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Industrial Stoichiometry-II
DR. KHURAM MAQSOOD
NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND FERTILIZER RESEARCH, FAISALABAD
2
Name of Course/
Module Industrial Stoichiometry II
Credit Value 3
Prerequisite (if any)
Stoichiometry I
3
Teaching-learning
and assessment 1. Coursework: 60% (Quizzes 20%, Assignments: 5%, attendance
strategy 5%, Mid 30%)
2. Examination (90 min): 40%
Reference Books
Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, David M.
Eighth Edition Himmelblau
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, R. M. Felder
Third Edition R. W. Rousseau
Chemical Process Principles (Part 1), Second Edition Olaf A. Hougen
“Material & Energy Balance” K. M. Watson
R. A. Ragatz
Introduction to Material and Energy Balances G. V. Reklaitis
D. R. Schneider
Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations T. G. Hicks
N. P. Chopey
Both books at the top are main text books for this subject
Material and Energy Balances 6
Feed is charged into a system. The system works on the feed until
processing is complete. Products are then removed.
System is closed, with no material transfer across system boundaries
except during charging and product removal.
Examples are:
Cooking
Brewing
Specialty chemicals
Continuous Process 8
C O2 CO2
Accumulation = In - Out + Generation - Consumption
O2 0 = 1 - 0 + 0 - 1
C 0 = 1 - 1 + 0 0
O 0 = 2 - 2 + 0 0
Material Balance Equation 18
C O2 CO2
Accumulation = In - Out + Generation - Consumption
C 0 = 1 - 1 + 0 0
O2 0 = 1 - 1 + 0 0
Flue or stack gas: 19
oxygen):
The amount of air (or oxygen) required to
be brought into the process for complete
combustion. Sometimes this quantity is
called the required air (or oxygen).
Excess air (or excess oxygen): 24
Fuels for motor vehicles other than gasoline are being evaluated
because they generate lower levels of pollutants than does gasoline.
Compressed propane has been suggested as a source of power for
vehicles. Suppose that in a test 20 kg of C3H8 is burned with 400 kg of
air to produce 44 kg of CO2 and 12 kg of CO. What was the percent
excess air?
Sol:
CH4=100%
Burner P = ? (kg moles)
F = 16.0 kg CO2 = ?
Air = mol% N2 = ?
A= 300kg O2 = 21% O2 = ?
N2 = 79% H2O = ?
Sol: Element Balance 28
O 2 2.184 = 4.36 kg mole
Basis 16 kg CH 4
N 2 8.216 = 16.4 kg moles
Stream F
Stream P
16
CH 4 1 kg mole CO2 x1 kg moles
16
Element Balance O2 x 2 kg moles
C 1 kg mole N 2 x 3 kg moles
H 4 kg moles H 2O x 4 kg moles
Stream A Element Balance
300 C = x1 kg moles
Air 10.40 kg moles
28.84 O (2x1 +2x 2 +x 4 ) kg moles
O 2 in A 0.2110.40 2.184 kg moles N 2x 3 kg moles
N 2 in A 10.40 2.184 8.216 kg moles H 2x 4 kg moles
Overall Element Balance x1 = 1 kg mole 29
Accumulation 0 x 4 = 2 kg moles
Input Output From Eq(2)
F AP
4.36 = 2(1) + 2 + 2x 2
C 1 0 x1 (1)
x 2 = 0.18 kg moles
O 0 + 4.36 = 2x1 2 x2 x4 (2)
From Eq(3)
N 0 + 16.46 = 2x 3 (3)
H 4 + 0 = 2x 4 (4) 2x 3 =16.46
x 3 = 8.23 kg moles
Analysis 30
H2O = ?
