c. Compound Generator – have both series field winding and shunt field winding. One 3.

Under – Compound Generator

winding is placed in series with the armature and the other is placed in parallel with the
armature.
c.1. Types of Compound Generator According to Field Connections
a. Cumulative Compounding – the flux produced by each field are in the same direction.
- if the full-load voltage is less than the no-load voltage
c.3. Generator’s External Characteristics
The figure shows the ability of delivering output voltage of a DC generator with the change in
load current from no load to full load. These are also called characteristic curves. From the
performance curve we can get a clear idea about the voltage regulation of various kind of DC
generators. The lower the voltage regulation will be, the performance of the generator will be
better.

∅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∅𝑠ℎ + ∅𝑠𝑒

b. Differential Compounding – the flux produced by each field are in opposite direction.

∅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∅𝑠ℎ − ∅𝑠𝑒 c.4. Voltage Regulation is the percent change of the terminal voltage from no-load to full-
load.
c.2. Degree of Compounding is determine primarily by the number of series field turn or
more particularly by the full-load series ampere-turn with respect to shunt ampere-turn. 𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
%𝑉𝑅 = ∗ 100%
𝑉𝐹𝐿
1. Flat – Compound Generator
- if the effects of the series and shunt fields are such that the full-load voltage
is same as no load induced emf.

2. Over – Compound Generator

- if the full-load voltage is greater than the no-load voltage

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c.5. Generator’s Efficiency – the ratio of the power output and the power input b. Mechanical Losses – sometimes called constant loss or stray load loss or rotational loss. It is
constant provided that the speed and flux are also constant.

1. Core Loss [𝑃𝐶𝑂 ]

Power Input DC Generator Power Output a. Eddy Current Loss [𝑃𝑒 ]
𝑃𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑁 2 ∅2 , Ke = proportionality constant

b. Hysteresis Loss [𝑃ℎ ]

Electrical Mechanical 1.6 , Ke = proportionality constant
𝑃ℎ = 𝐾ℎ 𝑁𝛽𝑚
Losses Losses
𝛽𝑚 = maximum flux density

2. Friction and Windage Loss [𝑃𝑓𝑤 ]

- due to friction and ventilating bearing, vibration etc
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
%𝐸𝑓𝑓 = =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 3. Stray Load Loss [𝑃𝑆𝐿 ]
- flux distortion
- 1% of the power output for machine 150 kW and over
c.6. Types of Power Losses

a. Electrical Losses – losses due to its windings and brush contact

1. Armature Loss [𝑃𝑎 ]

𝑃𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎

2. Shunt Field Loss [𝑃𝑠ℎ ]

2
𝑃𝑠ℎ = 𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑠ℎ

3. Series Field Loss [𝑃𝑠𝑒 ]

2
𝑃𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒

4. Diverter Loss [𝑃𝑑 ]

𝑃𝑑 = 𝐼𝑑2 𝑅𝑑

5. Brush Contact [𝑃𝑏 ]

𝑃𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏 𝐼𝑏

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c.7. Types of Compound Generator 𝐸𝑔 =
𝑝∅𝑍𝑁
also, ∅ = 𝑘𝑁(𝐼𝑠ℎ ± 𝐼𝑠𝑒 )
60𝑎
a. Short Shunt Compound Generator – the shunt field winding is connected across the
armature winding then the combination is connected in series with the series field winding and Power Generated [Pg]:
the load. 𝑃𝑔 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎

Load Power [PL]:

𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝐼𝐿

example13: A short shunt compound generator has an armature, shunt field and series field
resistances of 0.02Ω, 80Ω and 0.03Ω respectively. The generator’s induced emf is 510V when
the terminal voltage is 500V. How much load current is delivered under this condition? ANS
Eg IL=197.47A

Voltage-Current Relationship:

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠ℎ + 𝐼𝑠𝑒

𝑉𝑠ℎ
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
𝑅𝑠ℎ

𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑉

𝐸𝑔 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑉 + 𝑉𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ

Where, 𝐼𝑎 = armature current

𝑅𝑎 = armature resistance
𝐼𝐿 = load current
𝐼𝑠𝑒 = series field current
𝑅𝑠𝑒 = series field resistance
𝐼𝑠ℎ =shunt field current
𝑅𝑠ℎ = shunt field resistance
𝑉 = terminal voltage
𝑉𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ = total brush contact drop
pg. 3 1st edition MARADAZA2017
example14: A short shunt compound dc generator generates a load of 50A at a terminal voltage example15: A 20kW short shunt compound generator works at full load with terminal voltage
of 250V. The armature, series field and shunt field resistances are 0.05Ω, 0.03Ω and 250Ω of 250V. The armature, series field and shunt field resistances are 0.05Ω, 0.025Ω and 100Ω
respectively. Calculate the over-all efficiency if the constant loss is 325W. ANS %Eff=94.1 respectively. Calculate the generated emf. ANS Eg=256.126V

