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WATER AND ENERGY

VOLUME 62/RNI, NO. 3


INTERNATIONAL
ISSN: 0974-4711
June 2019 Rs. 200/-

Special focus on

(L to R) Shri Manas Kundu, Director ICAI / APQI India Coordinator; Shri P.R. Kumar, CEO, BSES Yamuna Power Ltd.; Dr. Arbind Prasad,
Chairperson, JSERC; Shri Prakash S. Mhaske, Chairperson, CEA; Shri A.S. Bakshi, Ex-Member CERC & Ex-Chairperson CEA;
Shri V.K. Kanjlia, Secretary, CBIP and Shri P.P. Wahi, Director, CBIP during inaugural session on 30 May, 2019, New Delhi

TED SER

CENTRAL BOARD OF IRRIGATION & POWER


A
IC V
D

IC
DE

+
E

Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 91


Years

ISO 9001:2015
Water Resources Section
Charts for Techno-Economic
Design of Masonry Breast Walls
RAJENDRA CHALISGAONKAR
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)

Former Engineer-in-Chief, Irrigation Department, Government of Uttarakhand


AICTE Adjunct Professor, MITS Gwalior and Water Resources and Hydropower Consultant

Abstract
Masonry breast walls are simple structures and commonly built to retain earthen slopes for various purposes. These
simple breast walls are never seriously designed for the loads and therefore many problems are encountered in the
field. The paper presents easy-to-use charts for the design of masonry breast walls up to 5m height, eliminating
design calculations. The charts presented herein, will serve as a ready reckoner to the field engineers working
in Highway and Water Resources sector and facilitate them in providing techno-economic sections of masonry
breast walls quickly.

1. INTRODUCTION Resources sector in providing techno-economic sections of


In the year one-million BC, or thereabouts, an anonymous the breast wall.
man, or woman, laid a row of stones atop another row to 2. EARTH PRESSURE THEORIES
keep soil from sliding into their camp. Thus was constructed
As early as 1687, a French Military Engineer, Marshal
an early retaining/breast wall, and we’ve been keeping soil
Vauban, set forth certain rules for design of walls to withstand
in place ever since…… with increasingly better methods
lateral earth pressure of the soil. Since then, many theories
and understanding. The early engineers also discovered
have been proposed and numerous experiments have been
that by battering a wall so that it leaned slightly backward,
conducted by various researchers in this field. Most lateral
the lateral pressure was relieved and the height could be
pressure theories are based upon the sliding soil wedge
extended – an intuitive understanding of the soil wedge
theory. This, in simple terms, is based upon the assumption
theory.
that if the wall is suddenly removed, a triangular wedge
Breast walls are structures that are used to retain soil and of soil will slide down along a rupture plane, and it is this
to resist the lateral pressure of the soil against the wall. The wedge of soil that the wall must retain. Of the many theories,
breast walls are normally not intended to stabilize slope Rankine’s (1857) and Coulomb’s (1776) theories have stood
failures. They are mainly meant to support the active or the test of time. Experience has shown that, if conventional
passive earth pressure from the assumed failure wedge above procedures are followed with a full understanding of the
the base of the wall. Breast walls are gravity type retaining assumptions on which they are based, the resulting designs
walls commonly used to retain earth or fill materials and will be safe and economical. Now-a-days, it is a general
basically retains earth pressures by virtue of its self-weight consensus amongst soil engineers that for the solution of
and are commonly built with locally available stones. most earth pressure problems, the Coulomb theory should
Though stone masonry breast walls are simple structures be used, whenever possible.
and commonly built in every nook and corner of the country
for various earth retaining purposes, yet many problems are 2.1 Coulomb’s Theory
encountered in the field as a result of either improper design Coulomb (1776) developed a method for the determination
or poor quality constructions. These problems arise mainly of the earth pressure considering the equilibrium of the
due to the fact that engineers in the field are bogged down sliding wedge formed due to movement of the retaining
with numerous responsibilities and often do not find time to wall. In the Active Earth Pressure case, the sliding wedge
carry out proper design. It has also been observed that there moves downwards and outwards on a slip surface relative to
are many design parameters, which influence the design the intact backfill and in the case of Passive Earth pressure,
of these simple structures(Chalisgaonkar, 2018) and even the sliding wedge moves upward and inwards. The pressure
the slight negative batter results in an economical design on the wall is, in fact, a force of reaction which it has to
(Chalisgaonkar, 1988). exert to keep the sliding wedge in equilibrium. The lateral
In the present paper, charts for the techno-economic design pressure on the wall is equal and opposite to the reactive
of masonry breast walls have been presented, which will force exerted by the wall in order to keep the sliding wedge
facilitate field engineers working in Highways and Water in equilibrium. Assumptions made in Coulomb’s theory
include:
50 WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019
(i) The backfill is cohesionless, dry, homogenous, isotropic (a) Active Pressure Due to Backfill
and ideally plastic material. The active pressure exerted against the wall shall be:
(ii) The slip surface is a plane surface which passes through
Pa = ½ γ H2.Ka ...(1)
the heel of wall.
Where
(iii) The sliding wedge behaves like a rigid body and
the magnitude of the earth pressure is obtained by Pa - Active Earth Pressure along the length of Wall
considering the equilibrium of the wedge as a whole. γ - Unit weight of the backfill
(iv) The back of the wall is rough. Fig. 1 – Active Earth Pressure Fig. 2 – Passive Earth Pres

w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)


H - Height of wall
(v) The position and direction of the resultant earth pressure
a. Ka Active
- Coefficient of active
Pressure due pressure, which takes into
to backfill
are known. It acts at a distance one-third the height of account backfill slope, friction angle at wall face,
the wall above base and is inclined at an angle δ to The active pressure exerted against the wall shall be:
angle of repose of backfill and angle of wall face
the normal to the back of wall, where δ is the angle of = ½ γ H2.Ka
withPavertical: ……………..
friction between the wall and the backfill.
cos2 (   )
2.1.1 Earth Pressure Acting on the Wall Ka  2
 sin(   ) sin(   ) 
The active and passive earth pressures behind the walls cos 2
  cos(   ) 1  
 cos(   ) cos(   ) 
have been enumerated in para 23.1.1 and 23.1.2 of Indian