W
F Catalytic G, Dry Flue Gas
Liquid Fuel Oxidation Unit CO2 = 13.4%
N2 = 3.6%
F = 100 kg Air = mol% O2 = 83%
C = 88 wt % A O2 = 21%
H2 = 12 wt % N2 = 79%
Basis, F = 100 kg
Stream F Stream G 33
88 CO 2 = 0.134G kg moles
C= =7.33 kg moles
12 O 2 = 0.036G kg moles
12 N 2 = 0.83G kg moles
H2 = = 6 kg moles
2 Element Balance
Element Balance C = 0.134 kg moles
C = 7.33 kg moles O = 2 0.134G + 2×0.036G = 0.34G kg moles
H = 12 kg moles N = 2×0.83G = 1.66G kg moles
Stream A Stream W
O 2 =0.21A kg moles H 2 O = W kg moles
N 2 = 0.79A kg moles Element Balance
Element Balance O = W kg moles
O = 2×0.21A = 0.42A kg moles H = 2W kg moles
N = 2×0.79A =1.58A kg moles
34
Overall Element Balance
Accumulation 0
Input Output
F A G W
C 7.33 + 0 = 0.134G + 0 (1)
H 12 + 0 = 0 + 2W (2)
O 0 + 0.42A = 0.34G + W (3)
N 0 + 1.58A = 1.66G + 0 (4)
From Eq (1)
35
7.33 = 0.134G
G = 54.70 kg moles
From Eq (2)
12 = 2W
W = 6 kg moles
From Eq (3)
0.42A = 0.34 (54.70) + 6
A = 58.566 kg moles
kg moles of dry flue gas
(A) 54.70 kg moles
100 kg of fuel burned 36
(B) Excess Air
Component Reaction kg moles O 2 Re quired
C C +O 2 CO2 7.33 7.33
1 6
H H 2 + O2 H 2O =3 3
2 2
10.33
Total
Component Percent
C 83.05
H 4.45
O 3.36
N 1.08
S 0.70
Ash 7.36
Total 100
Example 3.14 39
The average Orsat analysis of the gas from the stack during a 24-hr test
was
Component Percent
CO2 + SO2 15.4
CO 0
O2 3.36
N2 80.6
Total 100
Moisture in the fuel was 3.90%, and the air on the average contained
0.0048 lb H2O/lb of dry air. The refuse showed 14.0% unburned coal,
with the remainder being ash.
You are asked to check the consistency of the data before they are
stored in a data base. Is the consistency satisfactory? What was the
average percent excess air used?
H2O(g) = 100% 40
lb
C = 83.05 W (lb mol)
H = 4.45
O = 3.36 CO2 + SO2 = 15.4 %
N = 1.08 O2 = 4.0 %
S = 0.70 Coal Stack gas N2 = 80.6 %
CO = 0.0 %
Ash = 7.36 Furnace
100.0 F (lb) P (lb mol)
Reactions
C O2 CO2
S O2 SO2
1
H 2 O2 H 2O
2
Basis, F = 100 lb of Coal
Stream F 42
C 83.05 6.921
H 4.45 4.450
O 3.36 0.210
N 1.08 0.0771
S 0.70 0.0219
Ash 7.36 -
Stream R 43
By Ash Balance
Ash in F = Ash in R
7.36 = 0.86R
R = 8.558 lb
Unburned Coal in R = 8.558 0.14 = 1.198 or 1.20 lb
Assuming the same composition of components in F and R
44
Component Mass %age Mass %age on lb lb moles
in F ash free basis
(lb)
C 83.05 83.05 0.8964x1.20 = 1.075 1.075/12 = 0.089
x100=89.64
(100−7.36)
3.36
O 3.36 x100=3.62 0.0362x1.20 = 0.04344 0.04344/16 = 0.003
(100−7.36)
1.08
N 1.08 x100=1.165 0.01165x1.20 = 0.01398 0.01398/14 = 0.001
(100−7.36)
0.70
S 0.70 x100=0.775 0.00775x1.20 = 0.0093 0.0093/32 = 0.0003
(100−7.36)
Total 0.1476
Carbon Balance
45
C in F = C in R + C in P
