Graph is straight line, [1] distance travelled

12 a average speed = time taken [1]
so constant speed. [1] b m/s [1]
6 speed is constant [1] c Graph is a horizontal straight line, showing that
acceleration = 0 [1] speed does not change. [1]
7 a d distance travelled = area under graph [1]
13 a 25 km [1]
b i accelerating or increasing speed [1]
Speed
ii steady or constant speed [1]

iii decelerating or slowing down [1]
c less than [1]
Time
14 a 30
horizontal axis showing time [1]
Speed / m/s
20
vertical axis showing speed [1]
rising straight-line graph starting at origin [1] 10
b
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time / s
Speed
horizontal axis and scale correct [1]

vertical axis and scale correct [1]
Time six points correctly plotted [1]
graph drawn through points [1]
horizontal and vertical axes showing time and
b acceleration = gradient of graph [1]
speed[1]
horizontal straight-line graph above axis, [1] 27
= 30 [1]

then decreases down to zero [1]
= 0.9 m/s2[1]
8 a B, D [2]
c distance = area under speed against time graph [1]
b A, E [2]
= area of triangle + area of rectangle [1]
c Acceleration is changing in the other section, C. [2] 1
= 2 × 30 × 27 + 20 × 27[1]

change in velocity = 405 + 540 [1]
9 acceleration = time taken [1]
= 945 m [1]
8.0
= 2.0 [1] 15 a i constant/steady/uniform speed or velocity or
speed or velocity = 2.5 (m/s) [1]
= 4 m/s2[1]
speed or velocity = 2.5 m/s [1]
10 initial speed = 0 m/s [1]
ii shape curving upward but not to vertical [1]
change in speed = acceleration × time [1]
b horizontal (straight) line (parallel to time /
= 2.3 × 4.0 [1]
x-axis)[1]
= 9.2 m/s [1]
speed c i horizontal straight line at 2.5 m/s from 0 to 2 s [1]
11 time = acceleration [1] ii straight line rising to the right as far as the edge
of the graph area [1]
24
= 5.6 [1] Δv = 4 m/s or gradient clearly 2 m/s2[1]
d horizontal straight line [1]

= 4.3
s [1]
at 0 m/s [1]

Chapter P3 Forces and motion 12 a the two 5000 N forces [1]
1 resultant force [1] They are equal in size but act in opposite
2 a weight [1] directions. [1]
b friction [1] b resultant force = 1300 – 1200 [1]
3 a weight downwards, air resistance upwards [2] = 100 N [1]
b zero [1] forwards (to the left) [1]
c The resultant force on it is zero, so it does not c The lorry will speed up (accelerate). [1]
accelerate.[2] 13 a i (engine) thrust and (air) friction [1]
4 a resultant force = 680 – 600 [1] ii force shown vertically upwards, anywhere on
= 80 N [1] plane[1]
upwards [1] distance
b i speed = time in any form [1]
b He will accelerate upwards. [1]
2200
5 a weight = mass × g [1] = 2.75 [1]
= 80 × 10 [1]
= 800 (km/h) [1]
= 800 N [1]
ii idea of headwind on outward journey or tailwind
b the same [1] on return journey or routes of different lengths or
c less [1] less friction or less weight [1]
6 a force = mass × acceleration [1] (v–u) or v or 8
14 a i t 3 [1]
b kilogram (kg) or gram (g); newton (N); metre per t
second per second (m/s2)[3] = 2.7 m/s2[1]
7 the bigger force acting on the smaller mass, [1] ii F = ma or 42 × 8/3 [1]
that is, the 10 N force acting on the 5 kg mass [1] = 112 N [1]
8 force = mass × acceleration [1] iii distance in first 3 s = 12 m [1]
= 20 × 5 [1] so distance in last 11.2 s = 88 m [1]

88
= 100 N [1] so final speed = 11.2 = 7.9m/s[1]
force b Any two from: lower top speed, longer total time,
9 acceleration = mass [1]
less steep slope at first, etc. [2]
1400 000
= 800 000 [1]
Chapter P4 Turning effects of forces
= 1.75 m/s2 [1]
1 moment [1]
change in speed 2 a resultant [1]
10 acceleration = [1]
time b zero [1]
(20 – 12)
= 6.4 [1] 3 a, b for example [3]
= 1.25
m/s2[1]
force = mass × acceleration [1] centre
of
= 1200 × 1.25 [1] mass
= 1500 N [1] centre
11 weight = mass × g [1] of
mass
= 50 × 1.6 [1]
= 80 N [1]
stable object unstable object

4 a x ii 0.50 m or 50 cm [1]

