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TED SER
IC
DE
+
E
ISO 9001:2015
Water Resources Section
Charts for Techno-Economic
Design of Masonry Breast Walls
RAJENDRA CHALISGAONKAR
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)
Abstract
Masonry breast walls are simple structures and commonly built to retain earthen slopes for various purposes. These
simple breast walls are never seriously designed for the loads and therefore many problems are encountered in the
field. The paper presents easy-to-use charts for the design of masonry breast walls up to 5m height, eliminating
design calculations. The charts presented herein, will serve as a ready reckoner to the field engineers working
in Highway and Water Resources sector and facilitate them in providing techno-economic sections of masonry
breast walls quickly.
cos cos( ) 1
earthillustrated
are pressure encountered in theFig.
in Fig. 1 and 2. of breast walls are δ - Angle of friction betweenwall and
design Cosearth
( fill
) cos( )
illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. ι - Angle which the earth surface makes with the
4.1
horizontal behind the earth retaining structure.
α - Angle, which earth face of Wall makes with
Vertical M
resisting
F .S.overturning .........
(b) Passive PressureDue to Earthfill
M overturnin g
The general conditions for development of passive earth
Para 5.2 of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area – Guidelines, Part 2 D
pressure encountered in the design of retaining walls are
Retaining/Breast Walls, IS:14458(Part 2) (1997) states that for static loads, factor
illustrated in Fig. 2. The passive pressure exerted against
asFig.
2.01against overturning
– Active shall be ensured for Fig.
Earth Pressure stability.
2 – Passive Earth Pressure
the wall shall be:
a.
Active
4.2 Pstability
p = ½ γdue
Pressure hagainst
1 .K
2
top backfill
sliding ...(3)
Where
The active pressure exerted against the wall shall be:
Pp P-a = ½ γ H2.KEarth
Passive a Pressure along the length of Wall
…………….. 1
Fig. 1 : Active Earth Pressure γ - Unit weight cos2of(the
earthfill
) in front of wall
Fig. 1 – Active Earth Pressure Ka Fig. 2 – Passive
h1 - Height of earthfill Earth Pressure
in front of Wall 2
sin( ) sin( )
cos 2
cos(
Kp - Coefficient ) 1
of passive pressure, which takes into
cos( ) cos( )
a. Active Pressure Due to Backfill account earthfill slope in front of wall, friction
……………..2
angle at wall face, angle of repose of earthfill
The active pressure exerted against the wall shall be: K and angle
ahoriz = K a Cos of wall face with vertical:
Pa = ½ γ H2.Ka …………….. 1)
cos2 (
Kp 2
……………..4
Sin( ) Sin( )
cos ( )
2 cos cos( ) 1
2
Ka 2
Cos ( ) cos( )
sin( 4.1) sin( ) ...(4)
cos2 cos( ) 1
cos( ) cos( ) METHODOLOGY
DESIGN
……………..2 The design ofaMbreast
resisting wall consist of two principal parts,
F .S.overturning ................ 5
the evaluation Mofoverturnin
loadsgand pressures that may act on the
Kahoriz = Ka Cos structure and the design of the structure to withstand these
Para 5.2loads
of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area – Guidelines, Part 2 Design of
and pressures.
Fig. 2 : Passive Earth Pressure
cos2 ( Retaining/Breast
) Walls, IS:14458(Part 2) (1997) states that for static loads, factor of safety
Kp ……………..4
Fig. 2 – Passive Earth Pressure
as 2.0 against overturning shall be 2ensured
for stability.
Sin ( ) Sin (
WATER )And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 51
cos cos( ) 1
2
4.2 (stability
Cos ) cos( sliding
against )
3.1 Design Loads 3.1.5 Earthquake Forces
In general, following forces are considered in the design of Para 3.1.1 of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area –
breast walls: Guidelines, Part 1 Selection of Type of Wall, IS:14458 (Part
(i) Self Weight of Wall; 1) 1998 states that for hilly roads, being of low volume, walls
may not be designed for earthquake forces. It is economical
(ii) Earth pressure acting on the wall;
to repair failed walls after earthquake. Therefore, earthquake
(iii) Surcharge; forces have been ignored in developing the design charts.