C in P = C in F - C in R
= 6.921 - 0.089 = 6.83 lb moles
Sulfur Balance
S in F = S in R + S in P
S in P = S in F - S in R
= 0.0219 - 0.0003 = 0.02187 lb moles
SO 2 in P = 0.02187 lb moles
CO 2 + SO 2 in P = 6.83 + 0.02187 = 6.852 lb moles
From CO 2 and SO 2 lb moles
0.154 P = 6.852 46
P = 44.49 lb moles
O 2 = 0.04 44.49 = 1.797 lb moles
N 2 = 0.806 44.49 = 35.85 lb moles
N = 2 35.85 = 71.7 lb moles
Stream A
N in A = N in R + N in P - N in F
= 0.001 +71.7 - 0.077 = 71.62 lb moles
71.62
N 2 in A = 35.81 lb moles
2
35.81
Total A = 45.32 lb moles
0.79
O 2 in A = 45.32 0.21 = 9.517 lb moles
47
O - 0.21 −0.21
= −0.105
2
Total Required O2 7.9495
48
O 2 Entering - O 2 Required
% excess air = 100
O 2 Required
9.517 - 7.9495
= 100 = 19.72%
7.9495
Problem 13 49
A hydrocarbon fuel in burnt with excess air. The Orsat analysis of the
flue gas shows 10.2% CO2, 1.0% CO, 8.4% O2, and 80.4% N2. What is the
atomic ratio of H to C in the fuel?
W H2O = ?
F P Mol %
Combustion CO2 = 10.2%
Fuel
H =x CO =1%
C=y Air = mol% N2 = 80.4%
A O2 = 21% O2 = 8.4%
N2 = 79%
𝐻
= ? In Fuel
𝐶
Soln: 50
Reactions
C O2 CO2
1
C O2 CO
2
1
2 H O2 H 2O
2
Basis,
100 kg moles of P
Stream P
CO 2 = 10.2 kg moles
51
CO = 1.0 kg mole
O 2 = 8.4 kg moles Stream F
N 2 = 80.4 kg moles H = x kg moles
Element Balance C = y kg moles
C = 10.2 + 1.0 = 11.2 kg moles Stream W
O = 2 × 10.2 + 1.0 + 2 × 8.4 = 38.2 kgmoles H 2 O = W kg moles
N = 80.4 2 = 160.8 kg moles Element Balance
Stream A O = W kg moles
O 2 =0.21A kg moles H = 2W kg moles
N 2 = 0.79A kg moles
Element Balance
O = 2×0.21A = 0.42A kg moles
N = 2×0.79A =1.58A kg moles
52
Overall Element Balance
Accumulation 0
Input Output
F A W P
C y + 0 = 0 + 11.2 (1)
H x + 0 = 2W + 0 (2)
O 0 + 0.42A = W + 38.2 (3)
N 0 + 1.58A = 0 + 160.8 (4)
From Eq (1)
y = 11.2 53
From Eq (2)
x = 2W (5)
From Eq (4)
A = 101.772
From Eq (3)
0.42 (101.772) - 38.2 = W
W = 4.544 kg moles
From Eq (5)
x = 2 4.544 = 9.088 kg moles
H x 9.088
0.811
C y 11.2
Example 3.16: Multiple Units without Reaction 54
Absorber Distillation B, kg
Column Column
Acetone = 0.04
Water = 0.96
1 2 1.0
CH 4 2O2 CO2 2 H 2O
5
C2 H 2 O2 2CO2 H 2O
2
C O2 CO2
1
H 2 O2 H 2O
2
S O2 SO2
Basis : 1 hr of operation
Stream P
62
P = 6205 lb moles
N 2 = 0.8493 6205 = 5270 lb moles
O 2 = 0.0413 6205 = 256.30 lb moles
SO 2 = 0.001 6205 = 6.21 lb moles
CO 2 = 0.1084 6205 = 672.40 lb moles
Element Balance
N = 2 5270 = 10540 lb moles
O = 2 256.30 + 2 6.21 + 2 672.40 = 1869.74 lb moles
S = 6.21 lb moles
C = 672.40 lb moles
Stream W Stream A
H 2 O = W lb moles O 2 = 0.21 A lb moles 63
Element Balance N 2 = 0.79 A lb moles
H = 2 W lb moles Element Balance
O = W lb moles O = 2 0.21 A = 0.42 A lb moles
Stream A* N = 2 0.79 A = 1.58 A lb moles