iii moment of force = 40 × 1.2 = 48 N m [1]
pivot [1] moment of weight = + 30 × 0.5 = 15 N m [1]
F
total clockwise moment = 48 + 15
b moment = force × distance from pivot [1] = 63
N
m [1]
c iv F × 0.2 = 63 [1]
Quantity Unit 63
F = = 315 N[1]
0.2
force N
v make bar longer or move pivot/stone to the left
distance m or move pivot to left or increase mass of bar [1]
moment of force Nm
[3]
Chapter P5 Forces and matter
1 a increases [1]
5 See Activity P4.03.
b decreases [1]
Make three small pinholes around the edge of the
lamina.[1] 2 If you stand upright, your weight is pressing down on a
small area. [1]
Suspend the lamina freely from a pin through
one hole. [1] This gives a high pressure. [1]
Mark a vertical line below the pin using a If you use a ladder, the pressure is less because your
plumb-line.[1] weight is spread over a greater area. [1]
Repeat this process for the other two pinholes. [1] 3 a extension = length when stretched – original
length[1]
The centre of mass is where the three lines
b graph b[1]
intersect.[1]
4 a The extension of a spring is proportional to the
6 contact
force centre load, provided the limit of proportionality is not
A 0.9 m
of mass B exceeded.[2]
1m
b load = stiffness × extension [2]
1.5 m c See Figure P5.05a. [3]
weight 5 extension = change in length [1]
of beam = 66 – 58 [1]
a centre of mass correctly marked, as in diagram [1] = 8.0 cm [1]
b arrows and labels added correctly [2] 6 extension for 5 N is 15 – 12 = 3.0 cm [1]
c moment of weight = force × distance [1] extension for 15 N is 3 × 3 cm = 9.0 cm [1]
= 200 N × 0.5 m [1] length is 12 + 9 = 21 cm [1]
= 100 N m [1] 7 See Activity P5.01.
moment of force F is F × 1.0 = 100 N m [1] Diagram or list indicating:
so F = 100 N [1] • spring hanging vertically from clamp [1]
d upward contact force = sum of downward forces [1] • weights hanging from end of spring [1]
= 200 N + 100 N [1] • ruler[1]
= 300 N [1] Student must measure:
7 a force and perpendicular distance (of force) • length of spring when weights added [1]
from the point [1]
• unstretched length of spring [1]
b i downward force arrow at centre of bar [1]
• repeated for at least five different weights. [1]

8 a Load / N Length / cm Extension / cm b 80

0.0 83.0 0.0
5.0 87.0 4.0 [1] 60
Extension / mm
10.0 91.0 8.0 [1]
15.0 95.0 12.0 [1] 40
20.0 99.0 16.0 [1]
b 2.0
20
1.5
0
Extension / cm
0 20 40 60 80
1.0 Load / N
horizontal axis and scale correct [1]

0.5 vertical axis and scale correct [1]
eight points correctly plotted [1]
0 graph drawn through points [1]
0 5 10 15 20
Load / N c Draw up from 25 N to intersect graph line [1]

horizontal axis and scale correct [1] from this intersection, go across to axis,
19 mm [1]

vertical axis and scale correct [1]
d the point where the graph line ceases to be

five points correctly plotted and graph drawn
straight[1]
through points [1]
force 40 N approximately [1]
9 a pressure = [1]
F area 11 a extension indicated between two broken
b P = [1] lines[1]
A
c [3] b i four points correctly plotted [2]
Quantity Unit
force N
straight line through points and origin [1]
ii proportional [1]
area m2
iii 1 newton(s) [1]
pressure Pa
2 extension = 25 − 26 mm [1]
10 a length = 75 − 76 mm [1]
Load / N Length / cm Extension / cm
12 a wall A has bigger area [1]
0 3.200 0
so lower pressure (on soil) [1]
10 3.207 7 b i two from
20 3.215 15 • depth/height of air/atmosphere
30 3.222 22 • density of air/atmosphere
40 3.230 30 • acceleration due to gravity or weight of air
50 3.242 42 • of air [2]

ii 1 the same as [1]
60 3.255 55
2 greater than or four times [2]
70 3.270 70

Chapter P6 Energy transformations b efficiency =

useful energy output[2]
× 100 %
and energy transfers energy input
1 2
1 8 a k.e. = 2 mv (m = mass, v = speed)[3]
Name Description
b g.p.e. = mgh (m = mass, g = acceleration due
kinetic energy energy of a moving object to gravity, h = height) [4]
internal energy energy stored in a hot object 9 work [1]
chemical energy energy stored in a fuel potential / gravitational / p.e. / g.p.e. / position [1]
light energy energy that we can see kinetic / k.e. / movement [1]
constant / the same / uniform [1]
sound energy energy that we can hear
joule(s) or J [1]
strain (elastic) energy stored in a squashed
energy spring 10 a weight = mass × g[1]
= 180 × 1.6 [1]
electrical energy energy carried by an electric
current = 288 N [1]
nuclear energy energy stored in the nucleus b change in g.p.e. = weight × change in height [1]
of an atom = 288 × 100 [1]
heat thermal energy escaping from a hot = 28 800 J [1]
energy object [9] c g.p.e. increases [1]
11 a mgh = 0.5 × 10 × 1.1 [1]
2 a chemical energy → light + heat [2]
= 5.5 J [1]
b electrical energy → kinetic energy [2]
b i 1.5 (J) [1]
c kinetic energy → electrical energy [2]
ii energy used to deform ball/ground or strain
d kinetic energy → thermal (heat) energy [2] energy stored in (deformed) ball/ground or
3 energy supplied = 100 J [1] heat generated in deformed ball/ground [1]
energy released = 93 + 7 = 100 J [1] c 9 + 5.5 = 14.5 J [1]
Energy before is equal to energy after, so energy is 1 2
k.e. = 2 mv [1]
conserved.[1] v = 7.6 m/s [1]
4 a gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy [2]
b kinetic energy → gravitational potential energy [2] Chapter P7 Energy resources
c Some energy is lost as heat due to friction 1 a resource [1]
and/or air resistance, [1] b Sun [1]
so the final g.p.e. cannot equal the original g.p.e. [1] c renewable [1]
d She needs to supply energy, [1] d fossil fuels; non-renewable [2]
by jumping up as she starts off. [1] e wind, electricity [2]
5 a heat energy [1] 2 a Trees and plants grow [1]
b efficiency [1] using sunlight as their energy source. [1]
c conservation [1] b Sunlight causes evaporation, producing
6 a thermal (heat) energy, electrical energy [2] clouds;[1]
b thermal (heat) energy [1] rain falls, and finally enters rivers, [1]
c Yes, because 90% of the energy is used, [1] whose water is trapped behind a dam. [1]
and only 10% is wasted. [1] 3 a g.p.e. [1]

b k.e. [1]
7 a waste energy = energy input – useful energy
output[2] c g.p.e. → k.e. → electrical energy [2]