Standard Code of Practice: Criteria for Earthquake Resistant ……………..2 ...(2)
Design of Structures Part 3 – Bridges and Retaining Walls, Kahoriz = K a Cos
Kahoriz = ιKa Cos 
IS:1893:Part 3 (2014). The same formulae be used for Where
computing the earth pressures behind breast wall. are Theillustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
Kp 
cos2 (   )
………
general conditions for development of active and passive φ - Angle of2 internal friction of the soil; Sin(   ) Sin(   ) 
2

cos   cos(    ) 1 
earthillustrated
are pressure encountered in theFig.
in Fig. 1 and 2. of breast walls are δ - Angle of friction betweenwall and
design Cosearth
( fill

 ) cos(   ) 
illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. ι - Angle which the earth surface makes with the
4.1
horizontal behind the earth retaining structure.
α - Angle, which earth face of Wall makes with
Vertical M
resisting
F .S.overturning  .........
(b) Passive PressureDue to Earthfill
M overturnin g
The general conditions for development of passive earth
Para 5.2 of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area – Guidelines, Part 2 D
pressure encountered in the design of retaining walls are
Retaining/Breast Walls, IS:14458(Part 2) (1997) states that for static loads, factor
illustrated in Fig. 2. The passive pressure exerted against
asFig.
2.01against overturning
– Active shall be ensured for Fig.
Earth Pressure stability.
2 – Passive Earth Pressure
the wall shall be:
a.
Active
4.2 Pstability
p = ½ γdue
Pressure hagainst
1 .K
2
top backfill
sliding ...(3)
Where
The active pressure exerted against the wall shall be:
Pp P-a = ½ γ H2.KEarth
Passive a Pressure along the length of Wall
…………….. 1
Fig. 1 : Active Earth Pressure γ - Unit weight cos2of(the
 earthfill
) in front of wall
Fig. 1 – Active Earth Pressure Ka  Fig. 2 – Passive
h1 - Height of earthfill Earth Pressure
in front of Wall 2
sin(   ) sin(   ) 
cos 2
  cos(
Kp - Coefficient   ) 1 
 of passive pressure, which takes into
 cos(   ) cos(   ) 
a. Active Pressure Due to Backfill account earthfill slope in front of wall, friction
……………..2
angle at wall face, angle of repose of earthfill
The active pressure exerted against the wall shall be: K and angle
ahoriz = K a Cos of wall face with vertical:

Pa = ½ γ H2.Ka …………….. 1)
cos2 (  
Kp  2
……………..4
 Sin(   ) Sin(   ) 
cos (   )
2 cos   cos(   ) 1 
2

Ka  2
 Cos (   ) cos(   ) 
 sin(  4.1) sin(   )  ...(4)
cos2   cos(   ) 1  
 cos(   ) cos(   )  METHODOLOGY
DESIGN
……………..2 The design ofaMbreast
resisting wall consist of two principal parts,
F .S.overturning  ................ 5
the evaluation Mofoverturnin
loadsgand pressures that may act on the
Kahoriz = Ka Cos  structure and the design of the structure to withstand these
Para 5.2loads
of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area – Guidelines, Part 2 Design of
and pressures.
Fig. 2 : Passive Earth Pressure
cos2 ( Retaining/Breast
) Walls, IS:14458(Part 2) (1997) states that for static loads, factor of safety
Kp  ……………..4
Fig. 2 – Passive Earth Pressure

as 2.0 against overturning shall be 2ensured

for stability.
Sin (    ) Sin ( 
WATER )And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 51
cos   cos(   ) 1 
2

4.2 (stability
Cos   ) cos(  sliding
against ) 

3.1 Design Loads 3.1.5 Earthquake Forces
In general, following forces are considered in the design of Para 3.1.1 of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area –
breast walls: Guidelines, Part 1 Selection of Type of Wall, IS:14458 (Part
(i) Self Weight of Wall; 1) 1998 states that for hilly roads, being of low volume, walls
may not be designed for earthquake forces. It is economical
(ii) Earth pressure acting on the wall;
to repair failed walls after earthquake. Therefore, earthquake
(iii) Surcharge; forces have been ignored in developing the design charts.
(iv) Water pressure;
3.1.6 Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)

(v) Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure;


(vi) Frictional Forces on base against Sliding. The foundations shall be designed to take care of shear
capacity of soil / rock formation and permissible settlements
3.1.1 Self Weight of Wall which structure can tolerate. It is generally the settlement
are illustrated
criterion, in Fig.governs
which usually 1 and Fig.
the 2.
value of allowable
The self weight of the breast wall shall be considered on
bearing pressure and shall be used for design of foundations.
the basis of unit weight of materials, as per Indian Standard
The foundations of breast walls are normally so proportioned
Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake)
that no tension is created at foundation plane under static
for Buildings and Structures IS-875(Part 1).
loading.
3.1.2 Earth Pressure Acting on the Wall
3.1.7 Frictional Forces on Base Against Sliding
The active and passive earth pressures behind the walls
Para 706.3.4 of Standard Specifications and Code of
have been calculated in accordance to the para 23.1.1 and
Practice for Road Bridges Section : VII Foundations and
23.1.2 of Indian Standard Code of Practice: Criteria for
Substructure IRC:78(2014) states that Frictional co-efficient
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 3 – Bridges
between concrete and soil/rock will be Tan φ, φ being angle
and Retaining Walls, IS:1893:Part 3 (2014) in the present
of friction. Founding soil in foundation of bridge being
study. However, Para 214.1 of IRC:6-2017 specifies
generally properly consolidated, following values may be
that Coulomb’s theory shall be acceptable, subject to the
adopted:
modification that the centre of pressure exerted by the
backfill, when considered dry, is located at an elevation of Friction co-efficient between = 0.50
0.42 of the height of the wall above the base instead of 0.33 Fig.µ1 – Active Earth Pressure
soil and concrete, Fig. 2
of that height, mentioned in IS:1893 Part 3(2014) and have Friction co-efficient between = 0.80 for good rock
been used accordingly in the study. a. and concrete,
rock Active Pressure
µ due to backfill
0.70 for fissured rock
Para 5.7.1 of Indian Railway Standard Code of Practice The active pressure exerted against the wall shall be:
for the Design of Sub Structure and Foundation of In the present study, coefficient of friction between the
Bridges(2003) states that while calculating earth pressure, concrete & soil/rockPmass, µ has2 been considered as 0.50
a = ½ γ H .Ka
the angle of friction between wall and earth fill, where value and 0.80.
of δ is not determined by actual tests, the following values cos2 (   )
may be assumed:
4. STABILITY
Ka  ANALYSIS of Breast
Walls  sin(   ) sin(   ) 
(i) δ = 1/3 ø for concrete structures. cos2   cos(   ) 1  
The stability requirement of breast wall
 must besatisfied
cos(   ) cos(   ) 
(ii) δ = 2/3 ø for masonry structures. to assure the stability of the structure against the action of
In the present study, δ has been considered as 2/3 ø for ……………..2
various forces.
computing earth pressures.
KahorizOverturning
4.1 Stability Against = Ka Cos 
3.1.3 Surcharge
If the breast wall structure were to overturn, it cos 2
would (doso )
No surcharge has been considered in the study. K
with the toe acting 
p as the centre of rotation. Thus the safety
 Sin(   ) Sin
factor of wall stabilitycos
against
2
 overturning
 cos(   is defined
) 1  as the
3.1.4 Water Pressure sum (   ) cos
ratio between the sum of resisting moments and  the Cos
Para 5.1 of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area of overturning moments about the toe. In evaluating these
– Guidelines, Part 2 Design of Retaining/Breast Walls, 4.1 the vertical component of the active thrust on the
moments,
IS:14458(Part 2) (1997) states that atleast 30 percent wall may be considered in two different ways: as decreasing
water pressure shall always be considered even in case of the overturning moment, or increasing the resisting one.
provision of good efficient pressure release system. When
the water pressure is considered, uplift pressure at the base
M resisting