O 2 = 0.20 A* lb moles
N 2 = 0.76 A* lb moles
CO 2 = 0.04 A* lb moles
Element Balance
O = 2 0.20 A* + 2 0.04 A* = 0.48 A* lb moles
N = 2 0.76 A* = 1.52 A* lb moles
C = 0.04 A* lb moles
64
Stream F Stream G
C = 0.50 F lb moles CH 4 = 0.96 G lb moles
C2 H 2 = 0.02 G lb moles
H 2 = 0.47 F lb moles
CO 2 = 0.02 G lb moles
S = 0.03 F lb moles Element Balance
Element Balance C = 0.96 G + 2 0.02 G + 0.02 = 1.02 G lb moles
C = 0.50 F lb moles H = 4 0.96 G + 2 0.02 G = 3.88 G lb moles
O = 2 0.02 G lb moles
S = 0.03 F lb moles
H = 2 0.47 F = 0.94 F
Overall Element Balance 65
A+G+F+A*=P+W
H 0 + 3.88 G + 0.94 F + 0 = 0 + 2 W (1)
O 0.42 A + 0.04 G + 0 + 0.48 A* = 1869.74 + W (2)
N 1.58 A + 0 + 0 + 1.52 A* = 10540 + 0 (3)
S 0 + 0 + 0.03 F + 0 = 6.21 (4)
C 0 + 1.02 G + 0.50 F + 0.04 A* = 672.40 + 0 (5)
From Equation (4)
66
0.03 F = 6.21
F = 207 lb moles
Put in Eq (1)
3.88 G + 0.94 (207) = 2 W
W = 1.94 G + 97.29 (6)
From Eq (3)
1.58 A + 1.52 A* = 10540
10540 - 1.52 A*
A= 6670.8 0.96 A * (7)
1.58
Put W and A from Eq (6) and (7) in Eq (2)
0.42 (6670.8 - 0.96 A*) + 0.04 G + 0.48 A* = 1869.74 + (1.94 G + 97.29) 67
A* = 24.73 G - 10901.05
From Eq (5)
1.02 G + 0.50 (207) + 0.04 (24.73 G - 10901.5) = 672.40
G = 500 lb moles (Answer of Part b)
Part a
207 lb moles 7.91 lb gal 1 bbl
hr lb moles 7.578 lb 42 gal
= 5.14 bbl / hr
For 560 bbl
𝟓𝟔𝟎
𝒕= = 108.9 hrs
𝟓.𝟏𝟒
Sec 3.5, Self Assessment Exercise, 9.2 68
T S, Unburned
Reactions
90%
S+O 2 SO2 (i) 70
1 95%
SO2 O2 SO3 (ii)
2
Basis, F = 100 lb
Stream F
100
F= 3.125 lb moles
32
From Reaction (i)
O 2 Required = 3.125 lb moles
O 2 Supplied = 3.125 + 100% (3.125) = 6.25 lb moles
6.25
Air Supplied = 29.76 lb moles
0.21
N 2 Supplied = 29.76 - 6.25 = 23.51 lb moles
29.76 lb moles 28.84 lb
lb of Air Supplied = = 858.27 lb
1 lb moles
Part a
lb of Air Supplied
858.27 lb 71
100 lb of Sulfur Burned
System 1 (Burner)
Input - Output + Generation -Consumtion = 0
S 3.125 - T + 0 - (0.9 3.125) = 0
T = 0.3125 lb moles (1)
1
O2 6.25 - x 2 + 0 - ( 0.90 3.125 ) = 0
1
6.25 - x 2 + 0 - 2.8125 = 0 (2)
N2 23.51 - x 3 + 0 - 0 = 0 (3)
1
SO 2 0 - x1 + (0.9 3.125 ) - 0 = 0 (4)
1
2
x 2 = 3.4375 lb moles
3
x 3 = 23.51 lb moles
4
x1 = 2.8125 lb moles
System 2 (Converter)
Input - Output + Generation -Consumtion = 0 72
SO 2 x1 - x 4 + 0 - 0.95 x1 = 0 (5)
1
SO3 0 - x 5 + (0.95)x1 - 0 = 0 (6)
1
1/ 2
O2 x2 - x6 + 0 - (0.95)x1 = 0 (7)
1
N2 x3 - x7 + 0 - 0 = 0 (8)
8
x 7 = 23.51 lb moles
5
x 4 = 0.1406 lb moles
6
x 5 = 2.671 lb moles
7
x 6 = 2.101 lb moles
Part b 73
Stream P1
Component lb moles Mol%
SO2 2.81 9.44
O2 3.44 11.56
N2 23.51 79
Total 29.76 100
Stream P2
Component lb moles Mol%
SO2 0.1406 0.49
SO3 2.671 9.39
O2 2.101 7.39
N2 23.51 82.72
Total 28.42 100