4 a i fission [1] 4 Ahmed [1]

ii uranium [1] He lifts them to a greater height. [1]
b i fusion [1] 5 a Millie: speed = 25 = 0.50 m/s [1]
50
ii hydrogen [1]
Lily: speed = 100 = 0.40 m/s [1]
iii helium [1] 250
5 a Sunlight is always available in space, and not much b Millie [1]
power is needed on a spacecraft. [1] Because they are identical, the one with
But in cities, there are large numbers of people in a the greater speed has the greater power. [1]
small area, [1] 6 work done = energy transferred [1]
so there is not enough roof space for all the solar 7 a work done = force × distance moved [1]
cells that would be needed to generate enough = 250 × 12.0 [1]
power.[1]
= 3000 J [1]
b (for example) In a desert for roadside phones, [1]
b gain in g.p.e. = weight × increase in height [1]
because there is then no need to connect
= 700 × 2.5 [1]
the phone to the mains electricity supply. [1]
= 1750 J [1]
c A rechargeable battery can store the energy
produced by solar cells, [1] 8 a i gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) [1]
and can therefore supply electricity when the sun is ii force/mass/weight of (basket of) rocks [1]
not shining. [1] and height of cliff [1]
6 Renewable: two from hydroelectricity, solar, tidal, b chemical energy [1]
wind[2] c time taken [1]
Non-renewable: two from coal, oil, nuclear [2] to raise basket up cliff [1]
[At least two correct in each column for 4 marks; deduct 9 a weight = mass × g[1]
1 mark for any in incorrect column.]
= 45 × 10
7 a oil [1]
= 450 N [1]
nuclear fission [1]
b gain in g.p.e. = weight × increase in height [1]
b i gas lamp [1]
= 450 × 0.20 × 36 [1]
ii electric motor or loudspeaker [1]
= 3240 J [1]
iii microphone [1] work done
c power = [1]
time taken
Chapter P8 Work and power 3240
1 a more [1] = 4.2 [1]
b more [1] = 770 W [1]
2 a energy [1] = 0.77 kW [1]
b work [1] 10 a work done = force × distance moved [1]
3 a work done = force × distance moved = 780 × 100 [1]
(in the direction of the force) [2] = 78 000 J [1]
b [3]
Quality Unit b work done = force × distance moved [1]
W joule, J = 240 × 100 [1]
F newton, N [9] = 24 000 J [1]
1
c k.e = × 750 × 12 [1] 2
x metre, m 2
= 54 000 J [1]

d work done by engine = work done against If it is to become a gas, energy must be supplied
friction + k.e. [1] to overcome these forces and separate the
78 000 = 24 000 + 54 000 [1] particles.[1]
so energy is conserved [1] 11 a Molecules of ethanol leave the surface of the
liquid[1]
11 a M = V × D = 103 × 10-3[1]
so that its mass decreases. [1]
= 1.0 kg [1]
b The more energetic molecules of ethanol
b mgh = 1 × 10 × 0.8 [1]
are more likely to leave the liquid, [1]

= 8.0 J (or 8.0 N m) [1]
so the average energy of the molecules
E 8 × 90
c P = = [1] remaining decreases. [1]
t 60
= 12 W (or 12 J/s or 12 N m/s) [1] Hence its temperature decreases. [1]
d P = ρgh[1] 12 Shape Molecules
8000 Pa (or 8000 N/m2)[1]
a Solid fixed shape [1] vibrate about a
fixed position [1]
Chapter P9 The kinetic model of matter
b Liquid shape fills the move around,
1 See Figure P9.01 in the Coursebook. [6]
container from close together
2 See Figure P9.03 in the Coursebook. [3] the bottom [1]
3 a evaporation [1] c Gas completely fills move around,
b faster-moving or more energetic; decrease the container far apart [1]
or fall/drop [2]
4 a gas [1] 13 a i bombardment/collisions with air molecules/
b solid [1] particles[1]
c liquid [1] ii any two from
5 a solid [1] lighter / very small / smaller than smoke
b The particles are well separated and can move particles / too small to be seen fast-moving /
about within the volume of their container, [1] high kinetic energy random movement /
movement in all directions [2]
colliding with its walls and with each other. [1]
b i increases [1]
6 a energy [1]
ii air molecules/particles/atoms bombard/
b temperature [1]
hit walls [1]
7 a smoke particles [1]
molecules faster / higher energy when
b molecules of the air [1] temperature raised [1]
8 a particles of smoke [1] (not vibrate faster) greater force (per unit area)
b The smoke particles are moving because the or more collisions per second [1]
particles of the air are continually colliding with
them,[1]
Chapter P10 Thermal properties of matter
changing their speed and direction of motion. [1] 1 a See examples in Section P10.01 of the Coursebook. [1]
9 a slowly [1] b See examples in Section P10.01 of the Coursebook. [1]
b quickly [1] 2 a Liquid in bulb absorbs energy; gets hotter; expands;
c quickly [1] pushes up tube. [3]
10 a evaporation (or vaporisation) [1] b melting point of pure ice (0 °C); boiling point of pure
b In the liquid, forces between the particles hold water (100 °C) [2]
them together. [1] 3 a Mercury expands as its temperature increases. [1]