F .S.overturning  ...(5)
is also considered in computing the stability of wall. M overturning
Para 5.2 of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area –
Retaining/Breast Walls, IS:14458(Part 2) (1997) states that fo
52 WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 as 2.0 against overturning shall be ensured for stability.

4.2 stability against sliding


Para 5.2 of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area The shear key is best positioned to be located near the heel
– Guidelines, Part 2 Design of Retaining/Breast Walls, to get the maximum advantage. However, in the present
IS:14458(Part 2) (1997) states that for static loads, factor paper, it has been assumed that the Shear Key is located at
of safety as 2.0 against overturning shall be ensured for the centre of the base.
stability.
4.3 Bearing Pressure
4.2 Stability against Sliding
The width of the base of a breast wall must be adequate to
The resistance against sliding is essentially provided by the distribute the vertical reaction to the foundation soil without
friction between the base and the supporting soil µ. The

w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)


causing excessive settlement or rotation. When the base
calculated factor of safety for sliding along the wall base is pressure exerted, exceeds the safe bearing capacity of the
0.90 *  * W soil, the wall fails due to bearing pressure.
FoSSlide   1.5 …………… 6
H ...(6) 5. PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR
where
where DEVELOPMENT OFdue
Fig. 3 Passive resistance CHARTS
to Shear Key
µ  - Coefficient of friction between base and The typical
- Coefficient of friction between base and supporting soil section adopted for design of breast wall has
supporting soil been shown in Fig. 4.
Kp . (h22-hof
ΣW P-p =Summation
2
1 )/2
Vertical Weights …………… 7
ΣΗ - Summation of Horizontal Pressures
Para 5.2 of Indian Standard Retaining Wall for Hill Area
– Guidelines, Part 2 Design of Retaining/Breast Walls,
IS:14458 (Part 2) (1997) states that for static loads, factor of
safety as 1.5 against sliding shall be ensured for stability.

4.2.1 Shear Key


When lateral pressures are relatively high, it is generally
difficult to mobilize the required factor of safety against
sliding by frictional resistance below the footing alone. In
such a situation, it is advantageous to provide a shear key
projecting below the base of wall and extending throughout
 length
0.90 *the * Wof the wall.
e   1.5 …………… 6
Several
H procedures have been proposed to estimate
Fig. 4 : Typical Section of Breast Wall
the passive resistance Pp. A simple and conservative Fig. 4 – Typical Section of Breast Wall
estimate(Pillai and Menon, 2005) is obtained by considering The following parameters have been varied for developing
Fig. 3 hPassive
the pressure developed over a region, resistance due tothe
2-h1, below the toe:
Shear Key
design charts for Breast Walls:
Coefficient of friction between base and supporting soil
Pp = Kp . γ(h22-h12)/2 ...(7) Angle of Repose of Backfill, : 250, 300, 350, 400 Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 2
. (h22-h12)/2where h1 and h2 are the depth below the natural ground level, φ …………… 7
as indicated in Fig. 3. It may be noted that the overburden Angle of Surcharge of : 00
due to the top 300 mm of earth below ground level is usually Backfill, ι
ignored in the calculation.
Height of Breast Wall H : 1.0m, 1.5m, 2.0m,
2.5m, 3.0m, 3.5m,
4.0m, 4.5m, 5.0m
Angle of Friction between : ⅔ φ or 22.500,
Masonry Wall and Backfill, whichever is less.
δ
Angle, which earth face of : 00 Vertical Face
Wall makes with Vertical, α - 5.710 1.0(H) : 10.0(V)
/ Slope 1.0(H):x(V) -11.310 1.0(H) : 5.0(V)
-14.030 1.0(H) : 4.0(V)
Coefficient of Friction : 0.50, 0.80
between the Masonry and
Fig. 4 – Typical Section ofSoil/rock mass µ
Breast Wall
Other Parameters assumed for carrying out the design of
breast wall include:
Fig. 3 : Passive resistance due to Shear Key Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 2

Fig. 3 Passive resistance due to Shear Key WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 53
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Unit Weight of Saturated : 1.76 t/m3 or 17.27 kN/m3 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
5.00
Earthfill, γsat
5.00
Unit Weight of Submerged : 0.76 t/m3 or 7.46 kN/m3 4.50
4.50
Earthfill, γsub 4.00

mm
4.00
Unit Weight of Water, γwater : 1.00 t/m3 or 9.81 kN/m3 3.50

Wall,
3.50
Unit Weight of Masonry, : 2.30 t/m3 or 22.56 kN/m3

Wall,
3.00
γmasonry 3.00

of of
2.50

Height
Effect of Water Pressure : 30% of Total Height 2.50
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)