Recycle Stream 74
Please Do it yourself
Example 3.20: Recycle with Chemical Reaction 81
G = 0.40
W = 0.60 System II System III
1.0 Fixedbed P
T
S Reactor
CP,G
Mixer CT,G Splitter
CP,F
CT,F = 0.04
CP,W
CT,W
Sol: 83
P
8.33 (A) Fructose Balance
R
Basis, S 100 kg 0 + C P , F R = 0.04 T (4)
System I (Overall Process) Glucose Balance
SP 0.4 100 + C P ,G R CT ,G T (5)
P 100 (1) System III (Reactor + Splitter)
H 2 O Balance Input - Output + Generation - Consumption = Accumulation
0.60 100 = C P ,W P (2) Glucose Balance
System II (Mixer) CT ,G T CP ,G ( P R ) 0 f (CT ,G T ) 0 (6)
Input = Output
Stream Balance
S+R=T
100 + R = T (3)
Summation Equations
Stream T
84
5
CT ,G 0.04 CT ,W 1.0 (7) 40 0.027 12 CT ,G 112, CT ,G 0.36
5
Stream P
0.360 112 0.027 (100 12) f (0.36 112)
C P ,G CP , F CP ,W 1.0 (8)
40.32 - 3.024 - = f (40.32)
2
CP ,W 0.6 f = 0.925 or 92.5%
A 100
R 12 kg
8.33
3
100 R T , T 100 12 112kg
4
CP , F 12 0.04 112, C P , F 0.373
8
CP ,G 0.373 0.6 1, C P ,G 0.027
Example 3.21: Recycle with Chemical Reaction 85
CF,S = 0.30
CF,W = 0.70 System II System III
1.0 P
Fˊ Reactor
F = 100 lb
Mixer CFˊ,S Splitter
CFˊ,I
CFˊ,W
Sol: 87
Reaction
90% I = Inversion Suger =360
C12 H 22O11 H 2O C6 H12O6 C6 H12O6
(342) 18
180 180
CF / S F / 30
CR , S (10)
R
Put the values of P and C R , S from Eq (1) and (10)
(C F / , S F / ) CF / , S F / 30( R 100) 0.9(CF / , S F / ) 0
(CF / , S F / 30)( R 100)
(CF / , S F / ) 0.90(CF / , S F / ) 0
R
(CF / , S F / ) R (CF / , S F / 30)( R 100) 0.90(CF / , S F / ) R 0
0.1(CF / , S F / ) R (CF / , S F / ) R 100(CF / , S F / ) 30 R 3000 0
(0.1 1)(CF / , S F / ) R 100(CF / , S F / ) 30 R 3000 0
0.9(CF / , S F / ) R 100(CF / , S F / ) 30 R 3000 0
0.9(CF / , S F / ) R 100(CF / , S F / ) 30 R 3000 0
(0.9 R 100)(CF / , S F / ) 30 R 3000 92
30 R 3000
CF / , S F
/
0.9 R 100
Put C R , I from eq (9) and F / from eq (2) to eq (6)
(5 0.05 R) 3000 30 R
0.05(100 R) ( R 100) 0.90 1.052
R 100 0.9 R
5 0.05 R 28.421
0.05 0
R 100 0.9 R
0.05 R(100 0.9 R) (5 0.05 R)(100 0.90 R) 28.421R 0
5 R 0.045 R 2 500 4.5 R 5 R 0.045 R 2 28.421R 0
28.421R 4.5 R 500
(a) R = 20.902 lbmoles/hr
Put the values of R in eq (9)
93
5 0.05 R 5
CR , I 0.05
R R
5
CR , I 0.05
20.902
(b) CR , I 0.29
Example 3.23 (Bypass Calculations)
In the feedstock preparation section of a plant manufacturing natural 94
gasoline, isopentane is removed from butane-free gasoline. Assume for
purposes of simplification that the process and components are as
shown in Figure. What fraction of the butane-free gasoline is passed
through the isopentane tower? Detailed steps will not be listed in the
analysis and solution of this problem. The process is in the steady state
and no reaction occurs.