b b Electrons collide with particles in hotter region, gain

Definition Value
energy; move randomly to cooler region, collide with
lower melting point 0 °C [1] particles there, give them energy. [3]
fixed point of pure ice
4 expands; greater; less; lighter; rises; more; gravity;
upper boiling point of 100 °C convection[8]
fixed point pure water [1]
5
Good absorber Good emitter Good reflector
c (for example) the resistance of a resistor
matt [1] matt [1] shiny [1]
or thermistor [1]
black [1] black [1] white [1]
4 a A has greater range (120 °C, from –10 °C to +110 °C).
(B’s range is only 60 °C, from –10 °C to +50 °C.) [2]
6 a As the air is heated, it expands. [1]
b B is more sensitive. Each degree is a wider interval on
Its density decreases. [1]
the scale, so smaller changes can be measured. [2]
It is lighter than the surrounding air, so it floats
5 solids, liquids, gases[3]
upwards.[1]
6 a the thermocouple thermometer [1]
b The surrounding air is cooler and so less dense. [1]
b 100 °C [1]
It sinks and replaces the warm air rising above the
This is a fixed point on the Celsius scale. [1] flame.[1]
c the liquid-in-glass thermometer [1] 7 a Particles at the hot end have greater energy, so
It can measure to 0.5 °C (or better); vibrate more. [1]
the other measures to the nearest 1 °C. [1] They collide with neighbours, sharing energy with
d The properties of the two materials used in them.[1]
the thermometers do not vary linearly with Energy is thus transferred from the hot end to the
temperature.[1] cold end. [1]
The voltage of the thermocouple does not b The temperature of the cold end of the rod would
increase at a steady rate as the temperature rise more rapidly, [1]
goes up. [1] because metals are better conductors than
7 a 0 and 100 (°C) [1] plastics.[1]
b i expands [1] c electrons [1]
ii moves along the tube/up/to the right [1] 8 a walls made of glass – poor conductor [2]
stops at/near 100 mark [1] vacuum between walls – no conduction or
c arrow slightly to left of –10 mark [1] convection[2]
silvering – reflects away infrared radiation [2]
Chapter P11 Thermal (heat) energy transfers lid – prevents convection losses
1 a temperature; higher; lower [3] (but see part b)[2]
b metal; non-metal [2] b A liquid that is colder than its surroundings does not
heat the air above it, [1]
2
convection Warm fluid moves, carrying so no convection current rises above it. Hence a lid is
energy with it. not essential. [1]
radiation Energy travels as infrared waves. 9 a Air is a good insulator, so less heat is lost by
conduction Energy travels through a material conduction.[1]
without the material moving. [2] Cold air from the window cannot flow into the
room, so convection current losses are reduced. [1]
3 a Particles in hotter region vibrate more; collide
b Infrared (heat) radiation from below is reflected
with cooler neighbours and share energy; these
back into the house, [1]
vibrate more, pass energy on to their neighbours;
and so on. [3] so that less escapes from the house. [1]

c The glass wool prevents the movement of air in the c The vibrations of the instrument cause the air near
gap, so it is difficult for a convection current to be the instrument to vibrate. [1]
set up, [1] Compressions and rarefactions are formed, [1]
which would transfer energy from the inner wall to and these propagate through the air to the
the outer wall. [1] listener’s ear. [1]
10 a i conduction [1] 6 a trace A [1]
ii convection [1] The amplitude of trace A is the greatest. [1]
b heat lost at same rate as heat supplied [1] b trace C [1]
c i boiling [1] The frequency of trace C is the greatest (because more
ii steam [1] waves are contained in the same time interval). [1]
11 a i conduction [1] 7 You need a source of sound, [1]
ii atoms/free electrons at hot end vibrate more/ and two detectors in line with the sound. [1]
have more energy [1] You need to measure the distance between the two
share energy with others by collisions [1] detectors,[1]
b copper is a better conductor or iron is a worse and the time interval between the sound reaching
conductor[1] them.[1]
distance
c iron conducts heat slowly [1] Then use speed =
time
so gas above gauze is hot enough to burn [1] to calculate the speed of sound. [1]
copper conducts heat rapidly [1] 8
rarefaction where particles of the medium are
so gas above gauze is not hot enough to burn [1] spread out
compression where particles of the medium are
Chapter P12 Sound squashed together
1 a source [1] [1]
b vibrations [1] 9 a solid [1]
c echo [1] b (for example) Place ear against table,
d frequency; second [2] tap table at a distance [1]
e hertz [1] and hear the sound through the wood. [1]
f gases; vacuum [2] c distance travelled = 2 times length of rod
2 a greater frequency [2] = 800 m [1]
b greater amplitude [2] distance
speed = [1]
3 a [2] time
B A
800 m
= 0.16 s [1]
= 5000 m/s [1]
10 a i reflection or wave bounces back [1]
b D [2] from large object/sea bed [1]
ii distance = speed × time [1]
C = 1500 × 0.80 [1]
= 1200 (m) [1]
iii 1200/2 = 600 (m) [1]
4 shaded from 20 Hz to 20 kHz [2] b graph should show
5 a the air inside the instrument [1] uniformly sloping line [1]
b the strings of the instrument [1] with positive gradient [1]

