FORCES

Forces and Newton’s

Laws of Motion
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Forces
– Classification of Forces
– Fundamental Forces
– Non-fundamental Forces
• Free-body Diagrams
• Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
– First Law of Motion
• Mass and Inertia
– Second Law of Motion
– Third Law of Motion
 Force
– any action or influence that may
accelerate an object
– a push or a pull
– has both magnitude and direction
– SI unit is newton (N)
– only exist as a result from the object’s
interaction with another object
– exerted BY something ON something
– comes/occurs in pair
Do lifeless/non-living things exert forces?
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
(Law of Interaction)
• “For every action force there is an equal and
opposite reaction force.”
 
FA on B   FB on A

Click me for magic!

 For every action force there is an equal
and opposite reaction force.
“For every…there is…”
• Forces occur in pairs.
• Example: For object A and B:
Action force: “ A pushes B”
Reaction force: “B pushes A”

If A pushes B, then B at the same time pushes A EVEN IF B HAS NO LIFE!

The action and reaction forces occur at exactly the same time!
 For every action force, there is an
equal and opposite reaction force.
“Equal”
In Newton’s Third Law, “equal” means:
• Equal in magnitude (strength).
– The action and reaction forces are exactly the same
MAGNITUDE.

“Opposite”
In Newton’s Third Law, “opposite” means:
– Opposite in direction.
– The action and reaction forces are exactly 1800 apart in
direction.
Action force:
____________________
Reaction force:
_____________________

Action force:
____________________
Reaction force:
_____________________
 Check Your Understanding
1.) Identify the pair forces in the following:
 Check Your Understanding
Complete the sentence according to Newton’s Third Law of Motion

2.) If Bob’s foot kicks a soccer ball forward with 20 N of force,

then the soccer ball kicks Bob’s foot backwards with 20 N
of force.

3.) If a magnet pulls a paperclip up with 2 N of force, then

the paperclip pulls the magnet down with 2 N of force.

4.) Bob is trying to do a push up. If Bob pushes down on the

floor with 400 N of force, then
the floor pushes up on Bob with 400 N of force.
 Check Your Understanding
5.) Which exerts a greater force? The car or the
truck?
 Check Your Understanding
6.) While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield
of a bus and makes a quite obvious mess in front of the face
of the driver. The firefly hit the bus and the bus hits the
firefly. Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the
firefly or the force on the bus?
 Check Your Understanding
7.) Consider the interaction depicted below between foot A, ball B, and foot
C. The three objects interact simultaneously (at the same time). Identify the
two pairs of action-reaction forces. Use the notation "foot A", "foot C", and
"ball B" in your statements.

8.) Identify at least six pairs of action-reaction force pairs in the following
diagram.
 Four Fundamental Forces in Nature
1.) Gravitational Force
2.) Electromagnetic Force
3.) Strong Force
4.) Weak Force
 1.) Gravitational Force or Gravity
• is a force between masses.
• Its magnitude depends on how large these masses are.
– Greater mass means greater gravity.
• is always an attractive force.

Gm1m2
FG 
r2

PhET
 Tides - the periodic rising and falling of ocean waters
caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and moon

Tidal Currents- horizontal

movement of ocean waters

Tides – rise and fall

Tidal currents – ebb and flood
 What causes tides?

Ocean tides result from the

gravitational attraction of the
sun and moon on the oceans
of the earth.
 2.) Electromagnetic Force
• EM force is the force
between charged particles.
• Example:
– Negatively charged electrons
are attracted to positively
charged protons.
– Electrons repel electrons.
– Protons repel protons.
– Negative ions repel, positive
ions attract. (e.g Na+ and Cl- )
– DNA base pairing
Electromagnetic Force
 3.) Strong Force
• Strong force is the force
that holds the protons
and neutrons in a
nucleus.
• It is very short-ranged-
about 10-15 m.
 4.) Weak Force
• Weak force is
responsible for
radioactive decay such
as beta decay.
• It is very short-range.
• Has the shortest range
among the other four
fundamental forces.
 The Four Fundamental Forces
Name Relative Range
Strength
Strong Nuclear Force 100 Short (1 fm = 10-15 m)

Electromagnetic Force 1 Long

Weak Nuclear Force 10-10 Short ( 1 am = 10-18 m)

Gravitational Force 10-40 Long

Common FORCES
 1.) Gravity , FG

 The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or
other massively large object attracts another object towards
itself.

 The force of gravity on earth is always equal to the weight of

the object as found by the equation:
where g = 9.8 m/s2 (on Earth) and
m = mass (in kg)

• The magnitude of this force is called the weight of the object.

 2.) Normal Force, FN
– is a force of a surface on an object
in contact with it
– is a supporting force or pressing
force
– is perpendicular to the surface
between the two objects in contact
– is electromagnetic force
• imagine the surface composed of
molecules that resists
deformation
Normal Force
 Question

A 10-kg object is in free fall. How much normal force

is there on the object?
 3.) Frictional Force, FF

– force that opposes the motion of an

object when the object is in contact
with another object or surface

– acts in opposite direction to the

motion of a body

– can hinder the motion of an object

or prevent an object from moving at
all

– depends on the nature of the two

surfaces and on the load (weight of
the object), the force that presses
the surfaces together
 Frictional Force
– occurs to some degree in almost all situations
involving physical objects
• moving parts of an engine
– resists the engine’s motion and turns energy to heat;
reducing the engine’s efficiency
• makes it difficult to slide a heavy object
• allows people to walk by pushing off the ground
without slipping
• allows car tires to grip and roll along the road without
skidding
 Kinds of Friction
a.) Static friction, Ffs
– occurs between stationary
objects
– prevents an object from moving
against a surface
Not
– depends on moving
• the coefficient of static yet

friction (μs )
• and the normal force (force
pressing them together)
F fs   s FN
 Kinds of Friction
b.) Sliding or Kinetic Friction, Ffk
– occurs when the objects are in relative motion
– depends on
• the coefficient of kinetic friction (μk )
• and the normal force (force pressing them together)

F fk   k FN
• Friction is due to the
surfaces interacting
with each other on the
microscopic level.
 4.) Air Resistance Force, Fair
• special type of frictional force which
acts upon objects as they travel
through the air
• most noticeable for objects which
travel at high speeds (e.g., a skydiver or
a downhill skier) or for objects with
large surface areas.
 Tension Force, FT
• is the pulling force
exerted by a string,
cable, chain, or similar
solid object on another
object.
6.) Spring Force, Fspring
– the force exerted by a compressed or stretched
spring upon any object which is attached to it

7.) Other Forces

– a force which is applied to an object by a person
or another object
– Example:
• A man pushes a box. We can label that force as FM .
• A rightward force: FR
 Check Your Understanding
Identify the forces that are present in the
following situations:
 Two Broad Categories of Forces
• Contact Forces
– forces that involve
physical contact between
two interacting objects
• examples: frictional forces,
tensional forces, normal
forces, air resistance forces,
and applied forces
 Two Broad Categories of Forces
• Non-contact or Field
Forces
– forces that do not
involve physical contact
between two interacting
objects
– forces that act through
empty space
• examples: gravitational
force, electric force and
magnetic force