Chapter III

Vector

3.3 Applying the principle of sums of a kind vector

(ex. displacement)
4.3 Designing the experiment to determine a kind
vector resultant (ex. displacement) and
presenting the result and the physical meaning

Why should we learn?

• Analyzing vector of displacement of an object in a story question form

• Drawing vector of displacement acted on an object
• Breaking vector into its parts
• Doing addition of vectors or vector resultant through the parallelogram and according to the
vector parts
• Determining the vector direction
• Explaining the similarity property of two vectors and negative property of a vector
• Making an experiment design to determine a kind vector resultant (displacement vector)
• Presenting the experiment result to determine a kind vector resultant
 • Analyzing multiply vector by scalar
• Drawing a concept about scalar and vector product (dot and cross)
• Analyzing the vector of average and instantaneous velocity of an object
• Analyzing the vector of average and instantaneous acceleration of an object
• Drawing a concept about forces as a vector quantity

Vector
Quantities

Basic Properties of Results of

Vector Sum multiplication of
Vector
scalar and vector

Parallelogram Its Parts

Method

Direction and Resultant

Analysis

Displacement Velocity Acceleration

Vector Vector Vector

Force as a
vector









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In the previous discussion has been described
that the physical quantities are grouped by unit,
they are base and derived quantities. In addition
to unit, the physical quantities can also be
grouped based on the presence or absence of
direction. The quantity having the direction is
called vector, while the quantity having no
direction is called the scalar quantity. In this
chapter, we will examine the properties of vectors
in general and the properties of displacement,

Why is it important to learn vectors?

This question will be answered with the following question: Have you ever

booked an online transport? If the driver asks your position from a

particular point or a particular house, what do you answer? Will you only

answer 10 meters from the current driver position? Of course not, you will

answer with the direction of 10 meters to west or east or north or south of

driver position.


Let’s see Figure 3.2! A plane is doing

a circular motion seen from above with

the same speed, but its velocity
GPS is one of the navigation
changes. How can?
technologies that we often use in
everyday life. Before GPS, to

navigate aircraft, known as the
VOR (Very High-Frequency

Omnidirection Range (VOR)
navigation system, what is
navigation? Navigation is a
system of positioning and point
direction on earth What do you
Figure 3.1. Illustration of GPS in aircraft find related to vector quantities?
https://www.liputan6.com/tekno/read/21542
47/kenapa-teknologi-gps-tak-bisa-temukan-
airasia-qz8501


Thus, an object can have a velocity that is not fixed, although the magnitude

of the speed it has fixed. This is due to the change of the direction as it moves.

Therefore, mathematically from Figure 3.2 can be formulated
𝑣⃗# ≠ 𝑣⃗% ≠ 𝑣⃗#






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Displacement Vector


A quantity that expresses the

distance of a straight line and the
direction from one point in space to
another is a directed line segment
called a displacement vector.
Usually the displacement vector is
used to describe the results for the
vector in general. Note Figure 3.3.
Figure 3.2 Aircraft that perform circular
motion seen from the top of the plane

P3
P2 Definition of Trigonometry

By using a right triangle, can be
P1 formulated the angle and length of

the sides
+,-./ 3
sin 𝜃 = /12/ = 4 or 𝑎 = 𝑐 sin 𝜃
9:;< =
cos 𝜃 = = 4 or 𝑏 = 𝑐 cos 𝜃
/12/
+,-./ 3
Figure 3.3 The object moves from P1 to point tan 𝜃 = = = or 𝑎 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃
A1BC

P3 through point P2 by passing a different
path with its displacement vector

Figure 3.3 reveals that the displacement

vector represented by thick lines and
arrows is different from the distance 𝑐
𝑎
taken. Therefore, the displacement does
not depend on the distance through which
𝜃
the particle travels, but only at its final
𝑏
point.

If you shift the pot from position O to a
place marked with Y, as in Figure 3.4,
then from point O, the pot will have the 𝑟⃗F
position represented by the position
vector 𝑟⃗E . When the pot is shifted again
so that its current position is marked 𝑟⃗E

with the letter X, then the pot has a 𝑟⃗FE
position 𝑟⃗F when measured from point O
and 𝑟⃗FE when measured from point Y. Figure 3.4 Pots shifted from point
O to Y then to X