(iv) Water pressure;
3.1.6 Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)
Fig. 3 Passive resistance due to Shear Key WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 53
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Unit Weight of Saturated : 1.76 t/m3 or 17.27 kN/m3 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
5.00
Earthfill, γsat
5.00
Unit Weight of Submerged : 0.76 t/m3 or 7.46 kN/m3 4.50
4.50
Earthfill, γsub 4.00
mm
4.00
Unit Weight of Water, γwater : 1.00 t/m3 or 9.81 kN/m3 3.50
Wall,
3.50
Unit Weight of Masonry, : 2.30 t/m3 or 22.56 kN/m3
Wall,
3.00
γmasonry 3.00
of of
2.50
Height
Effect of Water Pressure : 30% of Total Height 2.50
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)
2.00
Height
Top Width of Wall : 200 mm 2.00
1.50
Width of Shear Key at : 300 mm 1.50
1.00
Bottom 1.00
0.50
Location of Shear Key : At the Centre of the Base 0.50 0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500
0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500
The results of the analysis have been presented in the
Base Width of Wall Bw, mm
succeeding paragraphs. Base Width of Wall Bw, mm
b) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical =-5.7100[1(H):10(V)]
6.1 DESIGN CHARTS b) Angle of
(b)Earth
AngleFace of WallFace
of Earth withof
Vertical =-5.71
Wall with [1(H):10(V)]
Vertical
α=-5.710[1(H):10(V)]
6.1 Co-efficient of Active Earth Pressure
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Alpha = 0 Alpha = -5.71 Alpha = -11.31 Alpha = -14.03 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
5.00
0.40 5.00
4.50
Co-efficient of Active Earth
4.50
4.00
Wall,mm
0.35 4.00
3.50
0.30 HeightofofWall, 3.50
Pressure, Ka
3.00
3.00
0.25 2.50
2.50
Height
2.00
2.00
0.20
1.50
1.50
0.15 1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.10Alpha = 0 Alpha = -5.71 Alpha = -11.31 Alpha = -14.03
25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 00 250
250 500
500 750
750 1,000
1,000 1,250
1,250 1,500
1,500 1,750
1,750 2,000
2,000
0.40
Angle of Repose of Backfill , Degree Base Width
Base Width of
of Wall
Wall B
Bww,, mm
mm
Co-efficient of Active Earth
0.35
Fig.Fig.
5 :5Coefficient c) Angle
c) Angle of
of Earth
Earth Face
Face of
of Wall
Wall with Vertical =-11.3100[1(H):5(V)]
with Vertical [1(H):5(V)]
– CoefficientofofActive
ActiveEarth PressureKKa
Earth Pressure a (c) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical
Co-efficient Co-efficient
of active earthof activeKearth
a for pressure Kaangle
for the
of different angle for
0.30
Pressure, Ka
3.50 α=-14.03 0
[1(H):4(V)]
Fig. 6 – Economical Base Width of Breast Wall
0.50
3.00
0 6.2
250 500 750 1,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,000 Maximum Pressure
Fig. 6 : at Toe
Economical Base Width of Breast Wall
2.50
Maximum Base Pressures obtained at Toe PToe, when the stress at Heel is nearly zero, for
2.00 Base Width of Wall Bw, mm 6.3 Maximum
height of breast wall ranging fromPressure
1.0m to 5.0m atfor Toe
different angle of repose of backfill for
1.50
a) Earth Face of Wall is Vertical =00[0(H):1(V)] different angles, which earth face of Wall makes with Vertical, have been shown in Fig. 7.
1.00
Maximum Base Pressures obtained at Toe P , when the Toe
0.50
stress at Heel is
Phinearly
= 25 zero,
Phi =for
30 height
Phiof breast wall
= 35 ranging
Phi = 40
0 250 500 750 1,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,000 from 1.0 m to 5.0 m for different angle of repose of backfill