Sol: 95
From eq (1)
X
? S = 11.11 kg
F
Basis 100kg System II (Iso Pentane Tower)
System I (Process) Stream Balance
Stream balance X=Y+S (3)
F=P+S i-C5 H12 Balance
100 = P + S (1) 0.02 X = 0 + 11.11
11.11
n-C5 H12 Balance X= 55.55 kg
0.20
0.8 100 = 0.9 P + 0 (2)
X 55.55
P = 88.88 kg 0.555
F 100
Example 3.23 (Purge) 96
System II
Mole %
H2 = 67.3
CO = 32.5
Feed, F CH4 = 0.2
E
Reactor Separator
CH3OH = 100%
1 Mole 2
H2 = x
CO = y
Recycle, R CH4 , z = 0.032 Purge, P
Sol: 98
R, P, E = ? Stream F
CO + 2H 2 CH 3OH Element Balance
Basis, F = 100 moles C = 0.2 + 32.5 = 32.7 moles
Sysytem I (Overall Process) H = 2 67.3 + 4 0.2 = 135.4 moles
H 2 67.3moles O = 32.5 moles
Stream E
CO 32.5moles
C = E moles
CH 4 0.2moles
H = 4 E moles
Input = Output
O = E moles
Stream P Stream P 99
H 2 x P moles C 32.7 = E + (y +0.032) P (1)
CO = y P moles H 135.4 = 4 E + (2x + 0.128) P (2)
CH 4 = 0.032 P molesO 32.5 = E + y P (3)
Element Balance System II (Mixer + reactor + separator + splitter)
C = (y + 0.032) P moles
Input - ourput + Generation - Consumption = Acuumu
H = (2x + 0.128) P moles
CO balance
O = y p moles (32.5 + y R) - y (P + R ) + 0 - 0.18 (32.5 + y R) =
Input = Output Summation Equation
F=E+P x + y + 0.032 = 1
Stream P
C 32.7 = E + (y +0.032) P (1) 100
0.2 = 0.032 P
P = 6.25 moles
3
32.5 = E + (0.968 - x) 6.25
26.45 = E - 6.25 x
Multiply with 2
52.9 = 2 E - 12.5 x (A)
2
135.4 = 4 E + (2x +0.128) 6.25
134.6 = 4 E + 12.5x (B)
Adding Eq (A) and Eq (B)
52.9 = 2 E - 12.5 x (A) 102
134.6 = 4 E + 12.5x (B)
187.5 = 6 E
E = 31.25 moles
3
32.5 - 31.25 = y (6.25)
y = 0.2
6
x = 0.968 - 0.2
x = 0.768
4
(32.5 + 0.2 R) - 0.2 (6.25 + R) - 0.18 (32.5 + 0.2 R) = 0
25.4 - 0.036 R = 0
R = 705.5 moles
103
Thank you