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b. Long Shunt Compound Generator – the series field is connected in series with the 𝐸𝑔 =
𝑝∅𝑍𝑁
also, ∅ = 𝑘𝑁(𝐼𝑠ℎ ± 𝐼𝑠𝑒 )
armature winding then the combination is connected in parallel with the shunt field winding to 60𝑎
supply the connected load.
Power Generated [Pg]:
𝑃𝑔 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎

Load Power [PL]:

𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝐼𝐿

example16: A four pole, lap wound long shunt compound generator has 1200 armature
conductor. The armature, series field and shunt field resistances are 0.1Ω, 0.15Ω and 250Ω
respectively. If flux per pole is 0.075Wb. Calculate the speed at which the machine should be
driven so that it can deliver the load of 50kW at 500V. Take over-all voltage drop due to brush
contact as 2 volts. ANS N=351.67 rpm
Eg

Voltage-Current Relationship:

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠ℎ + 𝐼𝐿

𝑉𝑠ℎ 𝑉
𝐼𝑠ℎ = =
𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑠ℎ

𝐸𝑔 = 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 ) + 𝑉 + 𝑉𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ

Where, 𝐼𝑎 = armature current

𝑅𝑎 = armature resistance
𝐼𝐿 = load current
𝐼𝑠𝑒 = series field current
𝑅𝑠𝑒 = series field resistance
𝐼𝑠ℎ =shunt field current
𝑅𝑠ℎ = shunt field resistance
𝑉 = terminal voltage
𝑉𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ = total brush contact drop
pg. 5 1st edition MARADAZA2017
example17: A 250kW, 230V compound generator is delivering 80A at 230V. The shunt field
current is 12A. Armature resistance is 0.007Ω and series field resistance is 0.002Ω. The stray example18: A long shunt dc compound generator drives 20 lamps, al are connected in parallel.
power loss is 5500W and the generator is connected long shunt. Determine the full load Terminal voltage is 550V with each lamp resistance as 500 ohms. If 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 25Ω, 𝑅𝑎 = 0.06Ω,
efficiency at rated voltage. ANS %Eff=92.89 and 𝑅𝑠𝑒 = 0.04Ω, calculate the generated emf series ANS Eg=554.4V

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f. Parallel Operation of DC Generators b. Terminal Voltage & Polarity must be the same

In modern power system, power is usually supplied by many synchronous generators connected
in parallel which helps to maintain continuity of plant operations.

G1
G2 LOAD

G3
BUS BAR
f.3. Characteristic Triangle of DC Generators
f.1. Advantages of Parallel Operation of DC Generators
V
a. Cost Effectiveness VNL
b. Smooth Supply of Power
c. Easy to Maintain V
ΔV
d. Easy to Increase Plant Capacity VFL
ΔI
f.2. Requirements for Parallel Operation of DC Generators

a. The same external characteristics

IL
V I IFL

By Ratio and Proportion:

∆𝑉 𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
=
∆𝐼 𝐼𝐹𝐿
GEN B Recall:
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
GEN A %𝑉𝑅 =
𝑉𝐹𝐿

∆𝑉 𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 𝑉𝐹𝐿

= ∗
∆𝐼 𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑉𝐹𝐿

IL
pg. 7 1st edition MARADAZA2017
 ∆𝑉 %𝑉𝑅 (𝑉𝐹𝐿 )
=
∆𝐼 𝐼𝐹𝐿
example19: Two 220V generators operates in parallel, one machine has a terminal voltage of example20: Two dc shunt generators in parallel supply together a 2000A load current. The
270V at no-load and 220V at load current of 35A. The other machine has a terminal voltage of machines have armature resistances of 0.04Ω and 0.025Ω, field resistances of 25Ω and 20Ω,
280V at no-load and 220V at load current of 50A. Calculate the new bus voltage and power and induced emfs of 440V and 420V respectively. Find the terminal voltage and power share of
share of each machine if the total load current is 60A. ANS VL=236.3V, P1=5.574kW, P2=8.61kW each generator. ANS VL=396.37V, P1=426.056kW, P2=366.79kW

pg. 8 1st edition MARADAZA2017