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Therefore, position 𝑟⃗F will be obtained If there are two vectors X and Y as
from the position 𝑟⃗E by shifting the pot in figure 3.5, how do the steps add
𝑟⃗FE . Thus, the position vector 𝑟⃗F is the up the two vectors?
sum of vectors 𝑟⃗E with vector shifting 𝑟⃗FE , X

can be mathematically written
X+Y Y
𝑟⃗F = 𝑟⃗E + 𝑟⃗FE ………………………… (3.1)
Y


X

Y Figure 3.8 Vector Sum of X and Y
comutatively
X
Figure 3.5 Y and X vectors Through the results of the
There are two methods, namely by analysis, apply that, |𝐗 + 𝐘| ≠
using the parallelogram method and 𝑋 + 𝑌, except for 𝜃 = 0. Angle
based on the vector parts. 𝜃 = 0 it means there is no
angle between X and Y, Thus
The Steps
Vector Sum using known that Y is parallel to X and
Parallelogram Method the magnitude of cos 0 = 1, so
|𝐗 + 𝐘| = 𝑋 + 𝑌. If the
1. Shifting X vector, without changing the O
magnitude of 𝜃 = 90 , and cos
direction, until tail of X vector stick on the 90 = 0, Thus |𝐗 + 𝐘| =
head of Y vector, as in Figure 3.6 √𝑋 % + 𝑌 %
X


Y Y+X X

X+Y Y
Figure 3.6 Vector Sum of Y and X 𝑟 Y q a
vector X
2 Y+X is a vector beginning from tail of Y and 𝑅
end on head of X.

Try do vector sum, but by shifting Y vector! Figure 3.9 Determining the
The vector sum will look like in Figure 3.7. magnitude and direction of X+Y


X+Y
Y


X



Figure 3.7 Vector Sum of X and Y vectors
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Merging of Figures 3.6 and 3.7 can be seen in Since the form of
Figure 3.8 and shows that the vector sum is vector analysis is

a parallelogram,
commutative. Mathematically can be written
this calculation
(3.2) technique is
𝐗 + 𝐘 = 𝐘 + 𝐗
called the
parallelogram
method

Based on Pythagoras theorem, the Through the results of the analysis
magnitude of X + Y, or |𝐗 + 𝐘| obtain carried out, apply that |𝐗 + 𝐘| ≠
% %
|𝐗 + 𝐘| = 𝑟 + 𝑅 % 𝑋 + 𝑌, except for 𝜃 = 0. The angle
q is an angle which is formed between Y 𝜃 = 0 means there is no angle
and X, while a is angle of X + Y to X. The between X and Y, therefore known
angle of a is the direction of X + Y to the that Y is parallel to X and the
horizontal. (See the Trigonometry magnitude cos 0 = 1, so |𝐗 + 𝐘| =
Definition). Thus, it can be written 𝑋 + 𝑌. If 𝜃 = 90O , so cos 90 = 0,
mathematically thus |𝐗 + 𝐘| = √𝑋 % + 𝑌 %
𝑟 = 𝑌 sin 𝜃and𝑅 = 𝑋 + 𝑌 cos 𝜃

Thus:
|𝐗 + 𝐘|% = (𝑌 sin 𝜃)% + (𝑋 + 𝑌 cos 𝜃 )%
= 𝑌 % sin% 𝜃 + 𝑋 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃 + 𝑌 % cos% 𝜃
Based on trigonometry identity sin% 𝜃 + cos% 𝜃 = 1,
sehingga
|𝐗 + 𝐘|% = (𝑌 sin 𝜃)% + (𝑋 + 𝑌 cos 𝜃 )%
= 𝑋 % + 𝑌 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃
It will be obtained
(3.3)
|𝐗 + 𝐘| = V 𝑋 % + 𝑌 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃

How about the direction a of |𝐗 + 𝐘| ?


𝑌 sin 𝜃 𝑋 + 𝑌 sin 𝜃
sin 𝛼 = cos 𝛼 =
√𝑋 % + 𝑌 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃 √𝑋 % + 𝑌 % + 2𝑋𝑌 cos 𝜃

Vector sum is also called vector resultant.






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Vector Parts

Look at this picture below

R F F
Y B F
X A
S
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 3.10 Vector F formed by vector sum

Based on figure 3.10(b), vector F is the resultant of vector sum between R and
S, while Figure 3.10(c) indicates that vector F is formed because of X and Y.
Figure 3.10(d) also states that vector F is the resultant of vector sum between A
and B. Thus there are many ways to elaborate parts of vector F. Now see Figure
3.11

Q S
R F
P
S

Figure 3.11 Parts of Vector F made by vector sum of P,Q and S, besides also
vector sum of R and S.

Thus, since a vector can be elaborated into many vectors, it is convenient to make
an agreement, that is to describe the vector can be reflected in accordance with
the vertical axis and the horizontal axis, as in Figure 3.10 (c). Thus the sum also
adjusts to the axis. Do the following things so you can understand them!