11 a any large surface, e.g. wall / cliff / mountain [1] Two rays in different directions
b i when hears bang / sees flash [1] from a single point on the lamp [1]
ii when hears echo [1] reflect off the mirror correctly [1]
c i reading = 2.25 s [1] and are extrapolated back behind the mirror, [1]
so that the image is at the point where they cross. [1]
distance
speed = [1] b Each ray is reflected [1]
time
720 so that angle of incidence equals angle of
= [1]
2.25 reflection.[1]
= 320 (m/s) [1]
6 a ray 2
ii one from
F ray 1
inaccurate distance from firework I
F O
reaction time
wind [1]
Ray 1 continues straight through the centre of the
Chapter P13 Light lens,[1]
1 a See Figure P13.01 in the Coursebook. [4] ray 2 bends at the lens [1]
b angle of incidence = angle of reflection and passes through the principal focus F, [1]
i = r[2] so that the image is at the point where they cross. [1]
2 a virtual [1] b The image is diminished [1]
b the same size as [1] because it is shorter than the object. [1]
c object [1] c The image is inverted because it is below the axis. [1]
d left–right inverted [1] 7 See Figure P13.03a in the Coursebook. [5]
3 See Figure P13.08a in the Coursebook. [2] 8 a Ray diagram correctly drawn showing that the ray
passes through both surfaces undeflected, that is,
4 normal
the ray remains straight. [2]
b
mirror
angle of angle of
incidence i reflection r
incident ray reflected ray
incident and reflected rays

correctly drawn [1]
ray bends towards normal [1]
normal correctly drawn [1]
then away again [1]
angle of incidence correctly marked [1] so that it ends up parallel to original path [1]
angle of reflection correctly marked [1] c Parallel rays remain parallel. [1]
5 a image 9 a converging [1]
b closer than [1]
c virtual; magnified [2]
speed of light in a vacuum
mirror 10 a n = [2]
speed of light in the material
b
n = refractive index, i = angle of incidence,
r = angle of refraction [3]
object

11 See Figure P13.05a in the Coursebook. [6] Chapter P14 Properties of waves
12 a 1 energy; matter [2]
30° 30°
50° 50° 2 a bounces off [1]
A B b speed [1]
3 reflection, refraction (in either order)[2]
4 a 4.0 cm [1]
b 3.0 cm [1]
In block A, reflected ray at equal angle [1] c one wave = 4 cm so 10 cm = 2.5 waves [1]
and refracted ray bent away from normal. [1] so 2.5 waves pass in 1 s [1]
In block B, reflected ray only, [1] frequency = 2.5 Hz [1]
at equal angle. [1] d 2
b When the angle of incidence is greater than the 1

critical angle, [1]
y / cm
there is only an internally reflected ray; [1] 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
all of the ray is totally internally reflected. [1] –1
x / cm
13 a i any two of these three rays from top of object:

–2
parallel to axis to lens and on through focal point
undeviated through centre of lens correct value of amplitude [1]
as if from focal point to lens and then parallel correct value of wavelength [1]
to axis [2] 5
traced back to locate image [1]

ii
any two of:
virtual / upright / magnified / further from
lens / dimmer [2]
b i 3.4–3.6 cm [1]
ii magnifying glass[1]
14 a i image behind mirror [1] waves correctly reflected at barrier [1]
image same distance from mirror, along line separation remains as before [1]
perpendicular to mirror [1] 6 transverse describes a wave that varies from
ii reflected ray reaching eye [1] side to side, at right angles to the
direction of reflected ray coming from direction of travel
image[1] longitudinal describes a wave that varies back
b HIS, because S is not its own mirror image [1] and forth along the direction of
travel
c both rays straight on at first surface [1]
30° prism ray refracted down in air at second 7
surface[1] Symbol Quantity Unit
45° prism ray reflected down in glass at second v speed [1] m/s [1]
surface[1]
f frequency [1] Hz [1]
90° reflection [1]
λ wavelength [1] m [1]
straight on at third surface [1]