2.00

Height
Top Width of Wall : 200 mm 2.00
1.50
Width of Shear Key at : 300 mm 1.50
1.00
Bottom 1.00
0.50
Location of Shear Key : At the Centre of the Base 0.50 0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500
0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500
The results of the analysis have been presented in the
Base Width of Wall Bw, mm
succeeding paragraphs. Base Width of Wall Bw, mm
b) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical =-5.7100[1(H):10(V)]
6.1 DESIGN CHARTS b) Angle of
(b)Earth
AngleFace of WallFace
of Earth withof
Vertical =-5.71
Wall with [1(H):10(V)]
Vertical
α=-5.710[1(H):10(V)]
6.1 Co-efficient of Active Earth Pressure
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Alpha = 0 Alpha = -5.71 Alpha = -11.31 Alpha = -14.03 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
5.00
0.40 5.00
4.50
Co-efficient of Active Earth

4.50
4.00

Wall,mm
0.35 4.00
3.50
0.30 HeightofofWall, 3.50
Pressure, Ka

3.00
3.00
0.25 2.50
2.50
Height

2.00
2.00
0.20
1.50
1.50
0.15 1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.10Alpha = 0 Alpha = -5.71 Alpha = -11.31 Alpha = -14.03
25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 00 250
250 500
500 750
750 1,000
1,000 1,250
1,250 1,500
1,500 1,750
1,750 2,000
2,000
0.40
Angle of Repose of Backfill , Degree Base Width
Base Width of
of Wall
Wall B
Bww,, mm
mm
Co-efficient of Active Earth

0.35
Fig.Fig.
5 :5Coefficient c) Angle
c) Angle of
of Earth
Earth Face
Face of
of Wall
Wall with Vertical =-11.3100[1(H):5(V)]
with Vertical [1(H):5(V)]
– CoefficientofofActive
ActiveEarth PressureKKa
Earth Pressure a (c) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical
Co-efficient Co-efficient
of active earthof activeKearth
a for pressure Kaangle
for the
of different angle  for
0.30
Pressure, Ka

pressure the different repose of backfill α=-11.310[1(H):5(V)]


of repose
different angles, of backfill
which0.25
earth φ for
face of Wall different
makes angles, which
with Vertical, varyingearth
from 0face
0
to -14.030
of Wall
have been shown makes
in Fig. 5. with Vertical, α varying from 0 to -14.030
0 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 40 Phi = 35
0.20
have been
0.15shown in Fig. 5.
5.00
4.50
6.2 Base
0.10 Width
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
4.00
Height of Wall, m

25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00


Base5.00width of the BreastAngle ofWall
Repose Bof
w, Backfill
obtained for economic
, Degree 3.50
Chalisgaonkar 44
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar
Rajendra
section,
4.50
nearly zero stress at heel, for height of
Fig. 5 – Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure Kbreast
a
wall 3.00
ranging
Co-efficient of activefrom
earth 1.0 m toKa5.0
pressure m for
for the different
different angle
angle of ofofrepose
repose backfill  for 2.50
4.00 00 to -14.030
of backfill
different angles, φ for
which earth different
face angles,
of Wall makes with which
Vertical,earth facefrom
 varying of Wall 2.00
Height of Wall, m

have been shown in Fig. 5.


3.50
makes with Vertical, α have been shown in Fig. 6. 1.50
3.00 1.00
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
2.50 0.50
5.00 0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000
2.00
4.50
Base Width of Wall Bw, mm
1.50
1.00
4.00
(d) Angle
d) Angle of Earthof Face
EarthofFace of Wall
Wall with with Vertical
Vertical =-14.030[1(H):4(V)]
Height of Wall, m

3.50 α=-14.03 0
[1(H):4(V)]
Fig. 6 – Economical Base Width of Breast Wall
0.50
3.00
0 6.2
250 500 750 1,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,000 Maximum Pressure
Fig. 6 : at Toe
Economical Base Width of Breast Wall
2.50
Maximum Base Pressures obtained at Toe PToe, when the stress at Heel is nearly zero, for
2.00 Base Width of Wall Bw, mm 6.3 Maximum
height of breast wall ranging fromPressure
1.0m to 5.0m atfor Toe
different angle of repose of backfill  for
1.50
a) Earth Face of Wall is Vertical =00[0(H):1(V)] different angles, which earth face of Wall makes with Vertical,  have been shown in Fig. 7.
1.00
Maximum Base Pressures obtained at Toe P , when the Toe

0.50
stress at Heel is
Phinearly
= 25 zero,
Phi =for
30 height
Phiof breast wall
= 35 ranging
Phi = 40
0 250 500 750 1,0001,2501,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002,7503,000 from 1.0 m to 5.0 m for different angle of repose of backfill
5.00
φ for different angles, which earth face of Wall makes with
Base Width of Wall Bw, mm

(a) Earth FaceFace


a) Earth of Wall is Vertical
of Wall 0
=00[0(H):1(V)]
is Verticalα=0 [0(H):1(V)] Vertical,
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 3
4.50α have been shown in Fig. 7.
4.00
ight of Wall, m

54 WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 3.50


3.00
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 3 2.50
Fig. 6 – Economical Base Width of Breast Wall
6.2 Maximum Pressure at Toe
Maximum Base Pressures obtained at Toe PToe, when the stress at Heel is nearly zero, for
height of breast wall ranging from 1.0m to 5.0m for different angle of repose of backfill  for
different angles, which earth face of Wall makes with Vertical,  have been shown in Fig. 7.
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40

5.00 5.00
4.50 4.50
4.00 4.00

Height of Wall, m Height of Wall, m


3.50
Height of Wall, m

3.50
3.00 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
3.00
2.50
5.00
2.50
2.00

w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)