5.00
φ for different angles, which earth face of Wall makes with
Base Width of Wall Bw, mm
5.00 5.00
4.50 4.50
4.00 4.00
3.50
3.00 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
3.00
2.50
5.00
2.50
2.00
3.50
3.00 Vertical, α have been shown in Fig. 8.
of Wall,
3.00
2.50 5.00
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Height
2.50
2.00 4.50
Height
5.00
1.50
2.00 4.00
m m
4.50
1.00 3.50
of Wall,
1.50 4.00
0.50 3.00
1.00 3.50
of Wall,
0
b) Angle of
(b)Earth
AngleFace of WallPressures
Maximum
of Earth with of
Face Vertical =-5.71
at Toe
Wall PToe
with [1(H):10(V)]
, kN/m
Vertical 2 2.00
1.50
1.50
Phi = 30[1(H):10(V)]
α=-5.71 0 1.00
Phi = 25 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
b) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical =-5.710[1(H):10(V)] 1.00
5.00 0.50
0.50
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
4.50
4.00
5.00 VolumeofofMasonry
Volume Masonryper
per metre
metre length
length Vwall
Vwall , m,3m3
of Wall, m
3.50
4.50 0 0
3.00 a)
a) Earth
Earth
(a) Earth FaceFace
FaceofofWall
of Wall is isVertical
Wall isVertical
Vertical=0
α=0 0 [0(H):1(V)]
=0 [0(H):1(V)]
[0(H):1(V)]
4.00
2.50
Heightm
3.50
Height of Wall,
3.50
0.50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
FoSSlide
1.30 1200
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Key, mm
4.50
FoSSlide
4.00 1.30
1.20 1200
1000
Height of Wall, m
mm
Sliding
3.50
Key,D
1.20 1000
Sliding
1.10 800
Key
3.00
against
Key D
2.50 1.10 800
of Shear
1.00 600
2.00
against
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)
of Shear
1.00 600
of Safety
1.50 0.90 400
DepthDepth
1.00
of Safety
0.90
0.80 400
200
0.50
Factor
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 0.80 200
0.70 0
Volume of Masonry per metre length Vwall, m3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Factor
(c)Earth
Angle of Earth 0.70 0
c) Angle of Face of WallFace
with of Wall with
Vertical Vertical
=-11.31 0
[1(H):5(V)] 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Height
2.5 of3.0Wall,
3.5 m 4.0 4.5 5.0
α=-11.310[1(H):5(V)] 0
b) Angle(b)
of Earth
AngleFace of Wall
of Earth withofof
Face
Height Vertical = -5.71
Wallmwith
Wall, [1(H):10(V)]
Vertical
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Phi = 25 α Phi = 30[1(H):10(V)]
= -5.71 0
Phi = 35 Phi = 40
b) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical = -5.710[1(H):10(V)]
5.00 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Sliding
1.30 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 1200
4.50
DKey, mm
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
1.20
Sliding
4.00 1000
Height of Wall, m
1.30 1200
against
Key, mm
3.50 1.10
1.20 800
1000
FoSSlide
3.00
Key DKey
1.00
against
1.10 600
of Safety
2.50 800
0.90
of Shear
FoSSlide
2.00 Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 8 1.00 400
0.80 600
1.50 of Safety 0.90
of Shear
0.70 200
FactorFactor
1.00 400
DepthDepth
0.80
0.50 0.60 0
0.70 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 200
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Height of Wall, m
0.60 0
Volume of Masonry per metre length Vwall, m3
c) Angle0.5 1.0 Face
of Earth 1.5 of
2.0Wall
2.5with3.0 3.5 4.0
Vertical 4.5 05.0
= -11.31 [1(H):5(V)]
0
d) Angle of(d)
Earth Face
Angle
Phi 25 of
= of Wall
Earth with
= 30 Vertical
Face
Phi of Wall 35=-14.03
Phi =with [1(H):4(V)]
Vertical
Phi = 40
Height of Wall, m
5.00 Fig. 8 – Volume of 0Masonry in Breast Wall
α=-14.03 [1(H):4(V)] 0
c) Angle(c)
of Earth
AngleFace of Wall
of Earth withof
Face Vertical = -11.31
Wall with Vertical [1(H):5(V)]
4.50
Fig. 8 : Volume of Masonry in Breast Wall α = -11.310[1(H):5(V)]
4.00
Height of Wall, m
6.5 Factor
3.50 of Safety
Phi = 25 Phi = 30Against
Phi = 35Sliding
Phi = 40 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
3.00
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
6.5.1 Coefficient
Phi = 25 of friction between
Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Masonry
Factor of Safety against Sliding
Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide
1.20 1000
1.50
1.30
Factor of1.00Safety against Sliding FoSSlide and Depth1000 of Shear 1.10