8 a decreases [1] b radio waves = lowest frequency, longest wavelength

b stays the same [1] gamma rays = highest frequency, shortest
c decreases [1] wavelength[2]
9 a speed = frequency × wavelength, v = f λ[1] 3 a false [1]
b v = f λ = 6 × 1014 × 3.75 × 10−7[1] b true [1]
= 2.25 × 108 m/s [1] c true [1]
10 4 300 000 000 m/s = 3.0 × 10 m/s
8
[1]
5 a electromagnetic [1]
short [1]
b film or photographic film or electronic detector
or charge-coupled device (CCD) [1]
c absorbed/stopped by bone (not deflected/
reflected)[1]
less absorption by flesh or penetrates/passes
through flesh [1]
waves are curved in space beyond barrier [1] d any one of:
separation remains as before [1] photographic film badges, behind screen when
11 a i amplitude[1] operating X-ray machine, protective clothing,
minimise exposure [1]
ii wavelength [1]
b i string moves air [1]
Chapter P16 Magnetism
backwards and forwards or up and down or 1 a i repel [1]
produces compressions and rarefactions [1]
ii attract [1]
ii gets quieter/softer/less loud [1]
b See Figure P16.02 in the Coursebook. [2]
12 a i R in correct position, by eye [1]
2 a i soft [1]
ii three reflected waves correctly meeting
ii hard [1]
mirror[1]
b i for example: steel [1]
three reflected waves equidistant and
centred on R [1] ii for example: soft iron [1]
b first ray plus reflection correct [1] 3 a See Figure P16.04a in the Coursebook. [1]
second ray plus reflection correct [1] b See Figure P16.04b in the Coursebook. [1]
reflected rays projected back, to meet behind 4 a one of the following:
mirror or labelled I and in correct position [1] electromagnet can be switched on and off
strength can be varied by changing current
Chapter P15 Spectra poles can be reversed by reversing current [1]
1 a red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet [2] b one of the following:
b red = lowest frequency, longest wavelength N and S poles at opposite ends
violet = highest frequency, shortest wavelength [2] field lines have same pattern [1]
2 a radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays [2]

5 a 2 a left-hand end of solenoid N [1]

repel N S attract right-hand end of solenoid S [1]
1 N N 3 b lines of force out of N poles and into S poles [1]
lines close together at poles, farther apart
elsewhere[1]
similar pattern for both magnet and solenoid [1]
S S
repulsion indicated by distortion of pattern [1]
attract N S repel 9 a (S) N S N [1]
4
b i
each correct pair of attractive or repulsive forces [4] Switch closed Switch open
b Soft iron magnetised loses its

N S magnetism
Steel magnetised keeps its
S N
magnetism [2]
ii
attractive force [1]
iii
with soft iron core [1]
N S
iv
can be switched on and off (or can be
S N stronger)[1]
10 a can be switched off [1]
magnets in a square arranged
can vary the strength [1]
N–S–N–S–N–S–N–S[1]
b i 1000 turns
with attractive forces shown [1]
ii iron
6 a bigger current [1]
iii 3.0 A [2]
more turns of wire or turns of wire closer together [1]
add an iron core [1]
Chapter P17 Electric charge
b (for example) in a scrapyard crane or an 1 a rubbed, friction, opposite [3]
electromagnetic door bolt [1]
b repel, attract [2]
7 a A soft magnetic material is easy to magnetise [1]
2 a electrons [1]
and to demagnetise. [1]
b negative [1]
A hard magnetic material is difficult to magnetise
and demagnetise. [1] c positively [1]
b A hard material [1] 3
Quantity Unit Symbol for unit
because it retains its magnetisation well. [1] force newton N
c A soft material [1]
electric charge coulomb C [4]
because its magnetisation can change easily. [1]
8 4 a positive [1]
b They are equal. [1]
N N S c Suspend one so that it can turn freely. [1]
S
Bring the other close to one end and observe
repulsion.[1]

5 a i iron or ferromagnetic [1] 5 cell

unmagnetised (before being brought near
magnet)[1]
(not non-magnetic) switch current
ii magnet [1]
b attracts (at first) [1]
repels after touching or angle of thread increases
lamp
as XY decreases [1]
6 a rub/rubbing [1] a series circuit correctly drawn [1]
with dry cloth [1] correct symbols with labels [3]
b i negative (−) [1] b at least two arrows around circuit [1]
ii opposite charges attract [1] from positive of cell [1]
c horizontal arrow to L, starting or ending c voltmeter [1]
on sphere [1]
d volt (V) [1]
d swings to R / moves away / is repelled [1]
6 + –
Chapter P18 Electrical quantities

1 a charge [1]
b positive, negative [2] A
2 a ammeter, series [1]
b voltmeter, parallel [1]
3 a R
A
V
a correct symbols for resistor, ammeter and power

supply[3]
connected in series [1]
V [4]
with voltmeter in parallel with resistor [1]
V b current [1]
b R = [1]
I c potential difference (p.d.) [1]
4 V
Unit Symbol for unit d R = [1]
I
Potential difference volt [1] V [1] 6.5
= [1]
1.25
Current ampere [1] A [1]
= 5.2 Ω [1]
Resistance ohm [1] Ω [1]

7 Equation In words In units

Q = I t charge = current × time [1] coulomb = ampere × second [1]
(C = A s)
V p.d. ohm = volt/ampere [1]
R= resistance = [1]
I current (Ω = V/A)
P = I V power = current × p.d. [1] watt = ampere × volt [1]
(W = A V)
E = I V t energy = current × p.d. × time [1] joule = ampere × volt × second [1]
(J = A V s)
Q
8 a I= [1] 10 a light [1]
t
30 b heat [1]
= [1]
20 c power = 36 W [1]
= 1.5 A [1]
d energy = power × time [1]
b E = Pt[1]
= 36 × 60 [1]
= IVt[1]
= 2160
J [1]
= 1.5 × 10 × 20 [1]
P
= 300 J [1] e I = [1]
V
9 a i 30
= [1]
12
= 3 A [1]
A
coil of Chapter P19 Electric circuits
wire
1 a current [1]
b sum [1]
2
V
battery/cell, ammeter, coil in series [1]

voltmeter in parallel with coil [1]
each symbol correctly drawn [4]
standard symbols used for battery/cell,
voltmeter and ammeter [1] 3 a melting, burning, fumes [1]
V b wire melts, breaks circuit [1]
ii R = [1]
I
iii any two of: c Fuse will not break for normal current, but will break
when current rises above this value. [1]
length (of wire) diameter/cross-section/
area (of wire) resistivity/type of material 4 a voltage (or p.d.) [1]
temperature[2] b shared [1]
6.0 c more (greater) [1]
b R = [1]
1.5 5 a series [1]
= 4.0 Ω [1]
b parallel [1]
resistance of AB = 1.0 Ω [1]
c series [1]
resistance per metre = 0.50 Ω/m [1]
d parallel [1]