4.50
2.00
1.50
4.00
1.50 3.50
1.00
1.00 3.00
0.50
2.50
0.50 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 2.00
1.50 Maximum Pressures at Toe PToe, kN/m2
Maximum Pressures at Toe PToe, kN/m2 1.00
d) (d) Angle of Earth Face with of Wall with Vertical
=-14.030[1(H):4(V)]
0.50 Angle of Earth Face of Wall Vertical
a) Earth Face of Wall is Vertical =000[0(H):1(V)] 20 30Fig. 40 α=-14.03
7 – Maximum
50
0
[1(H):4(V)]
60 Pressure
70 80at Toe
90 of100 Breast110Wall
120
(a) Earth Face of Wall is Vertical α=0 [0(H):1(V)]
6.3 Fig. 7 : Maximum
Volume of Masonry inMaximum Pressure
Breast Wall Pressures atat
ToeToeofPBreast
Toe , kN/m Wall
2

Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Total Volume ofd)Masonry Wall perFace


m length Vwith
wall for construction of0[1(H):4(V)]
Breast Wall, for height
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 6.4 Volume 1.0m
Angle
of breast wall ranging from
of
of Masonry
Earth of Wall
in Breast
Vertical 
Wall
=-14.03
Fig. 7 – Maximum Pressure at Toe of Breast Wall of backfill  for
to 5.0m for different angle of repose
5.00
5.00 6.3 Total
Volume
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 5
of Volume
different angles, which earthin
Masonry ofBreast
face Masonry
of Wall
WallmakesWall
with per m length
Vertical,  have been Vwallshown
for in Fig. 8.
4.50
4.50
Total Volume of Masonry Wall
construction of Breast Wall,Vfor
per m length for construction
wall height of breastof wall
Breastranging
Wall, for height
4.00 of breast wall
fromranging
1.0mfrom 1.0m to
to 5.0m for5.0m for different
different angleangle of repose
of repose of of backfill  for
backfill
4.00 different angles, which earth face of Wall makes with Vertical,  have been shown in Fig. 8.
m m

3.50 φ for differentPhiangles,


= 25 which earth face
Phi = 30 Phi = of
35 Wall Phi
makes
= 40 with
of Wall,

3.50
3.00 Vertical, α have been shown in Fig. 8.
of Wall,

3.00
2.50 5.00
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Height

2.50
2.00 4.50
Height

5.00
1.50
2.00 4.00
m m

4.50
1.00 3.50
of Wall,

1.50 4.00
0.50 3.00
1.00 3.50
of Wall,

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120


0.50 2.50
3.00
Height

Maximum Pressures at Toe PToe, kN/m2


20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 2.00
2.50
Height

0
b) Angle of
(b)Earth
AngleFace of WallPressures
Maximum
of Earth with of
Face Vertical =-5.71
at Toe
Wall PToe
with [1(H):10(V)]
, kN/m
Vertical 2 2.00
1.50
1.50
Phi = 30[1(H):10(V)]
α=-5.71 0 1.00
Phi = 25 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
b) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical =-5.710[1(H):10(V)] 1.00
5.00 0.50
0.50
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
4.50
4.00
5.00 VolumeofofMasonry
Volume Masonryper
per metre
metre length
length Vwall
Vwall , m,3m3
of Wall, m

3.50
4.50 0 0
3.00 a)
a) Earth
Earth
(a) Earth FaceFace
FaceofofWall
of Wall is isVertical
Wall isVertical
Vertical=0
α=0 0 [0(H):1(V)]
=0 [0(H):1(V)]
[0(H):1(V)]
4.00
2.50
Heightm

3.50
Height of Wall,

2.00 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40


3.00 Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 7
1.50 Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 7
5.00
2.50
1.00
2.00 4.50
0.50
1.50 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 4.00
Height of Wall, m

1.00 Maximum Pressures at Toe PToe, kN/m2 3.50


0
0.50 of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical =-11.31 [1(H):5(V)]
c) Angle 3.00
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 2.50
Maximum Pressures at Toe PToe, kN/m2 2.00
0
c) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical =-11.31 [1(H):5(V)] 1.50
(c) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical
1.00
α=-11.310[1(H):5(V)]
0.50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

Volume of Masonry per metre length Vwall, m3


0
(b)Earth
b) Angle of Angle of Earth
Face of WallFace
with of =-5.71
Wall with
Vertical Vertical
[1(H):10(V)]
Phi = 25
α=-5.71 0
Phi = 30
[1(H):10(V)]
Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 6
5.00
4.50 WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 55
4.00
all, m

3.50
0.50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

Volume of Masonry per metre length Vwall, m3

b) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical =-5.710[1(H):10(V)]


Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
5.00 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40

FoSSlide
1.30 1200
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40

Key, mm
4.50

FoSSlide
4.00 1.30
1.20 1200
1000
Height of Wall, m

mm
Sliding
3.50

Key,D
1.20 1000

Sliding
1.10 800

Key
3.00

against

Key D
2.50 1.10 800

of Shear
1.00 600
2.00

against
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)

of Shear
1.00 600

of Safety
1.50 0.90 400

DepthDepth
1.00

of Safety
0.90
0.80 400
200
0.50

Factor
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 0.80 200
0.70 0
Volume of Masonry per metre length Vwall, m3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Factor
(c)Earth
Angle of Earth 0.70 0
c) Angle of Face of WallFace
with of Wall with
Vertical Vertical
=-11.31 0
[1(H):5(V)] 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Height
2.5 of3.0Wall,
3.5 m 4.0 4.5 5.0
α=-11.310[1(H):5(V)] 0
b) Angle(b)
of Earth
AngleFace of Wall
of Earth withofof
Face
Height Vertical  = -5.71
Wallmwith
Wall, [1(H):10(V)]
Vertical
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Phi = 25 α Phi = 30[1(H):10(V)]
= -5.71 0
Phi = 35 Phi = 40
b) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical  = -5.710[1(H):10(V)]
5.00 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40