A vector F has length 20 units. The vector is elaborated into two vectors
(they are A and B) such that the vector A make an angle 450 to vector F. If
vector A has length 25 units, what is the length of B? what is the angle of
vector B to F? (Tips: Draw the illustration)





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Before performing the vector sum with the elaboration of vector parts, let us
practice outlining the vector parts. The parts of a vector is the projection of that
vector on the line in the space obtained by drawing a perpendicular line from the
vector to the axis, as Figure 3.12


y


A
Ay
q x
Ax
Figure 3.12 Part of vector A related to the magnitude of A and angle q is Ax = A
cos q and Ay = A sin q

Projection vector on the vertical is vertical part of a vector. Figure 3.12 shows
vector A on xy plane. This vector has parts Ax and Ay. Generally the parts can be
positive or negative. Through the agreement, If vector direction on x axis is
negative, so Ax has negative value, so does Ay if the direction is on y axis
negative, the value Ay is negative. If q is angle of vector A and x axis, so
XY
tan 𝜃 = (3.4)
XZ
XY
sin 𝜃 = (3.5)
X
XZ
cos 𝜃 = (3.6)
X

and A is the magnitude A. Therefore, parts of vector A analytically from the

magnitude A and the angle q is :
𝐴F = 𝐴 cos 𝜃 (3.7)
and
𝐴E = 𝐴 sin 𝜃 (3.8)
Otherwise if known Ax and Ay, the angle of q can be obtained from equation 3.4
and the magnitude of A from Pythagoras theorem:
𝐴= 𝐴F% + 𝐴E%











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 Student’s Worksheet
Vector à Physical quantity having direction and
magnitude

Vector quantities such as …………………………………………

(give 5 physical quantities)

A vector of w have length 5 units to the west and vector v is twice vector w. If
vector direction can be illustrated as arrowhead and initial point of vector is the
other end, and the length of arrow is described as the magnitude of vector, draw
both of vectors! (1 swath = 1 unit)

Explain how velocity is vector, but speed is not! (Tips : circular motion of an
object moves with constant speed)

Displacement Vector
Why displacement vector doesn’t depend on motion trajectory? (Explain using
picture)

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 Vector Sum
𝑟⃗F
Write in mathematics the vector sum of picture
beside!
𝑟⃗E
𝑟⃗FE

Parallelogram Methods
Vector Sum
Its parts

Parallelogram Methods
Write the procedure how to do vector addition using parallelogram methods for
this case (tips : make a parallelogram vector and determine which angle is the
resultant direction of the vector)

Determine the direction of this resultant vector

Vector addition is commutative. It can be written

mathematically
𝐗+𝐘 =𝐘+𝐗

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 Based on its parts
Describe the parts of these
Ax 𝐀 = 𝐴F 𝐢 − 𝐴E 𝐣
vectors using vector units!
q 𝐴F = 𝐴 cos 𝜃
A 𝐴E = 𝐴 sin 𝜃
Ay
B

𝜃 is an angle between vector A and

horizontal. i and j are vector units of x C
and y axis. Vector unit is a direction of
vector parts. If the vector in 3d, so vector
unit k represents direction of vector
parts in z axis.

Vector unit is

Vector properties

Addition

Similarity

Negative

Substraction

Multiply Vector by scalar

Similarity of Vector

A
B
Determine the relation between vector A and B including its parts, magnitude,
and direction!

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 Negative of a vector

A
B

Determine the relation between vector A and B including its parts, magnitude,
and direction!

Substraction
A
B
C -B

Write the relation between vector C and A , B!

Try to draw your residence map and the village surrounding

your village, then analyze the position of a place in your
village using vector!

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 Student’s Worksheet

Multiply Vector by Scalar

Generally, if V is any vector and l is a scalar (real number), so vector lV is the vector
defined as follows :

1. If l = 0, so lV is zero vector
2. If l < 0, so lV has opposite direction to V, and the magnitude is |l|
multiplied by magnitude of vector V
3. If l > 0, so lV has the same direction as vector V and the magnitude is l
multiplied by magnitude of vector V




For example A and B are two vectors and both of them make an angle q
and then 𝑎 is a scalar. Prove that multiplication vector by scalar is
distributive, they are :
𝑎(𝐀 + 𝐁) = 𝑎𝐀 + 𝑎𝐁
𝑘(𝐀 − 𝐁) = 𝑘𝐀 − 𝑘𝐁
𝐀(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎𝐀 + 𝑏𝐀


Scalar and Vector Product
Parts Scalar Product (dot) Vector Product (cross)
Equation
Properties
Direction of
the result
Parallel
vector
product
Perpendicular
vector
product

Assignment :
Make an experiment design to determine a resultant vector plane in school field!
Then do like what you plan and make the experiment report!
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 Velocity Vector