6 1 1 1
Name of device Circuit symbol Description ii = + [1]
R 3 6
light-dependent resistance R = 2 Ω [1]
resistor (LDR) [1] decreases V
[1] c I = [1]
when light R
falls on it = 6.0 A [1]
thermistor [1] resistance d i stays the same [1]
[1] changes when
temperature ii decreases [1]
changes
Chapter P20 Electromagnetic forces
7 a 6V 1 current, magnetic, circles (or circular), wire [4]
2 current, magnetic, turning, rotate [4]
3 a The wire will swing the other way. [1]
b The wire will swing the other way. [1]
4 a force (motion) [1]
b magnetic field [1]
series circuit [1]
c current [1]
correct symbols for resistor, switch and
5 a downwards [1]
power supply [3]
b to the right, [1]
b 10 + 40 [1]
by Fleming’s left-hand rule [1]
= 50 Ω [1]
6 a downwards [1]
c 0.12 A [1]
b upwards [1]
d 0.12 A [1]
c The forces are unbalanced, [1]
8 a wires overheat (risk of fire) [1]
and so provide a turning effect. [1]
b fuse, trip switch [2]
d The force is zero, [1]
c Use thicker wires, [1]
because the current does not cut across the
which have lower resistance, [1]
magnetic field (it is parallel to the field). [1]
so there is less heating. [1]
7 a i current clockwise when viewed from top [1]
9 a in parallel [1]
ii anticlockwise or down on left and/or up
b 6.0 V [1] on right [1]
across each resistor [1] b i faster or greater turning effect [1]
c The 2 Ω resistor, [1] ii faster or greater turning effect [1]
because the resistance is lower. [1] iii faster or greater turning effect [1]
1 1 1
d = + [1]
R 2 3 Chapter P21 Electromagnetic induction
3 2 5 1 conductor, magnetic, induced, circuit, current [5]
+ = [1]
6 6 6
6 2 (answers from the top) d.c.; a.c.; a.c.; d.c.; a.c.; d.c.; a.c. [7]
R = = 1.2 Ω [1]
5 3 coil, rotate/turn, magnetic, e.m.f., current [5]
V 6
R = = [1] 4 high, smaller, less [3]
R 1.2
= 5.0 A[1] 5 a primary, core, secondary [3]
10 a i 4.0 V [1] b step-up, e.m.f./voltage [2]
ii 12 V [1] c step-down, e.m.f./voltage [2]
b i 6 Ω [1]

6 Vp = p.d. across primary coil d stronger magnetic field [1]

Vs = p.d. across secondary coil turn the coil faster [1]
Np = number of turns on primary coil Vp Np
11 a = [1]
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil [4] Vs Ns
5000 × 12
7 Ip = current in primary coil Ns = [1]
230
Vp = p.d. across primary coil = 261 [1]
Is = current in secondary coil b Ip × Vp = Is × Vs[1]
Vs = p.d. across secondary coil [4] 0.40 × 12
Ip = [1]
230
8 a The magnetic field around the wire is
= 0.021 A [1]
changing (it is cutting across field lines). [1]
b It will change sign / direction (from positive to
Chapter P22 Atomic physics
negative, or the other way round). [1]
1 [4]
c She should move the wire more quickly. [1] electron
d No, [1] nucleus
proton
because it is not cutting across the field lines /
the magnetic field is not changing. [1]
9 a so that less energy is lost during transmission [1]
Vp Np
b = [1] neutron
Vs Ns
Vs = Vp × Ns[1] 4
2 He
Ns
3 × 200
= 60 V [1]
10 2 Symbol Name What it tells us
c Use the primary coil as the secondary and the
secondary as the primary. [1] X chemical symbol [1] name of element [1]
10 a i X: coil [1] Z proton number [1] number of protons in
ii Y: slip rings [1] nucleus [1]
iii Z: brushes [1] A nucleon number [1] number of nucleons in

nucleus [1]
b A.c. flows back and forth, changing direction. [1]
D.c. flows in one direction only. [1] 3 proton number + neutron number = nucleon number [1]
4 a different numbers [1]
+
d.c. b the same number [1]
c different numbers [1]
Current
5 a 6 protons [1]
0
Time b 6 neutrons [1]
a.c. c 6 electrons [1]
6 a 79 + 118 [1]
–
= 197 [1]
197
correct (labelled) diagram [1] b Au[2] 79
c more turns [1] 7 a 19 [1]

bigger area [1] b 39 [1]
40
c 19 K[2]

