0 évaluation0% ont trouvé ce document utile (0 vote)
14 vues3 pages
This document outlines different machine learning paradigms based on three criteria: the amount of a priori knowledge provided, the role of a teacher, and what is learned by the system. It discusses categories ranging from rote learning with no prior knowledge to neural networks with little prior knowledge. Supervised learning involves a teacher providing labeled examples, while unsupervised learning has no teacher. Systems can learn prediction, concepts, explanations, or memorize exemplar cases.
This document outlines different machine learning paradigms based on three criteria: the amount of a priori knowledge provided, the role of a teacher, and what is learned by the system. It discusses categories ranging from rote learning with no prior knowledge to neural networks with little prior knowledge. Supervised learning involves a teacher providing labeled examples, while unsupervised learning has no teacher. Systems can learn prediction, concepts, explanations, or memorize exemplar cases.
This document outlines different machine learning paradigms based on three criteria: the amount of a priori knowledge provided, the role of a teacher, and what is learned by the system. It discusses categories ranging from rote learning with no prior knowledge to neural networks with little prior knowledge. Supervised learning involves a teacher providing labeled examples, while unsupervised learning has no teacher. Systems can learn prediction, concepts, explanations, or memorize exemplar cases.
• Rote learning: storing data as it is. Example: database.
• Specifying parameters: all knowledge is already avail- able in a parametric form. Example: a function in programming. • Knowledge acquisition: only structure of knowledge is known (rules, frames etc.). Example: expert sys- tem. • Concept Learning: given a set of examples (training data) create a description of this set in terms of a particular language. A priori knowledge: – Syntax of description language (syntactical bias) – Description of the domain from which the exam- ples are drawn – domain knowledge or semantic bias. – Search algorithm to find hypotheses – search bias. • Neural networks: no (or very little) a priori knowl- edge.
1 The role of the teacher
• Supervised learning: the system uses a teacher.
– Concept Learning: teacher provides labeled data (pre-classified examples) to the system. – Reinforcement learning: teacher provides an es- timate of the quality of system’s response to the data (e.g. positive/negative or scaled). • Unsupervised learning: no teacher is available to the system. – Clustering: partitioning or conceptual, flat or hi- erarchical. – Finding regularities in data: Data Mining, Knowl- edge discovery.
2 What does the system learn?
• Prediction: learning to predict values of unknown
function. – Classification: binary function. – Regression: continuous-valued function. • Concept learning: the systems acquires descriptions of concepts. • Explanation-based learning: using traces (explana- tions) of correct (or incorrect) performances the sys- tem learns rules for more efficient performance of unseen tasks. • Case-based (exemplar-based) learning: the system memorizes cases (exemplars) of correctly classified data or correct performances and learns how to use them (e.g. by making analogies) to process unseen data.