Sliding
1.30 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 1200
4.50

DKey, mm
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
1.20

Sliding
4.00 1000
Height of Wall, m

1.30 1200

against

Key, mm
3.50 1.10
1.20 800
1000

FoSSlide
3.00

Key DKey
1.00

against
1.10 600

of Safety
2.50 800
0.90

of Shear
FoSSlide
2.00 Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 8 1.00 400
0.80 600
1.50 of Safety 0.90

of Shear
0.70 200
FactorFactor
1.00 400

DepthDepth
0.80
0.50 0.60 0
0.70 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 200
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Height of Wall, m
0.60 0
Volume of Masonry per metre length Vwall, m3
c) Angle0.5 1.0 Face
of Earth 1.5 of
2.0Wall
2.5with3.0 3.5 4.0
Vertical 4.5 05.0
= -11.31 [1(H):5(V)]
0
d) Angle of(d)
Earth Face
Angle
Phi 25 of
= of Wall
Earth with
= 30 Vertical
Face
Phi of Wall 35=-14.03
Phi =with [1(H):4(V)]
Vertical
Phi = 40
Height of Wall, m
5.00 Fig. 8 – Volume of 0Masonry in Breast Wall
α=-14.03 [1(H):4(V)] 0
c) Angle(c)
of Earth
AngleFace of Wall
of Earth withof
Face Vertical  = -11.31
Wall with Vertical [1(H):5(V)]
4.50
Fig. 8 : Volume of Masonry in Breast Wall α = -11.310[1(H):5(V)]
4.00
Height of Wall, m

6.5 Factor
3.50 of Safety
Phi = 25 Phi = 30Against
Phi = 35Sliding
Phi = 40 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
3.00
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
6.5.1 Coefficient
Phi = 25 of friction between
Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Masonry
Factor of Safety against Sliding
Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide

2.50 1.30 1200

Depth of Shear Key DKey, mm


1.40 1200
and
2.00 Soil/Rock Mass µ =0.50
Depth of Shear Key DKey, mm

1.20 1000
1.50
1.30
Factor of1.00Safety against Sliding FoSSlide and Depth1000 of Shear 1.10
800
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 10
Key
1.20 DKey0.50
required to attain a factor of safety of 1.5, for height
FoSSlide

1.00
800 600
of breast wall
1.10
0.0 ranging
0.5 1.0from
1.5 1.0
2.0m to
2.55.03.0
m for
3.5 different
4.0 4.5 angle5.0
0.90
Volume of Masonry per metre length V , m 3 Chalisgaonkar 10
Rajendra 400
of repose of backfill φ and coefficient of friction 0
between
wall
600 0.80
1.00 d) Angle
masonry andof soil/rock
Earth Face of Wall with
mass Vertical
µ=0.50 for=-14.03
different[1(H):4(V)]
angles, 200
0.70
Fig. 8 – Volume of Masonry in Breast Wall 400
which
0.90 earth face of Wall makes with Vertical, α have been 0.60 0
depicted in Fig. 9. 200
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
0.80
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Height of Wall, m
0.70 0
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 d) Angle of Earth
(d) Angle Face ofFace
of Earth Wall of
with Vertical
Wall = -14.030[1(H):4(V)]
withVertical
Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
1.40 1200 Fig. 9 – Factor
α =of-14.03
Safety0against Sliding and Depth of Shear Key
[1(H):4(V)]
Depth of Shear Key DKey, mm

Height of Wall, m
1.30 6.5.2 Coefficient of friction between masonry and and
soil/rock mass
1000 Fig. 9 : Factor of Safety against Sliding Depth of =0.80
Shear Key
a) Earth Face of Wall is Vertical  = 00[0(H):1(V)]
1.20 Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide and Depth of Shear Key DKey required to attain a
factor of6.5.2
safety ofCoefficient
1.5, for height of of Friction
wall rangingbetween
from 1.0m to Masonry
800
1.10
breast 5.0m for different angle
600 and Soil/Rock Mass µ = 0.80
of repose of backfill  and coefficient of friction between masonry and soil/rock mass =0.80
1.00
for different angles, which earth face of Wall makes with Vertical,  have been depicted in
Fig. 10.Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide and Depth of Shear
400
0.90
Key DKey required to attain a factor of safety of 1.5, for height
200
0.80
Rajendra Chalisgaonkarof
9 breast wall ranging from 1.0m to 5.0m for different angle
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
0.70 0 of repose of backfill
Phi = 25 φ and Phi
coefficient
= 30 ofPhifriction
= 35 between
Phi = 40
fety against Sliding FoSSlide

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
masonry2.20and soil/rock mass µ=0.80 for different angles, 600
of Shear Key DKey, mm

Height of Wall, m which earth


2.10 face of Wall makes with Vertical, α have500 been
(a) Earth FaceFace
a) Earth of Wall is is
of Wall Vertical
Verticalα=
= 00[0(H):1(V)]
[0(H):1(V)] depicted in Fig. 10.
2.00
400
56 WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 1.90
300
1.80
200
1.70
Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide and Depth of Shear Key DKey required to attain a
factor of safety of 1.5, for height of breast wall ranging from 1.0m to 5.0m for different angle
of repose of backfill  and coefficient of friction between masonry and soil/rock mass =0.80
for different angles, which earth face of Wall makes with Vertical,  have been depicted in
Fig. 10.

Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40


Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40

Factor of Safety against Sliding


2.20 800

Depth of Shear Key DKey, mm


Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide

2.20 600

Depth of Shear Key DKey, mm


2.00
2.10 500 600
1.80
2.00

FoSSlide
400
1.90 1.60 400
300

w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)


1.80 1.40
200 200
1.70 1.20
1.60 100
1.00 0
1.50 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Phi = 25 Height
Phi = 30 of Wall,
Phi = 35m Phi = 40
0
a) Earth Face of Wall is Vertical
Height  = 00[0(H):1(V)]
of Wall, m (d)ofAngle
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40
a) Earth Face of Wall is Vertical  = 0 [0(H):1(V)] d) 2.20
Angle EarthofFace
Earth Facewith
of Wall of Wall withVertical
Vertical = -14.030800
[1(H):4(V)]

FoSSlide Factor of Safety against Sliding

Depth of Shear Key DKey, mm


α = -14.030[1(H):4(V)]
(a) Earth Face of Wall is Vertical α = 0 [0(H):1(V)]
0 Fig.
2.00
10 – Factor of Safety against Sliding and Depth of Shear Key
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar Fig.
11 10 : Factor of Safety against Sliding and Depth of Shear 600 Key
Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 1.80
6.5.3 Variation of Factor of Safety against

FoSSlide
Phi
Phi == 25
25 Phi
Phi == 30
30 Phi
Phi == 35
35 Phi
Phi == 40
40 1.60 400
Sliding for different Coefficient ofAlpha=-14.31
Friction
Slide