800
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 10
Key
1.20 DKey0.50
required to attain a factor of safety of 1.5, for height
FoSSlide
1.00
800 600
of breast wall
1.10
0.0 ranging
0.5 1.0from
1.5 1.0
2.0m to
2.55.03.0
m for
3.5 different
4.0 4.5 angle5.0
0.90
Volume of Masonry per metre length V , m 3 Chalisgaonkar 10
Rajendra 400
of repose of backfill φ and coefficient of friction 0
between
wall
600 0.80
1.00 d) Angle
masonry andof soil/rock
Earth Face of Wall with
mass Vertical
µ=0.50 for=-14.03
different[1(H):4(V)]
angles, 200
0.70
Fig. 8 – Volume of Masonry in Breast Wall 400
which
0.90 earth face of Wall makes with Vertical, α have been 0.60 0
depicted in Fig. 9. 200
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
0.80
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Height of Wall, m
0.70 0
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 d) Angle of Earth
(d) Angle Face ofFace
of Earth Wall of
with Vertical
Wall = -14.030[1(H):4(V)]
withVertical
Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
1.40 1200 Fig. 9 – Factor
α =of-14.03
Safety0against Sliding and Depth of Shear Key
[1(H):4(V)]
Depth of Shear Key DKey, mm
Height of Wall, m
1.30 6.5.2 Coefficient of friction between masonry and and
soil/rock mass
1000 Fig. 9 : Factor of Safety against Sliding Depth of =0.80
Shear Key
a) Earth Face of Wall is Vertical = 00[0(H):1(V)]
1.20 Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide and Depth of Shear Key DKey required to attain a
factor of6.5.2
safety ofCoefficient
1.5, for height of of Friction
wall rangingbetween
from 1.0m to Masonry
800
1.10
breast 5.0m for different angle
600 and Soil/Rock Mass µ = 0.80
of repose of backfill and coefficient of friction between masonry and soil/rock mass =0.80
1.00
for different angles, which earth face of Wall makes with Vertical, have been depicted in
Fig. 10.Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide and Depth of Shear
400
0.90
Key DKey required to attain a factor of safety of 1.5, for height
200
0.80
Rajendra Chalisgaonkarof
9 breast wall ranging from 1.0m to 5.0m for different angle
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
0.70 0 of repose of backfill
Phi = 25 φ and Phi
coefficient
= 30 ofPhifriction
= 35 between
Phi = 40
fety against Sliding FoSSlide
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
masonry2.20and soil/rock mass µ=0.80 for different angles, 600
of Shear Key DKey, mm
2.20 600
FoSSlide
400
1.90 1.60 400
300
FoSSlide
Phi
Phi == 25
25 Phi
Phi == 30
30 Phi
Phi == 35
35 Phi
Phi == 40
40 1.60 400
Sliding for different Coefficient ofAlpha=-14.31
Friction
Slide
2.00 600
2.00 600
, mm
1.40
between Masonry and Soil/Rock Mass
, mm
1.80
FoS
DKey
500 5m high
1.60 breast wall was analysed for angle of repose of
Sliding
DKey
1.80
1.00
1.80 400 backfill φ0.5as 1.0
400 for different angles, which earth0 face of
Key
400
Key
1.60 300
between masonry and soil/rock mass µ was varied 0from 050
against
1.20
of Shear
1.60
1.50 300 d) to
to 0.80 Angle of Earth
obtain theFace of Wallof
Factors with Vertical
Safety = -14.03
against [1(H):4(V)]
Sliding and
of Safety
200
1.40 1.00 Fig. 10 – Depth
corresponding
Factor of Safety against Sliding and Depth of Shear Key
of Shear Key. The results obtained
1.50
Depth
of Safety
200
1.30
100 have 0.80
been depicted in Fig. 11.
1.40
Depth
FactorFactor
1.20 100
0 Alpha=0 Alpha=-5.71 Alpha=-11.31 Alpha=-14.31
1.30 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0.60
1.80
Factor of Safety against Sliding
800 1.00
Key DKey, mm
Key, mm
1.80
Shear
1.40
against
200
1.20
1.60 Alpha=0 Alpha=-5.71 Alpha=-11.31 Alpha=-14.31
FoSSlide
Key
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 13
Factor
400
Depth
350
Depth of Shear Key, DKey
Factor of Safety
1.00 0
Depth of Shear
1.40 300
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Height of Wall, m 200 250
1.20
c) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical = -11.310[1(H):5(V)] 200
150
1.00 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 100
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 13
Height of Wall, m 50