8 13 a i 3 [1]
Radiation alpha beta gamma
ii 3 [1]
Penetration least in between most
penetrating penetrating [1] iii 4 [1]
iv 3 + 4 = 7 [1]
Absorption most easily in between least easily
7
absorbed [1] absorbed [1] b Li 7
3 [1]
Absorbed thin paper, thin metal thick lead or 14 a
Particle Charge Mass
by a few cm foil [1] concrete [1]
of air electron −1 m
neutron 0 [1] 2000m [1]
9 a (average) time, half, decay [3]
b See Figure P22.08 in the Coursebook.[3] proton +1 [1] 2000m [1]
10 β is more penetrating than α. [1] b i 92 [1]

Detect using Geiger counter. [1] ii 146 [1]
Place thin paper over sources − α does not pass iii 92 [1]
through.[1]
15 a i proton [1]
Place thin aluminium foil over sources − neither
ii proton and neutron [1]
passes through. [1]
b number of protons = 47 [1]
11 a it has negative charge [1]
number of neutrons = 107 − 47 = 60 [1]
b charged; Fleming’s left-hand rule [2]
c i 8 h ± 0.25 h [1]
c it is uncharged [1]
ii Choose two points on the graph; for each,
12
Use … because … halve the value and add 8 h to the time. [2]
Finding the age of radioactive substances
an object decay at a known rate.
Seeing through radiation can penetrate
solid objects matter.
Sterilising radiation can destroy living
medical cells.
equipment
Tracing the small amounts of radiation
movement can be detected.
of hazardous
substances [4]

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Cambridge IGCSE Combined and Co-ordinated Sciences Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Biology B chloroplast; [2]

1 © Cambridge University Press 2017

Time for litmus to go blue / s

2 © Cambridge University Press 2017

c i diffusion; [1] 5 a a protein catalyst, which speeds up the rate at which

3 © Cambridge University Press 2017

ii 30 2 a A chloroplast is an organelle that contains the

4 © Cambridge University Press 2017

b starch. This is an insoluble polysaccharide, which iii protein

5 © Cambridge University Press 2017

iii D diagram shows a molar tooth;

Chapter B6 Transport in plants

6 © Cambridge University Press 2017

7 © Cambridge University Press 2017

can be supported without breaking; lignin in walls to b E vena cava;

8 © Cambridge University Press 2017

9 © Cambridge University Press 2017

10 © Cambridge University Press 2017

5 a asexual; [1] fetus to mother: carbon dioxide

Chapter B11 Reproduction in humans

11 © Cambridge University Press 2017

12 © Cambridge University Press 2017

13 © Cambridge University Press 2017

14 © Cambridge University Press 2017

Chemistry Chapter C2 The nature of matter

15 © Cambridge University Press 2017

e i The third statement is correct: its melting point is 4 a i D

16 © Cambridge University Press 2017

2 a black solid  [1] iii lime/calcium oxide, or slaked lime/ calcium

17 © Cambridge University Press 2017

Chapter C7 How far? How fast? e i respiration  [1]

100.3 ii same mass / length / size / amount of magnesium

18 © Cambridge University Press 2017

• resistance to corrosion Chapter C9 Industrial inorganic chemistry

19 © Cambridge University Press 2017

Chapter C10 Organic chemistry

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d i CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O 3 a i structure of ethene: draw two C linked by a

Ethanol is more environmentally friendly because it is/ C C

can be a renewable fuel. Any carbon dioxide released can H H [1]

Methane is more environmentally friendly as it produces e i steam [1]

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f i it is a gas which absorbs heat (1); retains heat in

Total increase in mass / g

Chapter C12 Chemical analysis 0.00

1 Analysis of the substances we discover and use in

for contamination with small amounts of metal ions,

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5 a chromatography  [1] 6 a, b Provided in question as example answers.

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340 C 166 124 71 53 [1] 3.1 [2]

= 0.26 g [1] 400

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b Graph is straight line, [1] distance travelled

ii steady or constant speed [1]

horizontal axis showing time [1]

horizontal axis and scale correct [1]

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= 20 × 5 [1] so distance in last 11.2 s = 88 m [1]

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4 a x ii 0.50 m or 50 cm [1]

Biology B chloroplast; [2]

c i diffusion; [1] 5 a a protein catalyst, which speeds up the rate at which

5 a asexual; [1] fetus to mother: carbon dioxide

2 a black solid [1] iii lime/calcium oxide, or slaked lime/ calcium

Chapter C7 How far? How fast? e i respiration [1]

Methane is more environmentally friendly as it produces e i steam [1]

5 a chromatography [1] 6 a, b Provided in question as example answers.

= 0.26 g [1] 400

b Graph is straight line, [1] distance travelled

ii steady or constant speed [1]

horizontal axis showing time [1]

horizontal axis and scale correct [1]

= 20 × 5 [1] so distance in last 11.2 s = 88 m [1]

4 a x ii 0.50 m or 50 cm [1]

horizontal axis and scale correct [1]

50 3.242 42 • of air [2]

and only 10% is wasted. [1] 3 a g.p.e. [1]

4 a i fission [1] 4 Ahmed [1]

b When the angle of incidence is greater than the 1

8 a decreases [1] b radio waves = lowest frequency, longest wavelength

5 a 2 a left-hand end of solenoid N [1]

5 a i iron or ferromagnetic [1] 5 cell

battery/cell, ammeter, coil in series [1]

6 Vp = p.d. across primary coil d stronger magnetic field [1]

iii Z: brushes [1] A nucleon number [1] number of nucleons in

c more turns [1] 7 a 19 [1]

10 β is more penetrating than α. [1] b i 92 [1]