Alpha=0 Alpha=-5.71 Alpha=-11.31


FoSSlide

2.00 600
2.00 600
, mm
1.40
between Masonry and Soil/Rock Mass
, mm
1.80
FoS

Factor of Safety against Sliding


1.90 200
1.90 500 1.20
Sliding

DKey

500 5m high
1.60 breast wall was analysed for angle of repose of
Sliding

DKey

1.80
1.00
1.80 400 backfill φ0.5as 1.0
400 for different angles, which earth0 face of
Key

1.70 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0


Wall 1.40
makes with Vertical, α and coefficient of friction
against

400
Key

1.70 Height of Wall, m


of Shear

1.60 300
between masonry and soil/rock mass µ was varied 0from 050
against

1.20
of Shear

1.60
1.50 300 d) to
to 0.80 Angle of Earth
obtain theFace of Wallof
Factors with Vertical
Safety  = -14.03
against [1(H):4(V)]
Sliding and
of Safety

200
1.40 1.00 Fig. 10 – Depth
corresponding
Factor of Safety against Sliding and Depth of Shear Key
of Shear Key. The results obtained
1.50
Depth
of Safety

200
1.30
100 have 0.80
been depicted in Fig. 11.
1.40
Depth
FactorFactor

1.20 100
0 Alpha=0 Alpha=-5.71 Alpha=-11.31 Alpha=-14.31
1.30 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0.60
1.80
Factor of Safety against Sliding

0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80


Height of Wall, m 1.20 0
1.60 Coefficient of friction 
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.50 5.0
b) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical  = -5.71 [1(H):10(V)]
(b) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical 1.40 a) Factor of Safety against Sliding, FoSSlide
Phi = 25α = Height
-5.71 0 of Wall,
Phi m
[1(H):10(V)]
Phi = 30 = 35 Phi = 40
FoSSlide

Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 1.20


0
2.00 of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical  = -5.71 [1(H):10(V)]
b) Angle
against Sliding

800 1.00
Key DKey, mm

Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40


1.80 Phi = 25 Phi = 30 Phi = 35 Phi = 40 600 0.80
Sliding

2.00 800 0.60


1.60
FoSSlide

Key, mm

0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80


400
Coefficient of friction 
of Safety

1.80
Shear

1.40
against

600 (a) Factor of Safety against Sliding,


a) Factor of Safety against Sliding,FoS
FoSSlide
Slide
of D

200
1.20
1.60 Alpha=0 Alpha=-5.71 Alpha=-11.31 Alpha=-14.31
FoSSlide

Key

Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 13
Factor

400
Depth

350
Depth of Shear Key, DKey
Factor of Safety

1.00 0
Depth of Shear

1.40 300
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Height of Wall, m 200 250
1.20
c) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical  = -11.310[1(H):5(V)] 200
150
1.00 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 100
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 13
Height of Wall, m 50

c) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical  = -11.310[1(H):5(V)] 0


(c) Angle of Earth Face of Wall with Vertical 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
α = -11.310[1(H):5(V)] Coefficient of friction 
Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 12
(b) Depth of Shear
b) Depth Key,
of Shear DKey
Key, DKey
Fig. 11 : Variation of Factor of Safety against Sliding and
Depth of Shear Key for different Coefficient of friction between
masonry and soil/rock mass

Rajendra Chalisgaonkar 12 WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 57


From the perusal of Fig. 11(a), it can be clearly observed that 8. DESIGN EXAMPLES
the Factor of Safety against Sliding FoSSlide varies linearly To illustrate the use of Charts, following examples have
with the coefficient of friction between masonry and soil/ been chosen:
rock mass µ. Thus, if we know the Factor of Safety against
Sliding for µ=0.50 and µ=0.80, for intermediate values the 8.1 Example 1
Factor of Safety against Sliding, FoSSlide can be obtained
Height of Wall H = 2.0 m, Angle of Repose of Soil φ = 300
from the simple interpolation.
Coefficient of friction between masonry and soil/rock mass
It is also very clear from Fig. 11(b) that the Depth of Shear
µ = 0.50
w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)

Key, DKey also varies linearly with the coefficient of friction


between masonry and soil/rock mass µ. Let the earth face of Breast Wall makes an angle with
Vertical, α = −5.710
7. APPLICATION OF CHARTS or Slope 1.0(H):10.0(V)
Five simple steps are to be followed for design of breast
Solution :
wall:
Step 1 - For angle of repose of soil, φ =300 and
Step 1 - For given value of angle of repose of soil, φ
and provided vertical angle to earth face of
provided vertical angle to earth face of
Wall, α read the value of active earth pressure Wall, a = -5.710, from Fig. 5, the value of
coefficient Ka from Fig. 5. active earth pressure coefficient Ka = 0.26 .
Step 2 - For provided vertical angle to earth face of Wall, Step 2 - For provided vertical angle to earth face of
α, read the value of economical base width bw Wall, a = -5.710, the value of economical
of wall from Fig. 6(a/b/c/d) for given value of base width bw of wall = 800 mm from
angle of repose of soil, φ, and height of wall H. Fig. 6(b), for given value of angle of repose
Step 3 - For provided vertical angle to earth face of Wall, of soil, φ =300 and height of wall H =
α, read the value of maximum pressure at Toe, 2.0 m.
PToe, when the pressure at heel is nearly zero Step 3 - For provided vertical angle to earth face
from Fig. 7(a/b/c/d) for given value of angle of of Wall, a = -5.710, the value of maximum
repose of soil, φ, and height of wall H.
pressure at Toe, when the pressure at heel
Step 4 - For provided vertical angle to earth face of Wall, is nearly zero, PToe =51.0 kN/m2 from Fig.
α, read the volume of masonry per m length
7(b), for given value of angle of repose of
VWall Fig. 8(a/b/c/d) for given value of angle of
soil, φ =300 and height of wall H=2.0 m.
repose of soil, φ, and height of wall H.
Step 5 - For coefficient of friction between masonry and Step 4 - For provided vertical angle to earth face of
soil/rock mass µ=0.50 and provided vertical Wall, a = -5.710, the volume of masonry
angle to earth face of Wall, α, read the value per m length Vwall = 1.0 m3 from Fig. 8(b),
of factor of safety against sliding FoSSlide and for given value of angle of repose of soil, φ
Depth of Shear Key DKey from Fig. 9(a/b/c/d) =300 and height of wall H=2.0 m.
for given value of angle of repose of soil, φ, and Step 5 - For coefficient of friction between masonry
height of wall H. and soil/rock mass µ = 0.50 and provided
Or vertical angle to earth face of Wall, a =
- For coefficient of friction between masonry and -5.710, the value of Factor of Safety against
soil/rock mass µ=0.80 and provided vertical sliding FoSSlide = 0.85 and
angle to earth face of Wall, α, read the value
of factor of safety against sliding FoSSlide and Depth of Shear Key DKey = 400 mm from
Depth of Shear Key DKey from Fig. 10(a/b/c/d) Fig. 9(b), for given value of angle of repose
for given value of angle of repose of soil, φ, and of soil, φ =300 and height of wall H =
height of wall H. 2.0 m.
Or
8.2 Example 2
For coefficient of friction between masonry and
soil/rock mass µ in between 0.50 to 0.80, and Height of Wall H = 5.0 m, Angle of Repose of Soil φ = 350
provided vertical angle to earth face of Wall, α, Coefficient of friction between masonry and soil/rock mass
read the value of factor of safety against sliding φ = 0.70
FoSSlide and Depth of Shear Key DKey from Fig.
9(a/b/c/d) and Fig. 10(a/b/c/d) for given value Let the earth face of Breast Wall makes an angle with
of angle of repose of soil, φ, and height of wall Vertical, a = −14.030
H and then interpolate it for the required value or Slope 1.0(H):4.0(V)
of coefficient of friction between masonry and
soil/rock mass µ.