Average velocity vector is

∆𝐫
𝐯c3d3ec3d3 =
∆𝑡

Acceleration Vector

Average Acceleration Vector is defined by the ratio (comparison) between the

change of instantaneous velocity vector ∆𝐯 and time interval ∆𝑡:
∆𝐯
𝐚c3d3ec3d3 =
∆𝑡
Instantaneous acceleration vector is the limit of this ratio when the time interval
approaches zero. it means instantaneous acceleration is a derivative of velocity
vector to time:
∆𝐯 𝑑𝐯
𝐚 = lim =
∆d→O ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

To calculate the instantaneous acceleration, we denote v in vertical coordinates

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∆𝐫 = 𝑣F 𝐢 + 𝑣E 𝐣 = 𝐢+ 𝐣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Therefore
∆𝐯 𝑑𝑣F 𝑑𝑣E 𝑑% 𝑥 𝑑% 𝑦
𝐚 = lim = 𝐢+ 𝐣= 𝐢+ 𝐣
∆d→O ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Remember that a particle can move at constant speed and stay accelerated if its
velocity vector changes.

Force as A Vector

Figure 3.17 Two kids will move the table from initial position to another position

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 Beside displacement, velocity and acceleration, force is vector quantity. Notice
when you want to move the table to another corner of the house and ask for help
from your friends, as in Figure 3.17. If you both push, the table will remain silent,
so if you both pull, the table will also remain silent. Therefore, you have to give
push and pull in the same direction, so the table can move. push or pull is called
Force. Hence the force is also a vector quantity.

And another vectors, vector sum and properties in vector quantities apply
generally. Therefore, to perform the operation of the calculation, need to pay
attention to these rules.

Questions
Find the sum of the following
1
displacement vectors :
A = 5.0 m at 370 North of East A car moves 150.0 m at 630 nort of
2
B = 6.0 m at 450 North of West east. It stays at rest for a while then
C = 4.0 m at 300 South of West moves 300 m at 340 south of west.
D = 3.0 m at 600 South of East Find the total displacement!

3 Vector A represents a displacement in meters expressed in unit vector notation
as A = 2i + 6j + 3k
Vector B represents a second displacement
B = 5i - 3j - 2k
Find the dot product of the two vectors, cross product, and the angle between
them.

A student carries a lump of clay from the ground floor door of

4
skyscraper (on Grant Street) to the elevator, 24 m away. She then
takes elevator to the 11th floor. Finally she exits the elevator and
carries the clay 12 m back toward Grant Street. Determine the total
displacement for the clay if each floor is 4.2 m above the floor below!

A bicycle tire (Radius = R = 0.4 m) rolls along the ground (with no slipping) 5
through three-quarters of a revolution. Consider the point on the tire that
was originally touching the ground. How far has it displaced from its starting
position?

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Find the equilibrant force for the system of forces described here:
6
Force A : 20 N at 200
Force B : 40 N at 2300

Two displacements with magnitudes of 10 m and 12 m can be

7
combined to form resultant vectors with many different magnitudes.
Which of the following magnitudes can result from these two
displacements? 22 m, 2 m, 30.9 m, 15.6 m. For the possible resultants
what angle exists between the original displacements?

Are vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑤

qq⃗ Which of the following vectors
8
equivalent? have the same y component as
vector 𝑎⃗?
9

Which of the following are vector quantities?? 10

i.. The velocity of a frisbee
ii.. The width of a crater made by an asteroid
iii.. The speed of a car on the highway
iv.. The displacement of a billiard ball after it is struck by the cue ball

Steve walks from Point P to Point Q.. The curved part of his path 11
is a semicircle. What is the magnitude of his displacement from
point P to point Q??

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Does Vector 𝑎⃗ have initial point (4,8) and a terminal point (2,4)? 12


A Physics teacher, Susan, drove to her high school which is located 15km
13
East from her house. After school, she drove to her children's elementary
school which is 10 km South from her high school. Then, she drove to a
grocery store, located 15km West from the elementary school. Finally, she
drove back to home with her kids and several grocery bags. Choose a true
statement from the following:
A. The total distance she traveled from her house to elementary school is
18 km.
B. The magnitude of the displacement vector from the high school to the
grocery store is 25 km.
C. The magnitude of the displacement vector for the whole trip is 50 km.
D. The magnitude of the displacement vector from her house to the
grocery store is 10 km.

Steve is driving in his car to take care of some errands. The first errand
has him driving to a location 2 km East and 6 km North of his starting
location. Once he completes that errand, he drives to the second one
which is 4 km East and 2 km South of the first errand. What is the
14
magnitude of the vector that describes how far the car has traveled
from its starting point, rounded to the nearest km?

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