58 WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019


Solution : time to carry out proper design and also do not pay much
attention while designing these simple structures, resulting
Step 1 - For angle of repose of soil, φ =350 and
in improper or conservative design. In this study, simple
provided vertical angle to earth face of
Charts have been presented, which will be useful   for
Wall, α = -14.030, from Fig. 5, the value of
the  quick  and techno-economic design  of breast walls and
active earth pressure coefficient Ka = 0.17.
serve as a ready reckoner to the Field Engineers working
Step 2 - For provided vertical angle to earth face of in the field of Highway Sector and Water Resources Sector.
Wall, α == -14.030, the value of economical
base width bw of wall = 1250 mm from Fig. References

w & e internatioNal (Water resources section)


6(d), for given value of angle of repose of
1. Chalisgaonkar, Rajendra (1988), Inclined Retaining
soil, φ =350 and height of wall H=5.0 m.
Walls, Indian Concrete Journal, August.
Step 3 - For provided vertical angle to earth face of 2. Chalisgaonkar, Rajendra (2018), Influence of Design
Wall, α = -14.030, the value of maximum Parameters on Earth Pressures behind Retaining Walls,
pressure at Toe, when the pressure at heel Journal of Indian Highways, Indian Road Congress,
is nearly zero, PToe =115.0 kN/m2 from Fig. New Delhi, Vol. 46, No.11, November.
7(d), for given value of angle of repose of
soil, φ =350 and height of wall H=5.0 m. 3. Coulomb, C. A.(1776) Essai sur une application des
regles des maximis et minimis a quelques problems de
Step 4 - For provided vertical angle to earth face of statique relatifis a Parchitecture, Mem. Acad. Roy. Pres
Wall, α = -14.030, the volume of masonry divers savants, Vol. 7, Paris.
per m length Vwall = 3.6 m3 from Fig. 8(d),
for given value of angle of repose of soil, φ 4. Pillai, S. Unnikrishna and Devdas Menon (2005)
=350 and height of wall H=5.0 m. Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
Step 5 - For coefficient of friction between masonry
and soil/rock mass µ=0.50 and provided 5. Rankine, W. J. M. (1857) On the Stability of Loose
vertical angle to earth face of Wall, α = Earth, Phi. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, Vol. 147.
-14.030, the value of Factor of Safety against 6. (2008) Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design
sliding FoSSlide = 0.75 and Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and
Structures Part 1- Dead Loads-Unit Weights of Building
Depth of Shear Key DKey = 600 mm from
Materials and Stored Materials, IS-875: Part 1, Bureau
Fig. 9(d), for given value of angle of repose
of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
of soil, φ =350 and height of wall H =
5.0 m. 7. (1998) Indian Standard Code of Practice: Retaining
Wall for Hill Area – Guidelines, Part 1 Selection of Type
For coefficient of friction between masonry
of Wall, IS:14458 Part 1, Bureau of Indian Standards,
and soil/rock mass µ=0.80 and provided
New Delhi.
vertical angle to earth face of Wall, α =
-14.030, the value of Factor of Safety against 8. (1997) Indian Standard Code of Practice: Retaining
sliding FoSSlide = 1.20 and Wall for Hilly Area - Guidelines IS:14458: Part 2,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Depth of Shear Key DKey = 400mm from
Fig. 10(d), for given value of angle of 9. (2014) Indian Standard Code of Practice: Criteria for
repose of soil, φ =350 and height of wall Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 3 –
H=5.0 m. Bridges and Retaining Walls, IS:1893:Part 3, Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
For desired value of coefficient of friction
between masonry and soil/rock mass µ=0.70 10. (2017) Standard Specifications and Code of Practice
the value of Factor of Safety against sliding for Road Bridges Section : II Loads and Stresses IRC:6,
FoSSlide = 0.75+[(1.20-0.75)*0.2/0.3] = 1.05 Indian Road Congress, New Delhi.
and Depth of Shear Key DKey = 600-[(600- 11. (2014) Standard Specifications and Code of Practice
400)*0.2/0.3] = 470 mm for Road Bridges Section : VII Foundations and
Substructure IRC:78, Indian Road Congress, New
9. CONCLUSION Delhi.
Breast walls are simple structures and commonly built in 12. (2003) Indian Railway Standard Code of Practice
highway and water resources projects for various earth for the Design of Sub Structure and Foundation of
retaining purposes. The engineers in the field are bogged Bridges, Research Designs and Standards Organisation,
down with numerous responsibilities and often do not find Lucknow.

WATER And ENERGY INTERNATIONAL June 2019 59

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